University of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250421Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers and Seaweed Extract Application on Yield, Yield Components and some Physiological Traits of Rainfed Chickpea (Saeed cv.)Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers and Seaweed Extract Application on Yield, Yield Components and some Physiological Traits of Rainfed Chickpea (Saeed cv.)1241972510.22034/saps.2024.56629.3046FAHedayatAbdoli2- Ph.D Student of Agrotechnology- Crop Ecology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of MaraghehYousefNasiriFaculty member / Department of Plant Production and Genetics / University of MaraghehMohsenJanmohammadiDept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh.MojtabaNouraeinDepartment of Plant Genetics and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P. O. Box 55136-553, Maragheh, IranJournal Article20230515The experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in Oshnavieh city as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor was included of the application of biological and chemical fertilizers: control (no fertilizer), Phosphate2 as a biological fertilizer, ammonium phosphate as a chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% biological fertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and secondary factor was included as foliar spraying of seaweed extract in three levels of control, application before flowering and application after flowering. The results showed that application of seaweed extract before flowering or after flowering caused a significant increase in the number of pods per plant and the one handred grain weights. The highest grain yield in the first year (133.7 g.m-2) was obtained under the combined treatment of biological and chemical fertilizers (50:50) with the use of seaweed extract before flowering stage and in the second year (149.0 g.m-2) under combined treatment of biological and chemical fertilizers (100:100) with the application of seaweed extract after flowering stage, the amount of soluble sugar was obtained with the combined use of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers under foliar spraying of seaweed extract before or after flowering stages. The percentage of chickpea grain protein showed a significant increase in the first year with separate or combined application of biological and chemical fertilizers compared to the control, and in the second year it showed the highest increase with the application of chemical or combined fertilizers.The experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in Oshnavieh city as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor was included of the application of biological and chemical fertilizers: control (no fertilizer), Phosphate2 as a biological fertilizer, ammonium phosphate as a chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+50% biological fertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer and secondary factor was included as foliar spraying of seaweed extract in three levels of control, application before flowering and application after flowering. The results showed that application of seaweed extract before flowering or after flowering caused a significant increase in the number of pods per plant and the one handred grain weights. The highest grain yield in the first year (133.7 g.m-2) was obtained under the combined treatment of biological and chemical fertilizers (50:50) with the use of seaweed extract before flowering stage and in the second year (149.0 g.m-2) under combined treatment of biological and chemical fertilizers (100:100) with the application of seaweed extract after flowering stage, the amount of soluble sugar was obtained with the combined use of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers under foliar spraying of seaweed extract before or after flowering stages. The percentage of chickpea grain protein showed a significant increase in the first year with separate or combined application of biological and chemical fertilizers compared to the control, and in the second year it showed the highest increase with the application of chemical or combined fertilizers.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19725_ee92026dd622071246726966683b4542.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Evaluation of the Application of Biological, Humic acid, and Chemical Fertilizers on Some Growth, Physiological and Qualitative Traits of Rocket Leafy Vegetable (Eruca sativa L.)Evaluation of the Application of Biological, Humic acid, and Chemical Fertilizers on Some Growth, Physiological and Qualitative Traits of Rocket Leafy Vegetable (Eruca sativa L.)25401976010.22034/saps.2024.57922.3094FAServehTahmasebiDepartment of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, IranAli AkbarMozafariDepartment of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, IranNasserGhaderiDepartment of Horticultural Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, IranBehroozSarabiResearch Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.Journal Article20230808<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> In sustainable agricultural systems, a diverse range of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers, including plant growth-promoting bacteria and humic acid, have emerged as effective alternatives to mitigate the consumption of chemical inputs. In addition to diminishing significant environmental challenges, these fertilizers can minimize adverse effects on human health. This research was designed to investigate the effect of biofertilizers, humic acid (HA) and chemical fertilizers on some growth characteristics, physiological and qualitative traits of rocket leafy vegetables.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>At the University of Kurdistan, a completely randomized design was designed. Treatments included control (no use of fertilizer)<strong>,</strong> AzotoBarvar-1, PotaBarvar-2, PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, HA and chemical fertilizer. The traits that were evaluated included yield, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C, carbohydrate, nitrate, phosphorus, and potassium content.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>The results of ANOVA showed that the effect of all fertilizer sources on the characteristics investigated was significant. Using HA resulted in the highest yield, biomass, carotenoid, phenol, vitamin C, nitrate, and potassium content. The maximum chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were observed using the biofertilizer AzotoBarvar-1. Maximum content of carbohydrate, chlorophyll b, flavonoid, phosphorus, and leaf area was recorded in PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, and chemical treatments, respectively<strong>.</strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The positive effect of biofertilizers and HA on the improvement of rocket plants growth, physiological, and qualitative traits was observed in this research. As a result, this type of fertilizers can be used as one of the most desirable methods to substitute or reduce the use of chemical inputs with the aim of improving soil fertility, producing a healthy crop and also maintaining environmental sustainability for the production of this beneficial leafy vegetable.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> In sustainable agricultural systems, a diverse range of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers, including plant growth-promoting bacteria and humic acid, have emerged as effective alternatives to mitigate the consumption of chemical inputs. In addition to diminishing significant environmental challenges, these fertilizers can minimize adverse effects on human health. This research was designed to investigate the effect of biofertilizers, humic acid (HA) and chemical fertilizers on some growth characteristics, physiological and qualitative traits of rocket leafy vegetables.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>At the University of Kurdistan, a completely randomized design was designed. Treatments included control (no use of fertilizer)<strong>,</strong> AzotoBarvar-1, PotaBarvar-2, PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, HA and chemical fertilizer. The traits that were evaluated included yield, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C, carbohydrate, nitrate, phosphorus, and potassium content.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>The results of ANOVA showed that the effect of all fertilizer sources on the characteristics investigated was significant. Using HA resulted in the highest yield, biomass, carotenoid, phenol, vitamin C, nitrate, and potassium content. The maximum chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were observed using the biofertilizer AzotoBarvar-1. Maximum content of carbohydrate, chlorophyll b, flavonoid, phosphorus, and leaf area was recorded in PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, and chemical treatments, respectively<strong>.</strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The positive effect of biofertilizers and HA on the improvement of rocket plants growth, physiological, and qualitative traits was observed in this research. As a result, this type of fertilizers can be used as one of the most desirable methods to substitute or reduce the use of chemical inputs with the aim of improving soil fertility, producing a healthy crop and also maintaining environmental sustainability for the production of this beneficial leafy vegetable.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19760_adea5248ff31f58cc181185729464031.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Yield of Rice under Reduced Chemical FertilizersEffect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Yield of Rice under Reduced Chemical Fertilizers41551972610.22034/saps.2024.59057.3135FATayebehJolidehMs.c. Student of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.FaezehZaefarianDepartment of agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesEsmaeilBakhshandehGenetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan &amp; Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, IranMaryamSadeghDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversityJournal Article20231101<strong>Background and Objective: </strong>According to the importance of rice in ensuring food security at the national and international levels, it is essential to find ways to increase the production of this strategic crop. For this purpose, the use of growth-promoting microorganisms (alone or in combination with reduced amounts of chemical fertilizers) in rice cultivation systems is considered as a potential way to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce environmental problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the yield and yield components of rice cv. Amir under reduced amounts of chemical fertilizers.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This experiment was conducted in a split-plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included two fertilizer levels (100 and 75 percent of fertilizer application based on soil test results as the optimal and reduced fertilizer levels, respectively) and four bacterial inoculation treatments (separate inoculation of each of the bacteria Rahnella aquatilis, Burkholderia cepacia, combination (R. aquatilis + B. cepacia) and control (no bacterial inoculation)) as the main and subplots, respectively. SAS version 9.4 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Comparison of means was also performed using the least significant difference (LSD) method at a probability level of 5%.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results, there was no significant difference between the optimal and reduced fertilizer levels in terms of the studied traits. While, the use of plant growth promoting bacteria improved the studied traits of rice compared to the control treatment (no inoculation). In other words, combined inoculation of <em>R. aquatilis</em> and <em>B. cepacia</em>, increases the height of the plant (11.3 percent), panicle length (11.6 percent), the number of total tillers per plant (29.1 percent), the total number of filled seeds in panicle (27 percent), thousand seed weight (7.9 percent), grain yield (25.2 percent), biological yield (20.6 percent), the amount of potassium in grain and above-ground biomass (46.6 and 45.6 percent, respectively) and the amount of zinc in grain and above-ground biomass (106.25 and 70.58 percent, respectively) compared to the control treatment (no inoculation).<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In general, by using less chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biofertilizers, without any significant difference in rice yield and yield components, can achieve sustainable agriculture goals. The use of growth-promoting bacteria in combination (as the best treatment) led to a further increase in the studied traits. So that these traits had a statistically significant difference compared to the treatment of without the use of growth-promoting bacteria, which indicates the achievement of desired yield along with improved environmental health.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective: </strong>According to the importance of rice in ensuring food security at the national and international levels, it is essential to find ways to increase the production of this strategic crop. For this purpose, the use of growth-promoting microorganisms (alone or in combination with reduced amounts of chemical fertilizers) in rice cultivation systems is considered as a potential way to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce environmental problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the yield and yield components of rice cv. Amir under reduced amounts of chemical fertilizers.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This experiment was conducted in a split-plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included two fertilizer levels (100 and 75 percent of fertilizer application based on soil test results as the optimal and reduced fertilizer levels, respectively) and four bacterial inoculation treatments (separate inoculation of each of the bacteria Rahnella aquatilis, Burkholderia cepacia, combination (R. aquatilis + B. cepacia) and control (no bacterial inoculation)) as the main and subplots, respectively. SAS version 9.4 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Comparison of means was also performed using the least significant difference (LSD) method at a probability level of 5%.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results, there was no significant difference between the optimal and reduced fertilizer levels in terms of the studied traits. While, the use of plant growth promoting bacteria improved the studied traits of rice compared to the control treatment (no inoculation). In other words, combined inoculation of <em>R. aquatilis</em> and <em>B. cepacia</em>, increases the height of the plant (11.3 percent), panicle length (11.6 percent), the number of total tillers per plant (29.1 percent), the total number of filled seeds in panicle (27 percent), thousand seed weight (7.9 percent), grain yield (25.2 percent), biological yield (20.6 percent), the amount of potassium in grain and above-ground biomass (46.6 and 45.6 percent, respectively) and the amount of zinc in grain and above-ground biomass (106.25 and 70.58 percent, respectively) compared to the control treatment (no inoculation).