University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) in intercropping The effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) in intercropping 1 24 20582 10.22034/saps.2024.58361.3111 FA Milad Nojoki Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Alireza Yadavi Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Mehrdad Mahlooji Assistant Professor, Horticulture Crops Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran Bahram Majd Nassiri Academic staff of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Fatemeh Ebrahimi Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Journal Article 2023 09 10 <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Intercropping of leguminous plants with oil plants is a relatively new approach to achieve sustainable agriculture. Improving plant nutrition through integrated management increases the efficiency of intercropping systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the response of safflower and mung bean to the integrated application of nitrogen fertilizers in intercropping.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted as a split plot base on the randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2019. The experimental factors include the application of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 kg. ha^-1 of nitrogen + Nitroxin and 100 kg.ha^-1 nitrogen) in the main plots and the intercropping patterns (pure cropping of safflower and mung bean and their intercropping with ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) were in sub-plots. Morphological traits, yield and yield components of two plants and land equivalent ratio were evaluated.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that in the conditions of no application of nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of safflower and mung bean in intercropping patterns was reduced compared to pure cropping. The application of 50 kg. ha^-1 of chemical nitrogen + Nitroxin biological nitrogen fertilizer compensated the decrease in yield in intercropping proportions. The land equivalent ratio in all intercropping patterns was higher than one, which indicated the usefulness of intercropping of these crops compared to pure cultivation.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In general, based on the results, the ratio 2:1 of mung beans and safflower intercropping with 50 kg.ha^-1 + Nitroxin can be introduced for more efficient use of land.<br />  <strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Intercropping of leguminous plants with oil plants is a relatively new approach to achieve sustainable agriculture. Improving plant nutrition through integrated management increases the efficiency of intercropping systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the response of safflower and mung bean to the integrated application of nitrogen fertilizers in intercropping.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted as a split plot base on the randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2019. The experimental factors include the application of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 kg. ha^-1 of nitrogen + Nitroxin and 100 kg.ha^-1 nitrogen) in the main plots and the intercropping patterns (pure cropping of safflower and mung bean and their intercropping with ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) were in sub-plots. Morphological traits, yield and yield components of two plants and land equivalent ratio were evaluated.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that in the conditions of no application of nitrogen fertilizer, the grain yield of safflower and mung bean in intercropping patterns was reduced compared to pure cropping. The application of 50 kg. ha^-1 of chemical nitrogen + Nitroxin biological nitrogen fertilizer compensated the decrease in yield in intercropping proportions. The land equivalent ratio in all intercropping patterns was higher than one, which indicated the usefulness of intercropping of these crops compared to pure cultivation.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In general, based on the results, the ratio 2:1 of mung beans and safflower intercropping with 50 kg.ha^-1 + Nitroxin can be introduced for more efficient use of land.<br />  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20582_44fb13740ab518985e943e47be00b952.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Improving Yield and Essential Oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) Intercropping with Fodder Plants under different Management of Soil Fertility Improving Yield and Essential Oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) Intercropping with Fodder Plants under different Management of Soil Fertility 25 42 20626 10.22034/saps.2024.57998.3095 FA Elahe Tashakorifard Guilan university, Rasht, Iran Gholamreza Mohsenabadi Guilan university, Rasht, Iran Seyed MohammadReza Ehteshami Guilan university, Rasht, Iran Samaneh Asadi-Sanam Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands/ Tehran/ Iran Journal Article 2023 08 15 <strong>Background and Objectives</strong><strong>: </strong>Lack of fodder and increasing demand for medicinal plants in the country has led to the necessity of producing these plants in a safe and healthy way. Therefore, intrecropping and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers by replacing them with biological and organic fertilizers are very important for the production of these plants. In this research, the ability to biennial medicinal plant fennel with annual fodder plants was evaluated in order to achieve proper yield in a sustainable manner.   <strong>Materials and Methods</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>This experiment was conducted during two crop years of 2017-2018 in the research farm of the Research Institute of Forests and Ranges, Karaj, Iran, as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design and in three replications. The experimental treatments include fertilizer levels (100% of NPK chemical fertilizers, a mixture of biofertilizers Aztobarur1, Phosphatebarvar2 and Petabarvar2, vermicompost (six t.h^-1), a combination of 50% chemical fertilizers+biofertilizers+vermicompost and a combination of 75% chemical fertilizers+biofertilizers+vermicompost) and replacement mixed crop ratios (pure cultivation of fennel, hairy vetch and forage corn, ratio 1:1 fennel:forage plant, ratio 2:1 fennel:forage plant and ratio 1:2 fennel:forage plant). growth period of fennel is about six months, and during this period, the fennel first grew to the stage of rapid growth next to the fennel and after harvesting the fennel at 50% flowering, the corn plant was planted.   <strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The results showed that the effect of cultivation patterns and soil fertility management on the quantitative and qualitative yield of fennel is significant. Also, the highest plant growth and yield was observed in all cultivation patterns and fertilizer treatments in the second year of the experiment compared to the first year. The highest plant height (148 cm) and the number of seeds in the umbrella (182) were obtained for pure cultivation with the combination of 75% of chemical fertilizers+biological fertilizers+vermicompost in the second year. While the highest number of sub-branches (14), thousand seed weight (4 gr), seed yield (1964 kg.ha^-1) and essential oil yield (35 kg. ha^-1) are related to 1:1 ratio of fennel: fodder plants in the same fertilizer treatment in 2017.   <strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> In general, the application of intercropping and fertilizer treatments increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel in both years. So that in the first year, due to the initial slow growth of fennel and the low height of hairy vetch, both plants benefited positively from intercropping, and after fennel started to grow rapidly, hairy vetch was harvested and fodder corn was planted instead. It was cultivated that both plants grew well in intercropping. In the second year, due to the presence of fennel in the field, intercropping was more beneficial than pure cultivation of fennel.     <strong>Background and Objectives</strong><strong>: </strong>Lack of fodder and increasing demand for medicinal plants in the country has led to the necessity of producing these plants in a safe and healthy way. Therefore, intrecropping and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers by replacing them with biological and organic fertilizers are very important for the production of these plants. In this research, the ability to biennial medicinal plant fennel with annual fodder plants was evaluated in order to achieve proper yield in a sustainable manner.   <strong>Materials and Methods</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>This experiment was conducted during two crop years of 2017-2018 in the research farm of the Research Institute of Forests and Ranges, Karaj, Iran, as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design and in three replications. The experimental treatments include fertilizer levels (100% of NPK chemical fertilizers, a mixture of biofertilizers Aztobarur1, Phosphatebarvar2 and Petabarvar2, vermicompost (six t.h^-1), a combination of 50% chemical fertilizers+biofertilizers+vermicompost and a combination of 75% chemical fertilizers+biofertilizers+vermicompost) and replacement mixed crop ratios (pure cultivation of fennel, hairy vetch and forage corn, ratio 1:1 fennel:forage plant, ratio 2:1 fennel:forage plant and ratio 1:2 fennel:forage plant). growth period of fennel is about six months, and during this period, the fennel first grew to the stage of rapid growth next to the fennel and after harvesting the fennel at 50% flowering, the corn plant was planted.   <strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The results showed that the effect of cultivation patterns and soil fertility management on the quantitative and qualitative yield of fennel is significant. Also, the highest plant growth and yield was observed in all cultivation patterns and fertilizer treatments in the second year of the experiment compared to the first year. The highest plant height (148 cm) and the number of seeds in the umbrella (182) were obtained for pure cultivation with the combination of 75% of chemical fertilizers+biological fertilizers+vermicompost in the second year. While the highest number of sub-branches (14), thousand seed weight (4 gr), seed yield (1964 kg.ha^-1) and essential oil yield (35 kg. ha^-1) are related to 1:1 ratio of fennel: fodder plants in the same fertilizer treatment in 2017.   <strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> In general, the application of intercropping and fertilizer treatments increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel in both years. So that in the first year, due to the initial slow growth of fennel and the low height of hairy vetch, both plants benefited positively from intercropping, and after fennel started to grow rapidly, hairy vetch was harvested and fodder corn was planted instead. It was cultivated that both plants grew well in intercropping. In the second year, due to the presence of fennel in the field, intercropping was more beneficial than pure cultivation of fennel.     https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20626_fd12b1bde063fe81694eda99a8444f61.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Interaction of humic acid and biological phosphorus on the yield of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in deficit irrigation conditions Interaction of humic acid and biological phosphorus on the yield of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in deficit irrigation conditions 43 61 20581 10.22034/saps.2024.60328.3173 FA Neda Hossinzadeh Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Alireza Pirzad Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 29 <strong>Background and Objectsive:</strong> Nowadays, due to environmental considerations and water deficit, the use of humic acid along with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (through various mechanisms including the production of siderophores and increased phosphorus uptake by plants) leads to a significant improvement in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, and increases the yield of crops. This research was done, in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and some fertilizer sources, including biofertilizer and humic acid, on some morphological and physiological characteristics of pinto beans under drought stress conditions.