University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 4 2026 01 20 Evaluation the Impact of Biofertilizers and Nitrogen on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Intercropping Evaluation the Impact of Biofertilizers and Nitrogen on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Intercropping 77 93 21163 10.22034/saps.2024.59595.3147 FA Yaeghoub Raei Department of Ecophysiology, Faculty og Agriculture, University of Tabriz Roghayyeh Ghahramani M.Sc. Graduate of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Jalil Shafagh university of Tabriz Younes Kheirizadeh-Arough Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 14 <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> This study was conducted to investigate the various proportions of safflower and soybean intercropping, as well as the use of biological fertilizers and their influence on lowering the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the yield and yield components of the two plants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in farming at the suburbs of Herris County in 2019. Experimental treatments included different planting ratios (sole cropping of safflower and soybean, 30% soybean + 100% safflower, 60% soybean + 100% safflower and 90% soybean + 100% safflower) and fertilizers treatments (100% urea fertilizer, Azoto-Barvar 1 + Phospho-Barvar 2 bio-fertilizer and the combined application of 50% urea and bio-fertilizer).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> This study's findings revealed that the highest oil yield of safflower was obtained in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower and 60% soybean + 100% safflower ratios, which were 81.7% and 62.7% higher than compared to pure cultivation, respectively. While the percentage of oil was not affected by the intercropping patterns. The maximum oil yield in soybean came from a 90% soybean + 100% safflower, which increased by 13.8% when compared to pure plant culture. In this study, the grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield of soybean and safflower plants under the combined application of bio-fertilizers and urea were higher than the individual application of each of them. Results showed that the highest oil yield of safflower belongs in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower (1175 kg ha^-1) and 60% soybean + 100% safflower (1052 kg ha^-1), as well as the combined use of urea and biofertilizers. On the other hand, the highest ratio of LER (land equivalent ratio) (2.32) for grain yield was obtained in the 90% soybean + 100% safflower.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings of this study, the combined use of biological fertilizers and urea was found to be the most beneficial nutritional treatment for increasing the seed yield, oil percentage, and oil yield of safflower and soybean plants. Therefore, by conducting additional testing in the next years and guaranteeing the results, it can be recommended for usage.<br />  <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> This study was conducted to investigate the various proportions of safflower and soybean intercropping, as well as the use of biological fertilizers and their influence on lowering the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the yield and yield components of the two plants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in farming at the suburbs of Herris County in 2019. Experimental treatments included different planting ratios (sole cropping of safflower and soybean, 30% soybean + 100% safflower, 60% soybean + 100% safflower and 90% soybean + 100% safflower) and fertilizers treatments (100% urea fertilizer, Azoto-Barvar 1 + Phospho-Barvar 2 bio-fertilizer and the combined application of 50% urea and bio-fertilizer).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> This study's findings revealed that the highest oil yield of safflower was obtained in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower and 60% soybean + 100% safflower ratios, which were 81.7% and 62.7% higher than compared to pure cultivation, respectively. While the percentage of oil was not affected by the intercropping patterns. The maximum oil yield in soybean came from a 90% soybean + 100% safflower, which increased by 13.8% when compared to pure plant culture. In this study, the grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield of soybean and safflower plants under the combined application of bio-fertilizers and urea were higher than the individual application of each of them. Results showed that the highest oil yield of safflower belongs in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower (1175 kg ha^-1) and 60% soybean + 100% safflower (1052 kg ha^-1), as well as the combined use of urea and biofertilizers. On the other hand, the highest ratio of LER (land equivalent ratio) (2.32) for grain yield was obtained in the 90% soybean + 100% safflower.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings of this study, the combined use of biological fertilizers and urea was found to be the most beneficial nutritional treatment for increasing the seed yield, oil percentage, and oil yield of safflower and soybean plants. Therefore, by conducting additional testing in the next years and guaranteeing the results, it can be recommended for usage.<br />  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21163_10922848ec133e157add5a983ccf0ba9.pdf