<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In general, by using less chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biofertilizers, without any significant difference in rice yield and yield components, can achieve sustainable agriculture goals. The use of growth-promoting bacteria in combination (as the best treatment) led to a further increase in the studied traits. So that these traits had a statistically significant difference compared to the treatment of without the use of growth-promoting bacteria, which indicates the achievement of desired yield along with improved environmental health.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19726_6486430118066ea641ba40b87d1bd7c3.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Investigating the effect of biological and organic fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of European borage (Borago officinalis L.(Investigating the effect of biological and organic fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of European borage (Borago officinalis L.(57641976110.22034/saps.2023.56315.3030FAKiamarsAzadinejadM.Sc student, Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranAminSalehi, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.AlirezaYadviDepartment of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran,HooshangFarajeeAssociate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranParvinRostampourPh.D. student, Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranJournal Article20230424<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Fertilizer management is a key factor in the successful cultivation of medicinal plants. The use of organic and bio-fertilizers in the production of these plants is of great importance, aiming to eliminate or significantly reduce the use of chemical inputs, enhance soil fertility, and improve plant growth and quality. Therefore, the study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of ecological inputs on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of <em>Borago officinalis</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The experiment was used in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2018-2019 in Fahlian, Noorabad, and Fars province. The first factor includes compost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup>) and the second factor includes biological fertilizers at four levels (Control, Mycorrhizal, Bacillus and Mycorrhiza + Bacillus). The seeds of Borago officinalis were obtained from Pakan Bazr Company in Isfahan, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacterial suspensions were sourced from the Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied at a rate of 80 kg per hectare (each gram of the fungal sample contained approximately 120 viable spores) and at a rate of 20 grams per plant during sowing, placed in furrows specifically prepared for seed planting in a banding method. Additionally, the roots of the seedlings were inoculated with the corresponding bacterial suspension and then transplanted into the main plots. The composts used in the experiment were prepared from animal manure and rice straw and stubble.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed a significant increase in the chlorophyll index and mucilage of borage leaf with increasing compost levels from 0 to 10 tons per hectare, and among the biofertilizer levels, the highest amount of these characteristics was obtained from the combined treatment of mycorrhizae and bacteria biofertilizers. The highest amount of studied morphological and functional characteristics, especially the number of flowers per branch, the number of flowers per plant and flower yield was obtained when applying 10 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup> of compost and integrated application of the studied micro organisms, and the lowest amount was obtained from control, which had no compost and biological fertilizers were not used.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The application of compost and biological fertilizers studied (mycorrhizae and Bacillus) had a positive effect on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of borage. Although each of these nutritional sources in the production of borage led to the improvement of studied characteristics, nevertheless, the combined use of compost and biological fertilizers had a greater effect and efficiency in increasing these traits.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Fertilizer management is a key factor in the successful cultivation of medicinal plants. The use of organic and bio-fertilizers in the production of these plants is of great importance, aiming to eliminate or significantly reduce the use of chemical inputs, enhance soil fertility, and improve plant growth and quality. Therefore, the study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of ecological inputs on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of <em>Borago officinalis</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The experiment was used in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2018-2019 in Fahlian, Noorabad, and Fars province. The first factor includes compost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup>) and the second factor includes biological fertilizers at four levels (Control, Mycorrhizal, Bacillus and Mycorrhiza + Bacillus). The seeds of Borago officinalis were obtained from Pakan Bazr Company in Isfahan, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacterial suspensions were sourced from the Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied at a rate of 80 kg per hectare (each gram of the fungal sample contained approximately 120 viable spores) and at a rate of 20 grams per plant during sowing, placed in furrows specifically prepared for seed planting in a banding method. Additionally, the roots of the seedlings were inoculated with the corresponding bacterial suspension and then transplanted into the main plots. The composts used in the experiment were prepared from animal manure and rice straw and stubble.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed a significant increase in the chlorophyll index and mucilage of borage leaf with increasing compost levels from 0 to 10 tons per hectare, and among the biofertilizer levels, the highest amount of these characteristics was obtained from the combined treatment of mycorrhizae and bacteria biofertilizers. The highest amount of studied morphological and functional characteristics, especially the number of flowers per branch, the number of flowers per plant and flower yield was obtained when applying 10 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup> of compost and integrated application of the studied micro organisms, and the lowest amount was obtained from control, which had no compost and biological fertilizers were not used.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The application of compost and biological fertilizers studied (mycorrhizae and Bacillus) had a positive effect on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of borage. Although each of these nutritional sources in the production of borage led to the improvement of studied characteristics, nevertheless, the combined use of compost and biological fertilizers had a greater effect and efficiency in increasing these traits.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19761_33a8be23e1b0c9216d1e60ff81aec97c.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of Ammonium Nitrate, Mycorrhiza and Nitroxin Biofertilizer on Grain and Essential Oil Yield of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under Kashan ProvinceEffect of Ammonium Nitrate, Mycorrhiza and Nitroxin Biofertilizer on Grain and Essential Oil Yield of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under Kashan Province65821972710.22034/saps.2024.58071.3098FAMansooreForoughianDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Naragh branch, Islamic Azad University, Naragh, IranMojtabaJafarzadeh KenarsaryDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, IranHamidDehghanzadehDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, I.R. of IRANHosseinZeinaliResearch Division of Natural Resources, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Isfahan, IranJournal Article20230821<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> The use of alternative methods to chemical fertilizers is of great importance in the production of medicinal plants.The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of ammonium nitrate, mycorrhiza fungi and nitroxin biofertilizer on the yield, yield components and essential oil percentage of cumin. <br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This study was carried out as a split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three chemical ammonium nitrate fertilizer levels (0, 40 and 80 kg. ha<sup>-1</sup>) as a main plot, mycorrhiza fungi (application and non-application) and nitroxin biofertilizer (application 0.5 liter per 9 kg seed and non-application) were factorially placed in sub plots. Green cumin seeds (Kashan local variety) were obtained from the Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that manure treatments improved the vegetative traits and increased yield, yield components, essential percentage and essential yield. In most of the traits, the combined use of ammonium nitrate and biofertilizers led to a greater improvement of the traits compared to their separate use. The combined application of 80 kg. ha-<sup>1</sup> of ammonium nitrate and mycorrhiza and nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest grain yield, percentage and essential oil yield of 4.2%, 411.8 and 19.28 kg. ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering that in the use of biofertilizers combined with the use of 40 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> of ammonium nitrate with the use of 80 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>of ammonium nitrate, no significant difference was observed in the biological yield, grain yield , percentage and yield of essential oil, it is possible to use 40 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>of ammonium nitrate combined with the biofertilizers, while reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizer by 50%, the grain yield, percentage and yield of essential oil do not decrease significantly.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> The use of alternative methods to chemical fertilizers is of great importance in the production of medicinal plants.The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of ammonium nitrate, mycorrhiza fungi and nitroxin biofertilizer on the yield, yield components and essential oil percentage of cumin. <br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This study was carried out as a split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three chemical ammonium nitrate fertilizer levels (0, 40 and 80 kg. ha<sup>-1</sup>) as a main plot, mycorrhiza fungi (application and non-application) and nitroxin biofertilizer (application 0.5 liter per 9 kg seed and non-application) were factorially placed in sub plots. Green cumin seeds (Kashan local variety) were obtained from the Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that manure treatments improved the vegetative traits and increased yield, yield components, essential percentage and essential yield. In most of the traits, the combined use of ammonium nitrate and biofertilizers led to a greater improvement of the traits compared to their separate use. The combined application of 80 kg. ha-<sup>1</sup> of ammonium nitrate and mycorrhiza and nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest grain yield, percentage and essential oil yield of 4.2%, 411.8 and 19.28 kg. ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering that in the use of biofertilizers combined with the use of 40 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> of ammonium nitrate with the use of 80 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>of ammonium nitrate, no significant difference was observed in the biological yield, grain yield , percentage and yield of essential oil, it is possible to use 40 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>of ammonium nitrate combined with the biofertilizers, while reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizer by 50%, the grain yield, percentage and yield of essential oil do not decrease significantly.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19727_26ccbf6dd3887188e20f038655eb0f15.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of Foliar Application of Seaweed Extract on Growth, Yield and Quality of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)Effect of Foliar Application of Seaweed Extract on Growth, Yield and Quality of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)83961979210.22034/saps.2023.54399.2958FAMohammad RezaBahiraeiDepartment of Crop Production and , Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina UniversityJavadHamzeiDept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Mohammad AliAbotalebianDept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Journal Article20221211<strong>Backgraound and Objective:</strong> Seaweed extracts serve as natural bio-stimulants, enhancing plant growth and productivity due to their rich composition of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Optimizing growth, yield, and quality in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is crucial for improving livestock nutrition and sustainable fodder production. However, studies on foliar application of seaweed extract in sorghum, particularly in the speedfeed cultivar, remain limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different concentrations of seaweed extract on sorghum growth indices, yield, and fodder quality to identify the optimal application rate for maximizing performance and resource efficiency.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Matherials and Methods:</strong> This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included foliar application of water (control) and 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/ha of seaweed extract. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, fresh and dry fodder yield and fodder quality (digestibility, protein percentage, crude fiber percentage, and carbohydrate) were measured and evaluated.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>The effect of seaweed extract foliar application on leaf area index, crop growth rate, net absorption rate and quantitative and qualitative yield of sorghum was significant. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of 1.5 and 2 L/ha of seaweed extract in most of the investigated traits. So that the highest amount of growth indices, total dry yield, protein percentage and the lowest amount of crude fiber were obtained from the application of 1.5 L/ha of seaweed extract. The lowest amount of these characteristics and the highest amount of crude fiber were obtained from the control treatment.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the application of seaweed extract improved the growth of sorghum fodder. The optimal treatment (1.5 L/ha of seaweed extract) boosted the leaf area index, crop growth rate, and total yield of sorghum by 32%, 26.71%, and 20.56% respectively compared to the control treatment, making it the most effective option.<br /> <strong>Backgraound and Objective:</strong> Seaweed extracts serve as natural bio-stimulants, enhancing plant growth and productivity due to their rich composition of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Optimizing growth, yield, and quality in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is crucial for improving livestock nutrition and sustainable fodder production. However, studies on foliar application of seaweed extract in sorghum, particularly in the speedfeed cultivar, remain limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different concentrations of seaweed extract on sorghum growth indices, yield, and fodder quality to identify the optimal application rate for maximizing performance and resource efficiency.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Matherials and Methods:</strong> This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included foliar application of water (control) and 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/ha of seaweed extract. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, fresh and dry fodder yield and fodder quality (digestibility, protein percentage, crude fiber percentage, and carbohydrate) were measured and evaluated.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>The effect of seaweed extract foliar application on leaf area index, crop growth rate, net absorption rate and quantitative and qualitative yield of sorghum was significant. There was no significant difference between the concentrations of 1.5 and 2 L/ha of seaweed extract in most of the investigated traits. So that the highest amount of growth indices, total dry yield, protein percentage and the lowest amount of crude fiber were obtained from the application of 1.5 L/ha of seaweed extract. The lowest amount of these characteristics and the highest amount of crude fiber were obtained from the control treatment.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the application of seaweed extract improved the growth of sorghum fodder. The optimal treatment (1.5 L/ha of seaweed extract) boosted the leaf area index, crop growth rate, and total yield of sorghum by 32%, 26.71%, and 20.56% respectively compared to the control treatment, making it the most effective option.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19792_7314d279df2456f040827e16db93656c.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Investigating the effects of Summer Cover Crops in sequence with the Main Crop Wheat on its Yield and some Soil Physical and Chemical PropertiesInvestigating the effects of Summer Cover Crops in sequence with the Main Crop Wheat on its Yield and some Soil Physical and Chemical Properties971121979410.22034/saps.2024.60044.3164FAYousefYousefiDept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran.RezaAmirniaDept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran.Mohammad RezaMehrvarAssistant Professor in Agronomist of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran,AlirezaFalah Nosrat Abad4. Professor of soil science, Soil and Water Research Institute, karaj,Journal Article20240120<strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of summer cover crops used as green manure on wheat yield and selected soil physicochemical properties in a wheat-based rotation system over two growing seasons (2019-2021). The research also examined how different treatments influenced soil organic matter dynamics and their subsequent effects on wheat yeild.<br />Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications over two growing seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) at the Karaj Research Station. The experimental treatments included 16 cover crops that were cultivated after wheat harvest and used as green manure. Wheat was subsequently planted, and the yield of each treatment was measured after harvest. Soil samples were collected from each treatment plot and analyzed in the laboratory to determine organic matter content and physicochemical properties.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The biomass of cover crops showed significant differences. Sudan grass and cowpea had the highest biomass, while barley and rye had the lowest. No significant differences in wheat grain yield were observed among different treatments over the two years. However, the composite analysis revealed a 21% increase in wheat yield in the second year compared to the first year. Soil organic carbon content increased by 0.35% over the two years. Mung bean and cowpea had the highest increase in soil organic matter and the highest effect on C/N ratio, respectively. Safflower had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable phosphorus in the soil, and clover and mung bean had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable potassium in soil.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Cover crops have different effects on various soil components. The consecutive use of cover crops as green manure increased yield over two years. High biomass production alone cannot be the sole criterion for selecting cover crops as green manure; attention should be paid to their effects on soil properties, especially soil organic carbon.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of summer cover crops used as green manure on wheat yield and selected soil physicochemical properties in a wheat-based rotation system over two growing seasons (2019-2021). The research also examined how different treatments influenced soil organic matter dynamics and their subsequent effects on wheat yeild.<br />Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications over two growing seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) at the Karaj Research Station. The experimental treatments included 16 cover crops that were cultivated after wheat harvest and used as green manure. Wheat was subsequently planted, and the yield of each treatment was measured after harvest. Soil samples were collected from each treatment plot and analyzed in the laboratory to determine organic matter content and physicochemical properties.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The biomass of cover crops showed significant differences. Sudan grass and cowpea had the highest biomass, while barley and rye had the lowest. No significant differences in wheat grain yield were observed among different treatments over the two years. However, the composite analysis revealed a 21% increase in wheat yield in the second year compared to the first year. Soil organic carbon content increased by 0.35% over the two years. Mung bean and cowpea had the highest increase in soil organic matter and the highest effect on C/N ratio, respectively. Safflower had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable phosphorus in the soil, and clover and mung bean had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable potassium in soil.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Cover crops have different effects on various soil components. The consecutive use of cover crops as green manure increased yield over two years. High biomass production alone cannot be the sole criterion for selecting cover crops as green manure; attention should be paid to their effects on soil properties, especially soil organic carbon.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19794_bce20939e26eba3dbeb98954eaf17e01.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of Phosphorus, Iron and Zinc Nutrition on Growth and Yield Indices of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in a Calcareous SoilEffect of Phosphorus, Iron and Zinc Nutrition on Growth and Yield Indices of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in a Calcareous Soil1131271972810.22034/saps.2024.56168.3034FAMohammad HasanKargar ShourokiM.Sc. Graduate, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, IranMostafaShirmardiAssociate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.HeidarMeftahizadehAssociate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.JalalGholamnezhadAssociate professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, ArdakanJournal Article20230428<strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Calcareous soils and irrigation water with high bicarbonate reduce the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus, iron and zinc for the plant. For this purpose, study was conducted to investigate different levels of phosphorus, iron and zinc fertilizers on the growth and yield parameters of Roselle (<em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> L.) in a calcareous soil.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2021 in the research farm of medicinal plants of Ardakan University. The treatments included three levels of triple superphosphate fertilizer (0, 75, and 150 kg/ha) and three levels of iron and zinc chelate (0, 2, and 4 kg/ha).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> Comparison of means showed that the application of 4 kg/ha iron and zinc chelate significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and total compared to the control and 2 kg/ha iron and zinc chelate treatments. Application of 150 kg/ha of triple superphosphate significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and total compared to control and 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate treatments. 75 and 150 kg/ha Triple superphosphate treatments significantly increased sepal dry weight compared to the control (39.2% and 49.7% increase, respectively). The results showed that the simultaneous application of 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate with 2 and 4 kg/ha iron and zinc chelates significantly increased the dry weight of the shoot compared to the control. All treatments of simultaneous application of phosphorus fertilizer and iron and zinc chelate significantly increased the antioxidant capacity and total phenol compared to the control treatment.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The simultaneous application of triple superphosphate fertilizer and iron and zinc chelate has a positive effect on the growth and yield parameters of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> L. compared to their separate application. It seems that the application of 150 kg/ha of triple superphosphate with 2 kg/ha of iron and zinc chelate can improve yield parameters significantly in calcareous soil that the bicarbonate content of irrigation water is high.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Calcareous soils and irrigation water with high bicarbonate reduce the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus, iron and zinc for the plant. For this purpose, study was conducted to investigate different levels of phosphorus, iron and zinc fertilizers on the growth and yield parameters of Roselle (<em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> L.) in a calcareous soil.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2021 in the research farm of medicinal plants of Ardakan University. The treatments included three levels of triple superphosphate fertilizer (0, 75, and 150 kg/ha) and three levels of iron and zinc chelate (0, 2, and 4 kg/ha).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> Comparison of means showed that the application of 4 kg/ha iron and zinc chelate significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and total compared to the control and 2 kg/ha iron and zinc chelate treatments. Application of 150 kg/ha of triple superphosphate significantly increased chlorophyll a, b and total compared to control and 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate treatments. 75 and 150 kg/ha Triple superphosphate treatments significantly increased sepal dry weight compared to the control (39.2% and 49.7% increase, respectively). The results showed that the simultaneous application of 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate with 2 and 4 kg/ha iron and zinc chelates significantly increased the dry weight of the shoot compared to the control. All treatments of simultaneous application of phosphorus fertilizer and iron and zinc chelate significantly increased the antioxidant capacity and total phenol compared to the control treatment.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The simultaneous application of triple superphosphate fertilizer and iron and zinc chelate has a positive effect on the growth and yield parameters of <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> L. compared to their separate application. It seems that the application of 150 kg/ha of triple superphosphate with 2 kg/ha of iron and zinc chelate can improve yield parameters significantly in calcareous soil that the bicarbonate content of irrigation water is high.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19728_fabc8eb6f96439f23364886544b3aa33.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Morpho-physiological Characteristics, Competition Index and Yield Components of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes under Malva (Malva neglecta L.) Weed Competition in Khuzestan conditionsMorpho-physiological Characteristics, Competition Index and Yield Components of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes under Malva (Malva neglecta L.) Weed Competition in Khuzestan conditions1291471980010.22034/saps.2024.56550.3043FARaziSorkhehDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University,-Rasht, Iran0009-0005-5389-1569JafarAsghariDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of GuilanAdelModhejDepartment of Agronomy, Shushtar branch of Islamic Azad UniversityAhmad AliShoushi-DezfouliDepartment of Agricultural and Horticultural Science Research, Safi-abad Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training CenterJournal Article20230511<strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Decreasing the effect of weeds on the characteristics of the main product increases the production and quality of the seeds and finally stabilizes the agricultural ecosystems. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of Dwarf Mallow weed on yield, yield components, competition index, Greenness and photosynthesis rate in wheat fields in North Khuzestan.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the two crop years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in the agricultural research and studies center of Safi-abad, Dezful. Treatments included of three varieties of wheat; (Mehregan, Chamran 2 and Barat) and five Density of Malva (control (zero), 8, 16, 24 and 32 plants/m<sup>2</sup>).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the length of the plant increased by 2.38, 7.42, 15.44 and 20.47%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, with the increase in the density of the weed and the spike length decreased by 7.42, 8.47, 16.47 and 29.71% compared to the control treatment with increasing the density of Malva weed. The number of seeds in the spike of Chamran 2 and Mehrgan cultivars decreased by 1.45% and 11.72% respectively compared to Barat cultivar. The number of seeds in the spike decreased by 13.22, 20.65, 28.84 and 44.60%, respectively, compared to the control treatment with the increase in the density of the Malva weed. Seed yeild with increasing density of Dwarf Mallow weed in Mehrgan variety 19.41, 29.44, 36.24 and 48.22%, in Chamran 2 variety 6.27, 15.84, 21.78 and 43.89% and in Brat variety 28.51, 39.06, 40.23, and 50.78% showed a decrease compared to the control treatment, respectively. The biological yield decreased by 13.08, 15.86, 20.40, and 32.44%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, with the increase in the density of the weed. The photosynthesis ratio with increasing the density of Malva weed in Mehrgan variety 14.25, 24.49, 60.86 and 80.66%, in Chamran 2 variety 23.81, 31.48, 52.92 and 74.28% and of 25.02, 43.70, 49.42 and 74.00% in Brat variety respectively, showed a decrease compared to the control treatment. The tolerance index of Chamran 2 and Mehregan cultivars decreased by 1.08 and 1.85%, respectively, compared to Barat variety, and with the increase in the density of Dwarf Mallow weed, it decreased by 3.68, 7.45 and 11.32%, respectively, compared to the density of 8 Dwarf Mallow weed plants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the experiment showed a decrease in the values of developmental and physiological characteristics and a decrease in seed and biological yield, photosynthesis rate and tolerance index due to the increase in the density of Malva weed. In general, the control of Dwarf Mallow weed density can be recommended to improve quantitative yield, morpho-physiological indicators of bread wheat in order to achieve sustainable agricultural goals and increase grain and biological yield per unit area in the agricultural areas of North Khuzestan.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Decreasing the effect of weeds on the characteristics of the main product increases the production and quality of the seeds and finally stabilizes the agricultural ecosystems. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of Dwarf Mallow weed on yield, yield components, competition index, Greenness and photosynthesis rate in wheat fields in North Khuzestan.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the two crop years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in the agricultural research and studies center of Safi-abad, Dezful. Treatments included of three varieties of wheat; (Mehregan, Chamran 2 and Barat) and five Density of Malva (control (zero), 8, 16, 24 and 32 plants/m<sup>2</sup>).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the length of the plant increased by 2.38, 7.42, 15.44 and 20.47%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, with the increase in the density of the weed and the spike length decreased by 7.42, 8.47, 16.47 and 29.71% compared to the control treatment with increasing the density of Malva weed. The number of seeds in the spike of Chamran 2 and Mehrgan cultivars decreased by 1.45% and 11.72% respectively compared to Barat cultivar. The number of seeds in the spike decreased by 13.22, 20.65, 28.84 and 44.60%, respectively, compared to the control treatment with the increase in the density of the Malva weed. Seed yeild with increasing density of Dwarf Mallow weed in Mehrgan variety 19.41, 29.44, 36.24 and 48.22%, in Chamran 2 variety 6.27, 15.84, 21.78 and 43.89% and in Brat variety 28.51, 39.06, 40.23, and 50.78% showed a decrease compared to the control treatment, respectively. The biological yield decreased by 13.08, 15.86, 20.40, and 32.44%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, with the increase in the density of the weed. The photosynthesis ratio with increasing the density of Malva weed in Mehrgan variety 14.25, 24.49, 60.86 and 80.66%, in Chamran 2 variety 23.81, 31.48, 52.92 and 74.28% and of 25.02, 43.70, 49.42 and 74.00% in Brat variety respectively, showed a decrease compared to the control treatment. The tolerance index of Chamran 2 and Mehregan cultivars decreased by 1.08 and 1.85%, respectively, compared to Barat variety, and with the increase in the density of Dwarf Mallow weed, it decreased by 3.68, 7.45 and 11.32%, respectively, compared to the density of 8 Dwarf Mallow weed plants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the experiment showed a decrease in the values of developmental and physiological characteristics and a decrease in seed and biological yield, photosynthesis rate and tolerance index due to the increase in the density of Malva weed. In general, the control of Dwarf Mallow weed density can be recommended to improve quantitative yield, morpho-physiological indicators of bread wheat in order to achieve sustainable agricultural goals and increase grain and biological yield per unit area in the agricultural areas of North Khuzestan.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19800_ef7f67f73d0c397bda5004ea637be219.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Evaluation of different Weed Management Methods on the Growth Characteristics and Yeild of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer)Evaluation of different Weed Management Methods on the Growth Characteristics and Yeild of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer)1491661972910.22034/saps.2023.56194.3026FAJalilShafaghSafarNasrollahzadehRoyaMokhtarianGraduated from Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Crop Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.MinaAmaniPhD Student in Production and Post-Harvest Physiology of Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20230509<strong>Background & Objective:</strong> This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of different management methods such as mulch, cover plants and trifluralin herbicide on the growth characteristics and yeild of the Dragon's head<em> </em>(<em>Lallemantia iberica</em> Fischer & C.A. Meyer).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> Methods:</strong> This experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in 2014-2015 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of University of Tabriz, located eight kilometers east of Tabriz (Karkaj). In this study, the test treatments include two levels of herbicides (use and non-use of trifluralin) and treatments of pure cultivation of infected and weed-free Dragon's head<em> </em>and cultivation along with the use of mulch and cover plants (pure cultivation of Dragon's head weed-infested, pure cultivation of Dragon's head<em> </em>without weeds, Dragon's head<em> </em>+ Straw and stubble mulch of wheat (three tons per hectare), <em>Dragon's head </em>+ <em>Lens culinaris</em>, Dragon's head<em> </em>+ <em>Vicia ervilia</em>, Dragon's head + <em>Hordeum vulgare</em>, Dragon's head + <em>Vicia villosa</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> Weed infestation decreased the percentage of green cover, leaf chlorophyll index, diameter of the main branch and number of fertile sub-branches of the Dragon's head<em>. </em>However, the height of the main and secondary branches increased significantly from the soil surface of the Dragon's head in the weed-infested treatments. The results showed that the highest percentage of green cover (87.33%) was obtained in the weeding treatment. The highest value of seed yield per unit area (195.9 g/m2), diameter of main branch (2.833 mm) and number of fertile sub-branches (3.167) were obtained in complete weeding treatment. The highest value of the main and secondary branch height was obtained in the treatment of Dragon's head + <em>V. ervilia</em>. The highest amount of chlorophyll index was obtained in the treatment of Dragon's head + <em>V. villosa</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this research showed that by using mulch and cover plants in the management of weeds, the use of chemical poisons can be reduced and their adverse effects on crops and the environment, which are the basic foundations of human health, can be reduced to the extent significantly prevented.<br /> <strong>Background & Objective:</strong> This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of different management methods such as mulch, cover plants and trifluralin herbicide on the growth characteristics and yeild of the Dragon's head<em> </em>(<em>Lallemantia iberica</em> Fischer & C.A. Meyer).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> Methods:</strong> This experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in 2014-2015 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of University of Tabriz, located eight kilometers east of Tabriz (Karkaj). In this study, the test treatments include two levels of herbicides (use and non-use of trifluralin) and treatments of pure cultivation of infected and weed-free Dragon's head<em> </em>and cultivation along with the use of mulch and cover plants (pure cultivation of Dragon's head weed-infested, pure cultivation of Dragon's head<em> </em>without weeds, Dragon's head<em> </em>+ Straw and stubble mulch of wheat (three tons per hectare), <em>Dragon's head </em>+ <em>Lens culinaris</em>, Dragon's head<em> </em>+ <em>Vicia ervilia</em>, Dragon's head + <em>Hordeum vulgare</em>, Dragon's head + <em>Vicia villosa</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> Weed infestation decreased the percentage of green cover, leaf chlorophyll index, diameter of the main branch and number of fertile sub-branches of the Dragon's head<em>. </em>However, the height of the main and secondary branches increased significantly from the soil surface of the Dragon's head in the weed-infested treatments. The results showed that the highest percentage of green cover (87.33%) was obtained in the weeding treatment. The highest value of seed yield per unit area (195.9 g/m2), diameter of main branch (2.833 mm) and number of fertile sub-branches (3.167) were obtained in complete weeding treatment. The highest value of the main and secondary branch height was obtained in the treatment of Dragon's head + <em>V. ervilia</em>. The highest amount of chlorophyll index was obtained in the treatment of Dragon's head + <em>V. villosa</em>.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this research showed that by using mulch and cover plants in the management of weeds, the use of chemical poisons can be reduced and their adverse effects on crops and the environment, which are the basic foundations of human health, can be reduced to the extent significantly prevented.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19729_814a875354516603e4875b6d90ca19b9.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Cultural Management of weeds and evaluation indices of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Canola (Brassica napus L.) intercroppingCultural Management of weeds and evaluation indices of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Canola (Brassica napus L.) intercropping1671811973010.22034/saps.2024.58399.3115FAJalilShafaghFariborzShekariProfessor of the Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Crop Physiology Department, Maragheh University of Basic Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.AbdullahJawanmardAssociate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Crop Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran.MinaAmaniZohrehSaeli-AshanMaster of Physiology of Crop Plants, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.MahnazSharifiPh.D. student of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20230912<strong>Background & Objective: </strong>The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of weed control and to evaluate the index of intercropping safflower and canola.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Materials & Methods: </strong>The experiment was conducted as a factorial design within a randomized complete block design, comprising three replications. The first factor involved weed control at two levels: complete weed control and without weed control. The second factor consisted of different patterns of mixed cropping at four levels, including: mixed cropping of safflower and canola with replacement ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, as well as mixed cultivation of safflower and canola with ratios of 100:50 and 100:75. Additionally, pure cultivation of both safflower and canola was included in the study.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>In this research, it was observed that among the mixed cropping treatments, the 75:100 mixed cropping ratio was the most effective in terms of weed control. Among all the mixed cropping treatments, the highest mixed cropping evaluation index was recorded for the 1:1 replacement mixed cropping treatment with complete weed control, yielding a value of 1.71. Additionally, the highest relative value was associated with the 1:1 replacement mixed cropping treatment under complete weed control, which was 2.33. According to the results, among the various planting patterns, the highest seed yield was achieved with pure cultivation and complete weed control, showing no significant difference compared to the 1:1 replacement mixture (safflower-canola).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The evaluation of mixed cropping treatments using the land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RVT), and weed control efficiency indicated that mixed cropping patterns are superior to pure cultivation in terms of both production and economic value. Furthermore, the yield and yield components of safflower were significantly influenced by pure safflower cultivation and the weed control treatment.<br /> <strong>Background & Objective: </strong>The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of weed control and to evaluate the index of intercropping safflower and canola.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Materials & Methods: </strong>The experiment was conducted as a factorial design within a randomized complete block design, comprising three replications. The first factor involved weed control at two levels: complete weed control and without weed control. The second factor consisted of different patterns of mixed cropping at four levels, including: mixed cropping of safflower and canola with replacement ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, as well as mixed cultivation of safflower and canola with ratios of 100:50 and 100:75. Additionally, pure cultivation of both safflower and canola was included in the study.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>In this research, it was observed that among the mixed cropping treatments, the 75:100 mixed cropping ratio was the most effective in terms of weed control. Among all the mixed cropping treatments, the highest mixed cropping evaluation index was recorded for the 1:1 replacement mixed cropping treatment with complete weed control, yielding a value of 1.71. Additionally, the highest relative value was associated with the 1:1 replacement mixed cropping treatment under complete weed control, which was 2.33. According to the results, among the various planting patterns, the highest seed yield was achieved with pure cultivation and complete weed control, showing no significant difference compared to the 1:1 replacement mixture (safflower-canola).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The evaluation of mixed cropping treatments using the land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RVT), and weed control efficiency indicated that mixed cropping patterns are superior to pure cultivation in terms of both production and economic value. Furthermore, the yield and yield components of safflower were significantly influenced by pure safflower cultivation and the weed control treatment.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19730_6341b0229000a327b997ab100344830b.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effects of Foliar Spraying with different Concentration of kaolin on Flowering and Fruit Set of six Commercial Olive Cultivars under Warm Climatic ConditionsEffects of Foliar Spraying with different Concentration of kaolin on Flowering and Fruit Set of six Commercial Olive Cultivars under Warm Climatic Conditions1831931973410.22034/saps.2023.56257.3027FARahmatollahGholamiHorticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, IranAbuzarHashempourAbuzarHashempourAssistant Professor, Department of Post-harvest Physiology and Technology, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran.Issa ArjiIssa ArjiAssociate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and PlantGenetics,Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Facultyof Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University,Kermanshah, IranAbolmohsenHajiamiriCrops and Horticultural Research Departament , Agricultural and Natural Resourses Research and Eduaction center, Kermanshah ,iranJournal Article20230419Abdel Ghani NA, Ghalal MA, El Sayed ME, Samia M, El Marsafawy and Omran MA. 2013. Effect of spraying kaolin and calcium carbonate on the productivity of Aggizi and Pacual olive cvs. Journal of Plant Production, 4(7): 1035-1050. DOI:10.21608/jpp.2013.73713.<br />Anonymous. 2020. Olive Office of the Deputy Minister of Horticulture, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture.<br />Borges TH, Pereira JA, Cabrera-Vique C, Lara L, Oliveira AF and Seiquer I. 2017. Characterization of Arbequina virgin olive oils produced in different regions of Brazil and Spain: Physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile. Food Chemistry, 215: 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.162.<br />Brito C, Dinis LT, Silva E, Goncalves A, Matos C, Rodrigues MA and Correia C. 2018. Kaolin and salicylic acid foliar application modulate yield, quality and phytochemical composition of olive pulp and oil from rainfed trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 237: 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.019.<br />Brito C, Dinis LT, Meijon M, Ferreira H, Pinto G, Moutinho-Pereira J and Correia C. 2018. Salicylic acid modulates olive tree physiological and growth responses to drought and rewatering events in a dose dependent manner. Journal of Plant Physiology, 230: 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.004.<br />Brito C, Goncalves A, Silva E, Martins S, Pinto L, Rocha L, Arrobas M, Rodrigues MA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. 2021. Kaolin foliar spray improves olive tree performance and yield under sustained deficit irrigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 277, 109795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109795.<br /> Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2011. Anti-transpiration effect of kaolin on some physiological traits of four olive cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 1(1): 11-23. 20.1001.1.22518517.1390.1.1.6.9.<br />Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2013. Effects of foliar application of kaolin on some qualitative and quantitative fruit features of four varieties of olive. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 44(2): 161-168.<br /> Denaxa NK, Roussos PA, Damvakaris T and Stournaras V. 2012. Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 137: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.012.<br />Faissal FA, Mokhtar MS and Ahmed MK. 2011. Protecting crimson seedless grapevines growing in hot climates from sunburn. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7 (1): 135-141.<br />FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.<br />Farazmand H, Hassanzadeh H, Sirjani M, Mohammadpour K, Moshiri A, Valizadeh SH and Jafari-Nodooshan A. 2015. Effect of kaolin clay (WP 95%) on oviposition deterrency of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat and Lauterer. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology Journal, 82(2): 137-146 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/jaep.2015.100700.<br />Garcia-Inza GP, Hall AJ and Rousseaux MC. 2018. Proportion of oleic acid in olive oil as influenced by the dimensions of the daily temperature oscillation. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 305-312. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.030.<br />Ghanbarpour E, Rezaei M and Lawson SS. 2019. Reduction of cracking in pomegranate fruit after foliar application of humic acid, calcium-boron and kaolin during water stress. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61:29-37. DOI:10.1007/s10341-018-0386-6.<br />Gleen DM. 2012. The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops. HortScience, 47(6): 710-711. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.710.<br />Glenn DM and Puterka GJ. 2005. Particle films: A new technology for agriculture. Horticultural Reviews. 31: 1-44. DOI:10.1002/9780470650882.ch1.<br />Glenn DM, Drake S, Abbott JA, Puterka GJ and Gundrum P. 2005. Season and cultivar influence the fruit quality response of apple cultivars to particle film treatments. HortTechnology, 15(2): 249-253. DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.2.0249.<br />I.O.C. 2002. Methodology for the secondary characterization (agronomic, phonological, pomological and oil quality) of olive varieties held in collection. Project on conservation, characterization, collection of genetic resources in olive. International Olive Oil Council. 23p. <br />Jifon JL and Syvertsen JP. 2003. Kaoline particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit leaves. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(1): 107-112. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.128.1.0107.<br />Karimi S, Yadollahi A, Arzani K, Imani A and Aghaalikhani M. 2015. Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica, 53(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11099-015-0070-0.<br />Kavand M, Arzani K, Barzegar M and Mirlatifi M. 2016. Effects of sunscreen, kaolin application, fruit thinning and supplementary irrigation on the aril browning disorder of Pomegranate cv. “Malase Torshe Saveh”. Journal of seed and seedling Improvement, 33(1): 85-112 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/sppj.2017.113760.<br />Khaleghi E, Arzani K, Moallemi N and Barzegar M. 2015. The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (<em>Olea europaea</em> L.) cv ‘Zard’grown under warm and semi-arid region of Iran. Food Chemistry, 166: 35-41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.006.<br />Ma YH, Ma FW, Zhang JK, Li MJ, Wang YH and Liang D. 2008. Effects of high temperature on activities and gene expression of enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle in apple leaves. Plant Science, 175(6): 761-766. DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.07.010.<br />Mezghani MA, Charfi CM, Gouiaa M and Labidi F. 2012. Vegetative and reproductive behavior of some olive tree varieties (<em>Olea europaea </em>L.) under deficit irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Central Tunisia.<em> </em>Scientia Horticulturae, 146: 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.030.<br />Michael E, Salvucci and Steven J, Crafts-Brandner. 2004. Inhinition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis. Physiological Plantarum, 120(2) 179-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0173. <br />Malik, N.S.A. and Prez,J.L. 2011. The effect of high temperature interruptions during inductive period on the extent of flowering and on metabolic responses in olives (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 129)2): 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.028.<br />Rapoport HF and Gucc R. 2004. The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruit morphogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science<em>,</em> 129(1): 121-127. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.129.1.0121.<br />Rosati A, Metcalf SG, Buchner RP, Fulton AE and Lampinen BD. 2007. Effects of kaolin application on light adsorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies. Annals of Botany, 99(2): 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl252.<br />Saour G. 2005. Morphological assessment of olive seedlings treated with kaolin-based particle film and biostimulant. Advances in Horticultural Science, 19(4): 193-197.<br />Saour G and Makee H. 2003. Effects of kaolin particle film on olive fruit yield, oil content and quality. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(4): 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1400/14249.<br />Scopel E, Da Silva FAM, Corbeels M, Affholder F and Maraux F. 2004. Modelling crop residue mulching effects on water use and production of maize under semi-arid and humid tropical conditions. Agronomie, 24(6): 383-395. DOI:10.1051/agro:2004029.<br />Shahriari S. 2011. The study on the effect of irrigation levels and mulch application on growth indices and essential oil content of peppermint (<em>Mentha piperita</em> L.). Planta Medica, 77(12). DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1282331.<br />Singer CK and Martin CA. 2009. Effect of landscape mulches and drip irrigation on transplant establishment and growth of three North American desert native plants. Journal of Environmental and Horticulture, 27(3): 166-170.<br />Steinmetz Z, Wollmann C, Schaefer M, Buchmann C, David J, Troger J, Munoz K, Fror O and Schaumann GL. 2016. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? Science of the Total Environment, 550: 690-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153.<br />Strain HH and Svec WA. 1966. Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. Chlorophylls, 21-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3289-8.50008-4.Abdel Ghani NA, Ghalal MA, El Sayed ME, Samia M, El Marsafawy and Omran MA. 2013. Effect of spraying kaolin and calcium carbonate on the productivity of Aggizi and Pacual olive cvs. Journal of Plant Production, 4(7): 1035-1050. DOI:10.21608/jpp.2013.73713.<br />Anonymous. 2020. Olive Office of the Deputy Minister of Horticulture, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture.<br />Borges TH, Pereira JA, Cabrera-Vique C, Lara L, Oliveira AF and Seiquer I. 2017. Characterization of Arbequina virgin olive oils produced in different regions of Brazil and Spain: Physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile. Food Chemistry, 215: 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.162.<br />Brito C, Dinis LT, Silva E, Goncalves A, Matos C, Rodrigues MA and Correia C. 2018. Kaolin and salicylic acid foliar application modulate yield, quality and phytochemical composition of olive pulp and oil from rainfed trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 237: 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.019.<br />Brito C, Dinis LT, Meijon M, Ferreira H, Pinto G, Moutinho-Pereira J and Correia C. 2018. Salicylic acid modulates olive tree physiological and growth responses to drought and rewatering events in a dose dependent manner. Journal of Plant Physiology, 230: 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.004.<br />Brito C, Goncalves A, Silva E, Martins S, Pinto L, Rocha L, Arrobas M, Rodrigues MA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. 2021. Kaolin foliar spray improves olive tree performance and yield under sustained deficit irrigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 277, 109795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109795.<br /> Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2011. Anti-transpiration effect of kaolin on some physiological traits of four olive cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 1(1): 11-23. 20.1001.1.22518517.1390.1.1.6.9.<br />Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2013. Effects of foliar application of kaolin on some qualitative and quantitative fruit features of four varieties of olive. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 44(2): 161-168.<br /> Denaxa NK, Roussos PA, Damvakaris T and Stournaras V. 2012. Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 137: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.012.<br />Faissal FA, Mokhtar MS and Ahmed MK. 2011. Protecting crimson seedless grapevines growing in hot climates from sunburn. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7 (1): 135-141.<br />FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.<br />Farazmand H, Hassanzadeh H, Sirjani M, Mohammadpour K, Moshiri A, Valizadeh SH and Jafari-Nodooshan A. 2015. Effect of kaolin clay (WP 95%) on oviposition deterrency of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat and Lauterer. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology Journal, 82(2): 137-146 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/jaep.2015.100700.<br />Garcia-Inza GP, Hall AJ and Rousseaux MC. 2018. Proportion of oleic acid in olive oil as influenced by the dimensions of the daily temperature oscillation. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 305-312. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.030.<br />Ghanbarpour E, Rezaei M and Lawson SS. 2019. Reduction of cracking in pomegranate fruit after foliar application of humic acid, calcium-boron and kaolin during water stress. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61:29-37. DOI:10.1007/s10341-018-0386-6.<br />Gleen DM. 2012. The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops. HortScience, 47(6): 710-711. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.710.<br />Glenn DM and Puterka GJ. 2005. Particle films: A new technology for agriculture. Horticultural Reviews. 31: 1-44. DOI:10.1002/9780470650882.ch1.<br />Glenn DM, Drake S, Abbott JA, Puterka GJ and Gundrum P. 2005. Season and cultivar influence the fruit quality response of apple cultivars to particle film treatments. HortTechnology, 15(2): 249-253. DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.2.0249.<br />I.O.C. 2002. Methodology for the secondary characterization (agronomic, phonological, pomological and oil quality) of olive varieties held in collection. Project on conservation, characterization, collection of genetic resources in olive. International Olive Oil Council. 23p. <br />Jifon JL and Syvertsen JP. 2003. Kaoline particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit leaves. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(1): 107-112. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.128.1.0107.<br />Karimi S, Yadollahi A, Arzani K, Imani A and Aghaalikhani M. 2015. Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica, 53(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11099-015-0070-0.<br />Kavand M, Arzani K, Barzegar M and Mirlatifi M. 2016. Effects of sunscreen, kaolin application, fruit thinning and supplementary irrigation on the aril browning disorder of Pomegranate cv. “Malase Torshe Saveh”. Journal of seed and seedling Improvement, 33(1): 85-112 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/sppj.2017.113760.<br />Khaleghi E, Arzani K, Moallemi N and Barzegar M. 2015. The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (<em>Olea europaea</em> L.) cv ‘Zard’grown under warm and semi-arid region of Iran. Food Chemistry, 166: 35-41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.006.<br />Ma YH, Ma FW, Zhang JK, Li MJ, Wang YH and Liang D. 2008. Effects of high temperature on activities and gene expression of enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle in apple leaves. Plant Science, 175(6): 761-766. DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.07.010.<br />Mezghani MA, Charfi CM, Gouiaa M and Labidi F. 2012. Vegetative and reproductive behavior of some olive tree varieties (<em>Olea europaea </em>L.) under deficit irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Central Tunisia.<em> </em>Scientia Horticulturae, 146: 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.030.<br />Michael E, Salvucci and Steven J, Crafts-Brandner. 2004. Inhinition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis. Physiological Plantarum, 120(2) 179-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0173. <br />Malik, N.S.A. and Prez,J.L. 2011. The effect of high temperature interruptions during inductive period on the extent of flowering and on metabolic responses in olives (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 129)2): 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.028.<br />Rapoport HF and Gucc R. 2004. The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruit morphogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science<em>,</em> 129(1): 121-127. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.129.1.0121.<br />Rosati A, Metcalf SG, Buchner RP, Fulton AE and Lampinen BD. 2007. Effects of kaolin application on light adsorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies. Annals of Botany, 99(2): 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl252.<br />Saour G. 2005. Morphological assessment of olive seedlings treated with kaolin-based particle film and biostimulant. Advances in Horticultural Science, 19(4): 193-197.<br />Saour G and Makee H. 2003. Effects of kaolin particle film on olive fruit yield, oil content and quality. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(4): 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1400/14249.<br />Scopel E, Da Silva FAM, Corbeels M, Affholder F and Maraux F. 2004. Modelling crop residue mulching effects on water use and production of maize under semi-arid and humid tropical conditions. Agronomie, 24(6): 383-395. DOI:10.1051/agro:2004029.<br />Shahriari S. 2011. The study on the effect of irrigation levels and mulch application on growth indices and essential oil content of peppermint (<em>Mentha piperita</em> L.). Planta Medica, 77(12). DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1282331.<br />Singer CK and Martin CA. 2009. Effect of landscape mulches and drip irrigation on transplant establishment and growth of three North American desert native plants. Journal of Environmental and Horticulture, 27(3): 166-170.<br />Steinmetz Z, Wollmann C, Schaefer M, Buchmann C, David J, Troger J, Munoz K, Fror O and Schaumann GL. 2016. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? Science of the Total Environment, 550: 690-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153.<br />Strain HH and Svec WA. 1966. Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. Chlorophylls, 21-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3289-8.50008-4.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19734_c4f668b4290003b6d0d510773f81c3ac.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Herbicide Integrated with Straw Mulch and Hand Weeding in Weed Management of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Herbicide Integrated with Straw Mulch and Hand Weeding in Weed Management of Borage (Borago officinalis L.)1952121973510.22034/saps.2024.63502.3278FASediqeSarenchehMSc in Weed Science, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran,RouhollahAminiProfessor/Department of Plant Ecophysiology/Faculty of Agriculture/ University of TabrizAli RezaYousefiProfessor, Department of Plant Production & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, IranJournal Article20240913<strong>Background and Objective:</strong><strong> </strong>In integrated weed management of medicinal plants, the use of reduced rates of herbicides in integration with non-chemical methods such as straw mulching and hand weeding reduces the cost of herbicide application and environmental pollution. So, this experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management methods on growth characteristics and yield of borage (<em>Borago officinalis </em>L.).<br /> <br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Medicinal Crops of University of Zanjan in 2016. The first factor was weed control treatment with 14 levels including pendimethalin (50% of recommended dose), trifluralin at 50 and 100 % of recommended dose alone and with wheat straw mulch and weed-infested treatment and the second factor was supplementary control (without and with one hand weeding 50 days after planting). Also, the weed free treatment was considered in the experiment.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that weed density and biomass and borage yield significantly affected by weed control treatment and hand weeding. The lowest weed biomass was observed in trifluralin 100% + mulch (99.5 g.m<sup>-2</sup>) that was not significantly different with trifluralin 100%. Application of soil applied herbicides reduced weed biomass but without hand weeding was unable to control weeds during growth season. Reduced rates of herbicides could be more effective if combined with hand weeding compared with their application alone. The highest borage yield loss observed in weed infested treatment that was not significantly different with pendimethalin (50% of recommended dose) and trifluralin at 100% of recommended dose alone.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Generally, the treatment of trifluralin 50% + one hand weeding had the highest borage flower yield (43.6 g.m<sup>-2</sup>) and reduction in weed biomass and this treatment could be introduced as sustainable weed management method in borage.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong><strong> </strong>In integrated weed management of medicinal plants, the use of reduced rates of herbicides in integration with non-chemical methods such as straw mulching and hand weeding reduces the cost of herbicide application and environmental pollution. So, this experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management methods on growth characteristics and yield of borage (<em>Borago officinalis </em>L.).<br /> <br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Medicinal Crops of University of Zanjan in 2016. The first factor was weed control treatment with 14 levels including pendimethalin (50% of recommended dose), trifluralin at 50 and 100 % of recommended dose alone and with wheat straw mulch and weed-infested treatment and the second factor was supplementary control (without and with one hand weeding 50 days after planting). Also, the weed free treatment was considered in the experiment.<br /> <br /><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that weed density and biomass and borage yield significantly affected by weed control treatment and hand weeding. The lowest weed biomass was observed in trifluralin 100% + mulch (99.5 g.m<sup>-2</sup>) that was not significantly different with trifluralin 100%. Application of soil applied herbicides reduced weed biomass but without hand weeding was unable to control weeds during growth season. Reduced rates of herbicides could be more effective if combined with hand weeding compared with their application alone. The highest borage yield loss observed in weed infested treatment that was not significantly different with pendimethalin (50% of recommended dose) and trifluralin at 100% of recommended dose alone.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Generally, the treatment of trifluralin 50% + one hand weeding had the highest borage flower yield (43.6 g.m<sup>-2</sup>) and reduction in weed biomass and this treatment could be introduced as sustainable weed management method in borage.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19735_ee328b260caec48208d7397b4f0fe184.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of using seaweed on yield components, seed and oil yields of safflower genotypes in saline soils of the Tabriz plainEffect of using seaweed on yield components, seed and oil yields of safflower genotypes in saline soils of the Tabriz plain2132241973610.22034/saps.2024.63691.3284FABahmanPasban Eslamعضو هیات علمی-دانشیارJournal Article20240924<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Today, the usage of seaweed extracts is increasing in order to decrease the effects of environmental stresses in plants. The research aimed to study effects of seaweed on yield components, seed and oil yields of fall promising safflower, and select high-yielding genotypes to cultivate in saline and marginal soils of Tabriz plain.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Methods and Materials:</strong> An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2022-23. The experimental factors were foliar application of seaweed extract including control and spraying during flowering stage (4 ml m<sup>-2</sup>), and second factor included 14 safflower genotypes.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The effect of seaweed on safflower led to a significant increase in plant height, capitula per plant, 1000-seeds weight and seed and oil yields. The effect of seaweed on genotypes was significantly different. The correlation between capitula per plant and 1000-seeds weight with seed and oil yields were positively significant. The genotypes having higher capitula per plant and 1000-seeds weight indicated higher seed yield. The correlations among plant height and seed and oil yields were significantly positive.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The seed and oil yields of PI560166 genotype increased 1463 and 493 Kg h<sup>-1</sup> respectively by seaweed extracts treatment. The genotypes PI426521, PI250204, PI752444, PI572441, PI259994, and PI525458 were indicated in the next steps respectively. Cultivating them and foliar spraying of seaweed extracts on plants during the flowering stage will lead to an economically acceptable yield. Therefore, expanding safflower production in the saline and marginal areas of Tabriz plain and regions with similar climates is possible.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Today, the usage of seaweed extracts is increasing in order to decrease the effects of environmental stresses in plants. The research aimed to study effects of seaweed on yield components, seed and oil yields of fall promising safflower, and select high-yielding genotypes to cultivate in saline and marginal soils of Tabriz plain.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Methods and Materials:</strong> An experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2022-23. The experimental factors were foliar application of seaweed extract including control and spraying during flowering stage (4 ml m<sup>-2</sup>), and second factor included 14 safflower genotypes.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The effect of seaweed on safflower led to a significant increase in plant height, capitula per plant, 1000-seeds weight and seed and oil yields. The effect of seaweed on genotypes was significantly different. The correlation between capitula per plant and 1000-seeds weight with seed and oil yields were positively significant. The genotypes having higher capitula per plant and 1000-seeds weight indicated higher seed yield. The correlations among plant height and seed and oil yields were significantly positive.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The seed and oil yields of PI560166 genotype increased 1463 and 493 Kg h<sup>-1</sup> respectively by seaweed extracts treatment. The genotypes PI426521, PI250204, PI752444, PI572441, PI259994, and PI525458 were indicated in the next steps respectively. Cultivating them and foliar spraying of seaweed extracts on plants during the flowering stage will lead to an economically acceptable yield. Therefore, expanding safflower production in the saline and marginal areas of Tabriz plain and regions with similar climates is possible.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19736_3c317432edf0202c35a2ef489d27b474.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430The effect of Hoagland Nutrient Solution and Triacontanol on the Yield and Photosynthetic Pigments of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)The effect of Hoagland Nutrient Solution and Triacontanol on the Yield and Photosynthetic Pigments of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)2252351973810.22034/saps.2024.60746.3189FASaeedehAlizadeh-SaltehAssociate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.FatemehHashemiGraduated from Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.SahebaliBolandnazarDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizAlirezaMotallebi AzarMinaAmaniPhD Student in Production and Post-Harvest Physiology of Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20240227<strong>Background & Objective:</strong> This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of triacanthanol growth regulator concentration in two concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution including Hoagland half and full Hoagland on growth traits and photosynthetic pigments of basil (<em>Ocimum basilicum</em> L.).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design, with the first factor being nutrient solution concentration at two levels: half-strength Hoagland and full-strength Hoagland, and the second factor being triacontanol at three concentrations: 0, 5, and 10 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>, with three replications on basil plants during the agricultural year 2018-2019 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, focusing on growth traits and photosynthetic pigments.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results, the use of full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution led to an increase in growth traits. With an increase in triacontanol concentration to 10 mg/L, the number of lateral branches decreased in both nutrient solutions, which had a negative effect on the number of lateral branches. An increase in triacontanol concentration to 5 mg.l<sup>-1 </sup>compared to the control had the highest growth traits, whereas a concentration of 10 mg.l<sup>-1 </sup>triacontanol led to a decrease in the average growth traits under study. The total chlorophyll level in full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution showed a 10% increase compared to half-strength Hoagland solution.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Therefore, based on the experimental results, it can be claimed that the use of full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution leads to an increase in growth traits and photosynthetic pigments in basil plants, which can make this medicinal plant economically and medicinally justifiable.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Background & Objective:</strong> This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of triacanthanol growth regulator concentration in two concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution including Hoagland half and full Hoagland on growth traits and photosynthetic pigments of basil (<em>Ocimum basilicum</em> L.).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design, with the first factor being nutrient solution concentration at two levels: half-strength Hoagland and full-strength Hoagland, and the second factor being triacontanol at three concentrations: 0, 5, and 10 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>, with three replications on basil plants during the agricultural year 2018-2019 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tabriz, focusing on growth traits and photosynthetic pigments.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results, the use of full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution led to an increase in growth traits. With an increase in triacontanol concentration to 10 mg/L, the number of lateral branches decreased in both nutrient solutions, which had a negative effect on the number of lateral branches. An increase in triacontanol concentration to 5 mg.l<sup>-1 </sup>compared to the control had the highest growth traits, whereas a concentration of 10 mg.l<sup>-1 </sup>triacontanol led to a decrease in the average growth traits under study. The total chlorophyll level in full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution showed a 10% increase compared to half-strength Hoagland solution.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Therefore, based on the experimental results, it can be claimed that the use of full-strength Hoagland nutrient solution leads to an increase in growth traits and photosynthetic pigments in basil plants, which can make this medicinal plant economically and medicinally justifiable.<br /><strong> </strong>https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19738_c38acc573a454405bb64907c6a42ca2c.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Evaluating the Sustainability of the Mechanized and Traditional Agroecosystem of Damask Rose Production Based on Emergy Analysis in NehbandanEvaluating the Sustainability of the Mechanized and Traditional Agroecosystem of Damask Rose Production Based on Emergy Analysis in Nehbandan2372531976910.22034/saps.2023.56810.3050FAFatemehNakhaeiUniversity of ZabolSeyed AhmadGhanbariDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, IranMohammad RezaAsgharipourUniversity of ZabolEsmaeelSeyedabadiUnit of Agroecology, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of ZabolJournal Article20230525<strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> Using emergy analysis to assess agroecosystem sustainability helps implement management practices that improve production resilience. The Damask rose scientifically name as Rosa damascene Mill. from rose family, is cultivated in hot and arid regions of the nation, leading to the economic development of these areas. Thus, this plant must be grown in arid regions. This study examined Damask rose production's mechanized and traditional agroecosystems in Nehbandan, Iran, for sustainability.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in Nehbandan, situated in the South Khorasan province, to compare the mechanized and traditional methods of Damask rose production. The study analyzed the inputs' structure and emergy-based indicators in both mechanized and traditional rose production methods. Data were collected through questionnaires and field measurements of inputs and outputs in both systems. Emergy analysis was performed using standard transformity coefficients and computational software.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> The study computed the emergy input for the traditional and mechanized Damask rose systems as 7.17E+16 and 5.11E+16 sej/ha/yr, respectively. The emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratios (ELR & ELR*), and environmental sustainability indices (ESI & ESI*) indicate that the traditional ecosystem exhibits greater ecological efficiency and is more proximate to optimal conditions when compared to the mechanized ecosystem.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Practical solutions in comprehensive management, particularly in soil organic matter protection and loss prevention, can significantly impact the ecological sustainability of the mechanized Damask rose production system. To increase economic stability in the traditional production system, users should improve their technical skills. Environmental load, agricultural ecosystem, emergy analysis, thermodynamic laws, sustainable agriculture.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> Using emergy analysis to assess agroecosystem sustainability helps implement management practices that improve production resilience. The Damask rose scientifically name as Rosa damascene Mill. from rose family, is cultivated in hot and arid regions of the nation, leading to the economic development of these areas. Thus, this plant must be grown in arid regions. This study examined Damask rose production's mechanized and traditional agroecosystems in Nehbandan, Iran, for sustainability.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in Nehbandan, situated in the South Khorasan province, to compare the mechanized and traditional methods of Damask rose production. The study analyzed the inputs' structure and emergy-based indicators in both mechanized and traditional rose production methods. Data were collected through questionnaires and field measurements of inputs and outputs in both systems. Emergy analysis was performed using standard transformity coefficients and computational software.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> The study computed the emergy input for the traditional and mechanized Damask rose systems as 7.17E+16 and 5.11E+16 sej/ha/yr, respectively. The emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratios (ELR & ELR*), and environmental sustainability indices (ESI & ESI*) indicate that the traditional ecosystem exhibits greater ecological efficiency and is more proximate to optimal conditions when compared to the mechanized ecosystem.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Practical solutions in comprehensive management, particularly in soil organic matter protection and loss prevention, can significantly impact the ecological sustainability of the mechanized Damask rose production system. To increase economic stability in the traditional production system, users should improve their technical skills. Environmental load, agricultural ecosystem, emergy analysis, thermodynamic laws, sustainable agriculture.<br /><strong> </strong>https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19769_b4c71e2f31113d50fbeae1607fcca43b.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Investigating the Trend of Consumption and Calculating Energy Efficiency Indicators in Cereals Production (wheat, barley, rice and corn) during 2000-2020Investigating the Trend of Consumption and Calculating Energy Efficiency Indicators in Cereals Production (wheat, barley, rice and corn) during 2000-20202552651976810.22034/saps.2024.58735.3127FARoseHashemiIslamic Azad UniversityRezaMoghadasiIslamic Azad UniversityMehdiKazemnejadIslamic Azad UniversityAmirMohammadinejadJournal Article20231006<strong>Background and Objectives: </strong>Energy is considered as one of the most important inputs in the Iran’s economy. Government has been providing subsidy for energy consumption for decades, and it puts high pressure on the public budget. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy consumption trend and calculate the energy efficiency indicators in the cereals production (wheat, barley, rice and corn) in Iran.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The data used in the research is related to the period of 2000-2020, which was prepared from the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and the Statistics Center of Iran.In this research, four important cereals products including wheat, barley, corn and rice were considered, which in total include about 70% of the total area of agricultural lands in Iran.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results, the energy of all inputs except chemical poisons has increased in the mentioned period.Chemical fertilizer showed a decreasing trend during the period of 2000-2010, but increased again during the period of 2010-2020.Chemical fertilizer has taken the largest share of the total input energy, so that its growth rate was 28.3% in the period of 2000-2020.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The trend of energy ratio (output to input) in the production of major cereal products during the studied period had an increasing trend so that the average growth of the total energy ratio in the mentioned products was 1.87% in the period under review. The regression coefficient of indirect energy and non-renewable energy was significant and positive at the level of 5%, which shows that the grain yield increases with the increase in the consumption of this type of energy. The results of this study showed that the cereal energy efficiency increased over time.<br /> <strong>Background and Objectives: </strong>Energy is considered as one of the most important inputs in the Iran’s economy. Government has been providing subsidy for energy consumption for decades, and it puts high pressure on the public budget. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy consumption trend and calculate the energy efficiency indicators in the cereals production (wheat, barley, rice and corn) in Iran.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The data used in the research is related to the period of 2000-2020, which was prepared from the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and the Statistics Center of Iran.In this research, four important cereals products including wheat, barley, corn and rice were considered, which in total include about 70% of the total area of agricultural lands in Iran.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results, the energy of all inputs except chemical poisons has increased in the mentioned period.Chemical fertilizer showed a decreasing trend during the period of 2000-2010, but increased again during the period of 2010-2020.Chemical fertilizer has taken the largest share of the total input energy, so that its growth rate was 28.3% in the period of 2000-2020.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The trend of energy ratio (output to input) in the production of major cereal products during the studied period had an increasing trend so that the average growth of the total energy ratio in the mentioned products was 1.87% in the period under review. The regression coefficient of indirect energy and non-renewable energy was significant and positive at the level of 5%, which shows that the grain yield increases with the increase in the consumption of this type of energy. The results of this study showed that the cereal energy efficiency increased over time.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19768_991df0af2daaf0e960fde73b0648f4fd.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effect of cold stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of dryland wheat under conservation agriculture conditionsEffect of cold stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of dryland wheat under conservation agriculture conditions2672811973910.22034/saps.2023.56999.3061FAHadiKhorsandiSaeidZehtab SalmasiUniversity Of TabrizRaminLotfiKazemGhassemi-GolezaniDepartment of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz,, Tabriz, IranSaberGolkariJournal Article20230606<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> The effect of cold stress on plants is characterized by physiological and cytological changes. Investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence and performance of dryland wheat cultivars in cold climates was done to identify the effect of cold stress in conservation agriculture conditions and preservation of residues.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>The experiment was carried out in the cropping years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2020 in the dryland Agriculture Research Institute on different varieties of dryland wheat. For this purpose, 6 varieties of wheat were sown on three different dates (late September, late october and late November) rotatoin with chickpeas in two conservation tillage and conventional tillage in the form of split-split plot based on randomized complete block design was cultivated in three replicates.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that Sardari and Baran cultivars had the highest amount of chlorophyll. The amount of chlorophyll a and b in the no tillage treatment with 117.52 (mg.g-1 FW) and 57.59 (mg. g-1 FW) was higher than the conventional tillage treatment with the amount of chlorophyll a = 109.65 (mg.g-1 FW) and chlorophyll b = 55.64 (mg.g-1 FW). Chlorophyll fluorescence of Baran cultivar was better than other cultivars. The chlorophyll fluorescence of the no-tillage treatment was better than the conventional tillage treatment. The first planting date also had a better condition in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence than other planting dates.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cultivars resistant to cold stress can maintain their level of photosynthesis and grain yield under conservation agriculture conditions. Adhering to the planting date of the late of september, in addition to the possibility of the plant using the autumn rains, makes the plants in a suitable development stage during the frost of the winter and increases the tolerance of the plants for the late spring cold.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> The effect of cold stress on plants is characterized by physiological and cytological changes. Investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence and performance of dryland wheat cultivars in cold climates was done to identify the effect of cold stress in conservation agriculture conditions and preservation of residues.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>The experiment was carried out in the cropping years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2020 in the dryland Agriculture Research Institute on different varieties of dryland wheat. For this purpose, 6 varieties of wheat were sown on three different dates (late September, late october and late November) rotatoin with chickpeas in two conservation tillage and conventional tillage in the form of split-split plot based on randomized complete block design was cultivated in three replicates.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that Sardari and Baran cultivars had the highest amount of chlorophyll. The amount of chlorophyll a and b in the no tillage treatment with 117.52 (mg.g-1 FW) and 57.59 (mg. g-1 FW) was higher than the conventional tillage treatment with the amount of chlorophyll a = 109.65 (mg.g-1 FW) and chlorophyll b = 55.64 (mg.g-1 FW). Chlorophyll fluorescence of Baran cultivar was better than other cultivars. The chlorophyll fluorescence of the no-tillage treatment was better than the conventional tillage treatment. The first planting date also had a better condition in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence than other planting dates.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cultivars resistant to cold stress can maintain their level of photosynthesis and grain yield under conservation agriculture conditions. Adhering to the planting date of the late of september, in addition to the possibility of the plant using the autumn rains, makes the plants in a suitable development stage during the frost of the winter and increases the tolerance of the plants for the late spring cold.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19739_855054fee3163e519b139501e1c9c6c8.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Developing a Sustainable Agricultural Planning to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Environmental Pollutants in the Sistan WatershedDeveloping a Sustainable Agricultural Planning to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Environmental Pollutants in the Sistan Watershed2833021975910.22034/saps.2024.58872.3133FAHosseinBadih BarzinPhD student in Agricultural Economics, University of Sistan and Baluchistan, Faculty of Management and Economics, ZahedanSeyedmahdiHoseyniAgricultural Economics Dept, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMahmoodHashemitabarAgricultural Economics Dept, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMostafaMardani NajafabadiAgricultural Economics, Dept, of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran.Journal Article20231017<strong>Background & Objective</strong>: The agricultural sector is an important source of CO2 emission. In recent years, the increase in energy consumption of agricultural inputs has led to an increase in energy consumption and the CO2 emission Therefore, optimizing energy consumption and thus reducing environmental pollutants in the form of considering water-energy and food nexues (WEFN) in an agricultural cycle can be of special importance. The goal of this study is to develop a sustainable agricultural program to reduce CO2 emission and environmental pollutants in the Sistan watershed.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials</strong><strong> </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong> This study has determined the amount of energy consumption of agricultural inputs and the CO2 emission in order to protect sustainable agriculture using a non-linear multi-objective planning model. The model is coded using GAMS software.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of the proposed model showed that with the implementation of the WEFN nexues, in addition to reducing the energy consumption of inputs by 0.25%, the amount of CO2 emission in the entire studied basin has decreased to 0.49%.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the one-dimensional approach, due to the lack of political coherence and low productivity in the use of resources, nexus approach has become more prominent. The nexus approach can promote the comprehensive security of water, energy and food resources, which is combined with sustainable and equitable access to resources. Therefore, a comprehensive planning should be done in line with the sustainable development of agriculture, so that expert measures can be taken by changing the structure of the basin's cultivation pattern in order to reduce environmental pollutants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /> <strong>Background & Objective</strong>: The agricultural sector is an important source of CO2 emission. In recent years, the increase in energy consumption of agricultural inputs has led to an increase in energy consumption and the CO2 emission Therefore, optimizing energy consumption and thus reducing environmental pollutants in the form of considering water-energy and food nexues (WEFN) in an agricultural cycle can be of special importance. The goal of this study is to develop a sustainable agricultural program to reduce CO2 emission and environmental pollutants in the Sistan watershed.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials</strong><strong> </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong> This study has determined the amount of energy consumption of agricultural inputs and the CO2 emission in order to protect sustainable agriculture using a non-linear multi-objective planning model. The model is coded using GAMS software.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of the proposed model showed that with the implementation of the WEFN nexues, in addition to reducing the energy consumption of inputs by 0.25%, the amount of CO2 emission in the entire studied basin has decreased to 0.49%.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the one-dimensional approach, due to the lack of political coherence and low productivity in the use of resources, nexus approach has become more prominent. The nexus approach can promote the comprehensive security of water, energy and food resources, which is combined with sustainable and equitable access to resources. Therefore, a comprehensive planning should be done in line with the sustainable development of agriculture, so that expert measures can be taken by changing the structure of the basin's cultivation pattern in order to reduce environmental pollutants.<br /><strong> </strong><br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19759_90318ee8da1025977f27443c99bd187d.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430Effective Factors on the Environmental Efficiency of Potato Production in Ardabil CountyEffective Factors on the Environmental Efficiency of Potato Production in Ardabil County3033151974010.22034/saps.2024.58668.3124FAGhaderDashtiElahehGhasemiMohammadGhahremanzadehJournal Article20230930<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> In order to increase the production of agricultural products, factor productivity growth and increasing the efficiency of farms is necessary. The security of resources, including water and land, has forced farmers to use desirable inputs along with undesirable inputs, which in some cases has caused a negative impact on natural resources and therefore environmental efficiency. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effective factors on the environmental efficiency of potato production in Ardabil County.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> In order to achieve the objective of study, the stochastic frontier translog production function has been estimated and measure the environmental efficiency and the factors affecting it. For this purpose, the data collected from 160 potato farmers of Ardabil County by completing a questionnaire.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the mean of environmental efficiency of farmers was 67.87%. Therefore, producers can decrease the use of undesirable inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) about 32% by using other inputs values constant. Based on the results, the factors of age, education, main job and the amount of cultivated area showed a positive effect on environmental efficiency. The values of elasticity calculated for the variables of labore, seed, land, chemical fertilizers and pesticides showed that the greatest quantity of elasticity was for labore equal 0.690 and the lowest for the pesticide equal 0.064. Thus the production is faced with increasing returns of scale.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Considering the condition of potato production and the amount of environmental efficiency, there is a suitable ground for reducing the use of undesirable inputs such as fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Due to this issue, while reducing production costs, a health product will be product. Considering the positive effect of education and the amount of cultivation and the negative effect of the number of plots, more communication with farmers with higher education and integrated farms can strengthen the economies of scale of potato production and make it more economical.<br /> <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> In order to increase the production of agricultural products, factor productivity growth and increasing the efficiency of farms is necessary. The security of resources, including water and land, has forced farmers to use desirable inputs along with undesirable inputs, which in some cases has caused a negative impact on natural resources and therefore environmental efficiency. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effective factors on the environmental efficiency of potato production in Ardabil County.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> In order to achieve the objective of study, the stochastic frontier translog production function has been estimated and measure the environmental efficiency and the factors affecting it. For this purpose, the data collected from 160 potato farmers of Ardabil County by completing a questionnaire.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the mean of environmental efficiency of farmers was 67.87%. Therefore, producers can decrease the use of undesirable inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) about 32% by using other inputs values constant. Based on the results, the factors of age, education, main job and the amount of cultivated area showed a positive effect on environmental efficiency. The values of elasticity calculated for the variables of labore, seed, land, chemical fertilizers and pesticides showed that the greatest quantity of elasticity was for labore equal 0.690 and the lowest for the pesticide equal 0.064. Thus the production is faced with increasing returns of scale.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Considering the condition of potato production and the amount of environmental efficiency, there is a suitable ground for reducing the use of undesirable inputs such as fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Due to this issue, while reducing production costs, a health product will be product. Considering the positive effect of education and the amount of cultivation and the negative effect of the number of plots, more communication with farmers with higher education and integrated farms can strengthen the economies of scale of potato production and make it more economical.<br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19740_759bc128fb3ac9df6e6a48bd03c21340.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431035120250430The effects of Biochar and Phosphorus on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Dry Matter, Oil content and some Nutrient Uptake in an Alkaline Loamy Soil in Greenhouse ConditionsThe effects of Biochar and Phosphorus on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Dry Matter, Oil content and some Nutrient Uptake in an Alkaline Loamy Soil in Greenhouse Conditions3173331974110.22034/saps.2024.61459.3216FASoheilSalimi TarazojSoil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Tabriz,Tabriz,IranAdelReyhanitabarDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizNosratollahNajafiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizJournal Article20240430<strong>Background</strong> <strong>& Objective: </strong>In this research, the effects of combined application of biochar pyrolysed at 300˚C and phosphorous (P) fertilizer on growth and primary macronutrients uptake by rapeseed (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.), Hyola 308 cultivar were studied in an alkaline loamy soil.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Materials </strong>&<strong>Methods</strong>: A factorial experiment was done in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The factors were organic matter at two sources (biochar and wheat straw) and three levels (0, 20 and 40 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) and P at three levels (0, 20, and 40 mg kg<sup>-1 </sup>as triple superphosphate). Before the plants harvesting, leaf chlorophyll index was measured. After the plant, harvesting, dry weights of shoot and root, seed oil content, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) were determined.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Results:</strong> Application of phosphorous fertilizer and biochar significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index, dry weights of shoot and root and seed oil content compared to the control. However, the application of wheat straw resulted in a decrease in these characteristics compared to the control treatment. In addition, dual application of biochar and phosphorous increased shoot concentrations of phosphorous and potassium. The combined application of 2% biochar and 20 mg P per kg of soil resulted in the production of dry matter of the rapeseed shoot equivalent to the application of 40 mg P per kg of soil alone. Also, the combined application of wheat straw and phosphorus reduced shoot nitrogen concentration compared to the control treatment, but at the same time increased shoot phosphorus and potassium concentrations compared to the control treatment.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>:<strong> </strong>The application of biochar obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw at 300 °C at 2% level in an alkaline loam soil improved rapeseed plant growth and led to a decrease in the consumption of P fertilizer. In all the characteristics measured in this research, the performance of biochar was better than the initial biomass, i.e. wheat straw.<strong>Background</strong> <strong>& Objective: </strong>In this research, the effects of combined application of biochar pyrolysed at 300˚C and phosphorous (P) fertilizer on growth and primary macronutrients uptake by rapeseed (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.), Hyola 308 cultivar were studied in an alkaline loamy soil.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Materials </strong>&<strong>Methods</strong>: A factorial experiment was done in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The factors were organic matter at two sources (biochar and wheat straw) and three levels (0, 20 and 40 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) and P at three levels (0, 20, and 40 mg kg<sup>-1 </sup>as triple superphosphate). Before the plants harvesting, leaf chlorophyll index was measured. After the plant, harvesting, dry weights of shoot and root, seed oil content, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) were determined.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Results:</strong> Application of phosphorous fertilizer and biochar significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index, dry weights of shoot and root and seed oil content compared to the control. However, the application of wheat straw resulted in a decrease in these characteristics compared to the control treatment. In addition, dual application of biochar and phosphorous increased shoot concentrations of phosphorous and potassium. The combined application of 2% biochar and 20 mg P per kg of soil resulted in the production of dry matter of the rapeseed shoot equivalent to the application of 40 mg P per kg of soil alone. Also, the combined application of wheat straw and phosphorus reduced shoot nitrogen concentration compared to the control treatment, but at the same time increased shoot phosphorus and potassium concentrations compared to the control treatment.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>:<strong> </strong>The application of biochar obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw at 300 °C at 2% level in an alkaline loam soil improved rapeseed plant growth and led to a decrease in the consumption of P fertilizer. In all the characteristics measured in this research, the performance of biochar was better than the initial biomass, i.e. wheat straw.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19741_269d03034456e576f09945ab8b7cb155.pdf