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: A</strong> factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications in the Aghblag region (38º 21' 31" N latitude, 47º 39' 53" E longitude). The first factor was irrigation in two levels of full irrigation (100% of field capacity; FC) and deficit irrigation (70% FC), and the second factor was different sources of fertilizers in 6 levels (chemical P(150 kg/ha), biological P (100 g/ha Phosphate Barvar2), 50% chemical P+biological P, chemical P+humic acid (10 l/ ha), biological P+humic acid, 50% chemical P+biological P+humic acid).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results, the seficit irrigation led to a decrease in plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf weight, while the fertilizer treatment, especially 50% chemical P+biological P+humic acid caused to increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of seeds and 100-seed weight. Seed protein increased in the treatments with chemical and biological fertilizers at the same time (by 19% with humic acid and 12% without humic acid) compared to the control. In general, with the combination of bio-fertilizer and humic acid, and using half of the chemical fertilizer, the highest seed yield (19.54 g/plant) was obtained in deficit irrigation.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, to maintain the quality and yield of pinto bean at 70% FC, the half of chemical P+biological P+humic acid is recommended.<br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <strong>Background and Objectsive:</strong> Nowadays, due to environmental considerations and water deficit, the use of humic acid along with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (through various mechanisms including the production of siderophores and increased phosphorus uptake by plants) leads to a significant improvement in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, and increases the yield of crops. This research was done, in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and some fertilizer sources, including biofertilizer and humic acid, on some morphological and physiological characteristics of pinto beans under drought stress conditions.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods: A</strong> factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications in the Aghblag region (38º 21' 31" N latitude, 47º 39' 53" E longitude). The first factor was irrigation in two levels of full irrigation (100% of field capacity; FC) and deficit irrigation (70% FC), and the second factor was different sources of fertilizers in 6 levels (chemical P(150 kg/ha), biological P (100 g/ha Phosphate Barvar2), 50% chemical P+biological P, chemical P+humic acid (10 l/ ha), biological P+humic acid, 50% chemical P+biological P+humic acid).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>According to the results, the seficit irrigation led to a decrease in plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf weight, while the fertilizer treatment, especially 50% chemical P+biological P+humic acid caused to increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of seeds and 100-seed weight. Seed protein increased in the treatments with chemical and biological fertilizers at the same time (by 19% with humic acid and 12% without humic acid) compared to the control. In general, with the combination of bio-fertilizer and humic acid, and using half of the chemical fertilizer, the highest seed yield (19.54 g/plant) was obtained in deficit irrigation.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, to maintain the quality and yield of pinto bean at 70% FC, the half of chemical P+biological P+humic acid is recommended.<br /> <br /><strong> </strong> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20581_d706a957093573653e945fa6b188f21e.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Investigating the effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on some Agronomic Traits and Physiological Indicators of Chenopodium quinoa Willd in the Climatic Conditions of Jajarm city Investigating the effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on some Agronomic Traits and Physiological Indicators of Chenopodium quinoa Willd in the Climatic Conditions of Jajarm city 63 76 20596 10.22034/saps.2024.57653.3084 FA Mojtaba Ramezani Motlagh Government employee Alireza Dadkhah Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bojnord University Mahdi Babaeian Department of Agriculture-Ecology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bojnord University Journal Article 2023 07 21 <strong>Background & </strong><strong>Objectives</strong>: In addition to polluting water and soil resources and affecting the quality of agricultural products, the use of chemical fertilizers also has environmental consequences; for this reason, by replacing biological fertilizers in the production of agricultural products with the aim of soil fertility, they try to pay attention to the goals of sustainable agriculture. This experiment investigates the effect of using chemical and biological fertilizers on some traits of quinoa plant, with the aim of reducing and eliminating chemical fertilizers in the climatic conditions of Jajarm region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials & Methods</strong>: This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design with three replications on the quinoa plant of Titi Kaka variety in field conditions in 2018. The investigated treatments include the levels of biological fertilizers: A: control (without biological agent), A₁: seed inoculation, A₂: seed inoculation with and consumption at the time of four leaves and A₃: seed inoculation with soil and consumption at the time of four leaves and eight leaves; And there were four levels of chemical fertilizer consumption: B: 100% of the chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, B₁: 60% chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, B₂: 30% chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, and B₃: no chemical fertilizer. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the treatments with 60% of the recommended chemical fertilizer along with biofertilizers caused a significant increase in the plant height (14.91%), the number of lusters in the main cluster (14.05%) and the harvest index (13.69%) compared to the control. Meanwhile, the highest yield was achieved in the treatment of biological fertilizer with seed + irrigation fertilizer at the four-leaf stage + 60% of the recommended chemical fertilizer (A₂B₁) with an average of 349.80 g.m^-2, which increased the yield by 57.49% compared to the control. Also, the use of chemical and biological fertilizers caused an acceptable increase in growth indicators such as crop growth rate and net absorption rate, which can be caused by the increase in dry matter production and the crop growth period under the influence of the use of these fertilizers. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: In general, the results of this research showed that the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers by 40% in the climatic conditions of Jajarm city, can increase the yield of quinoa plant up to 57.49%. It should be considered as a suitable method for realizing environmental goals and moving towards sustainable agriculture. <br /><br /> <strong>Background & </strong><strong>Objectives</strong>: In addition to polluting water and soil resources and affecting the quality of agricultural products, the use of chemical fertilizers also has environmental consequences; for this reason, by replacing biological fertilizers in the production of agricultural products with the aim of soil fertility, they try to pay attention to the goals of sustainable agriculture. This experiment investigates the effect of using chemical and biological fertilizers on some traits of quinoa plant, with the aim of reducing and eliminating chemical fertilizers in the climatic conditions of Jajarm region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials & Methods</strong>: This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design with three replications on the quinoa plant of Titi Kaka variety in field conditions in 2018. The investigated treatments include the levels of biological fertilizers: A: control (without biological agent), A₁: seed inoculation, A₂: seed inoculation with and consumption at the time of four leaves and A₃: seed inoculation with soil and consumption at the time of four leaves and eight leaves; And there were four levels of chemical fertilizer consumption: B: 100% of the chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, B₁: 60% chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, B₂: 30% chemical fertilizer recommended by the region, and B₃: no chemical fertilizer. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the treatments with 60% of the recommended chemical fertilizer along with biofertilizers caused a significant increase in the plant height (14.91%), the number of lusters in the main cluster (14.05%) and the harvest index (13.69%) compared to the control. Meanwhile, the highest yield was achieved in the treatment of biological fertilizer with seed + irrigation fertilizer at the four-leaf stage + 60% of the recommended chemical fertilizer (A₂B₁) with an average of 349.80 g.m^-2, which increased the yield by 57.49% compared to the control. Also, the use of chemical and biological fertilizers caused an acceptable increase in growth indicators such as crop growth rate and net absorption rate, which can be caused by the increase in dry matter production and the crop growth period under the influence of the use of these fertilizers. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: In general, the results of this research showed that the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers by 40% in the climatic conditions of Jajarm city, can increase the yield of quinoa plant up to 57.49%. It should be considered as a suitable method for realizing environmental goals and moving towards sustainable agriculture. <br /><br /> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20596_37bd9be2637b9ff3580c4f7ba87a58da.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Effect of on-farm Seed Priming and Foliar Application of Amino Acids on some Growth Indices and Yield of Rainfed Wheat under Supplementary Irrigation Conditions Effect of on-farm Seed Priming and Foliar Application of Amino Acids on some Growth Indices and Yield of Rainfed Wheat under Supplementary Irrigation Conditions 77 96 20547 10.22034/saps.2024.59364.3142 FA Narjes Hojati Fahim Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University Mohammad Ali Aboutalebian Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University Mehrdad Chaichi Department of Seed and Plant Improvement, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 26 <strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the interactions of on-farm seed priming, foliar application of two amino acids, and supplementary irrigation on improving some growth indices and yield of rainfed wheat. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The experiment was conducted during the 2021-2020 cropping season at the research farm of the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan as a three-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was supplementary irrigation at four levels: planting, flowering, grain filling, and no supplementary irrigation. The second factor was on-farm seed priming (primed and non-primed). The third factor involved foliar application of amino acid (methionine, lysine, and pure water). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results</strong>: Supplementary irrigation during the flowering and grain filling increased the maximum leaf area index by 45% and 35%, respectively, and the maximum total dry matter by 24.3% and 10.7%, respectively. The maximum leaf area index and total dry matter were 7.7% and 6% higher, respectively, with seed priming compared to no-priming. The application of both amino acids increased the maximum leaf area index and crop growth rate by 6.9% and 12.5%, respectively, compared to pure water. The relative growth rate increased by 12.5% with supplementary irrigation during the flowering only. Irrigation during the grain filling with the application of methionine was more effective in enhancing yield compared to lysine. Foliar application of both amino acids in combination with supplementary irrigation at flowering increased grain yield by about 45% compared to the control treatment (no supplementary irrigation and no amino acids). <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Supplementary irrigation during the flowering, along with foliar application of amino acids and on-farm seed priming, can lead to the improvement of growth and yield of rainfed wheat by reducing drought stress intensity.   <strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the interactions of on-farm seed priming, foliar application of two amino acids, and supplementary irrigation on improving some growth indices and yield of rainfed wheat. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The experiment was conducted during the 2021-2020 cropping season at the research farm of the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan as a three-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was supplementary irrigation at four levels: planting, flowering, grain filling, and no supplementary irrigation. The second factor was on-farm seed priming (primed and non-primed). The third factor involved foliar application of amino acid (methionine, lysine, and pure water). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results</strong>: Supplementary irrigation during the flowering and grain filling increased the maximum leaf area index by 45% and 35%, respectively, and the maximum total dry matter by 24.3% and 10.7%, respectively. The maximum leaf area index and total dry matter were 7.7% and 6% higher, respectively, with seed priming compared to no-priming. The application of both amino acids increased the maximum leaf area index and crop growth rate by 6.9% and 12.5%, respectively, compared to pure water. The relative growth rate increased by 12.5% with supplementary irrigation during the flowering only. Irrigation during the grain filling with the application of methionine was more effective in enhancing yield compared to lysine. Foliar application of both amino acids in combination with supplementary irrigation at flowering increased grain yield by about 45% compared to the control treatment (no supplementary irrigation and no amino acids). <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Supplementary irrigation during the flowering, along with foliar application of amino acids and on-farm seed priming, can lead to the improvement of growth and yield of rainfed wheat by reducing drought stress intensity.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20547_053c667d4de82bcfa429ea1675c525c8.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 A comparison study on the impact of organic nitrogen-enriched vermicompost, non-modified vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on corn plant growth and some soil biological indices A comparison study on the impact of organic nitrogen-enriched vermicompost, non-modified vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on corn plant growth and some soil biological indices 97 110 20579 10.22034/saps.2024.61215.3207 FA Samaneh Ahmadi Geshlagi Nasser Aliasgharzad Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz- Iran Adel Reyhanitabar Per Bentson Journal Article 2024 04 14 <strong>Background & Objective: </strong>Nitrogen immobilization in vermicompost leads to its enrichment with organic nitrogen which in turn decreases N losses and enhances nitrogen use efficiency in plants. We hypothesized that the vermicompost enriched with organic-N could promote corn plant nutrition and growth compared to the conventional vermicompost and chemical fertilizers.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with five treatments including vermicompost (VC), vermicompost mixed with urea (VC-N), vermicompost enriched with organic nitrogen (VC-IN), NPK chemical fertilizer (CF) and control. Each treatment had four replications.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>Corn growth and chlorophyll index were significantly enhanced by vermicompost enriched with organic nitrogen, but no significant difference was observed between the CF, VC-IN and VC-N. In VC-IN treatment, the shoot had the highest amounts of phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, and zinc because of increasing nutrient absorption. However, CF and VC-N had higher shoot nitrogen levels than the VC-IN. Soil analysis after plant harvesting revealed that the VC treatment had a significantly higher nitrogen concentration than other treatments. Concerning the biological properties of the soil, VC-IN showed the highest amount of soil basal respiration and the lowest amount of substrate induced soil respiration among the treatments.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Farmers can improve soil fertility by using vermicompost that is enriched with organic nitrogen, since it aids in the uptake of nutrients and promotes plant growth. Furthermore, in comparison to chemical fertilizers, VC-IN treatment plays a greater role in improving of nitrogen maintaining in the soil.<br />  <strong>Background & Objective: </strong>Nitrogen immobilization in vermicompost leads to its enrichment with organic nitrogen which in turn decreases N losses and enhances nitrogen use efficiency in plants. We hypothesized that the vermicompost enriched with organic-N could promote corn plant nutrition and growth compared to the conventional vermicompost and chemical fertilizers.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with five treatments including vermicompost (VC), vermicompost mixed with urea (VC-N), vermicompost enriched with organic nitrogen (VC-IN), NPK chemical fertilizer (CF) and control. Each treatment had four replications.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results: </strong>Corn growth and chlorophyll index were significantly enhanced by vermicompost enriched with organic nitrogen, but no significant difference was observed between the CF, VC-IN and VC-N. In VC-IN treatment, the shoot had the highest amounts of phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper, and zinc because of increasing nutrient absorption. However, CF and VC-N had higher shoot nitrogen levels than the VC-IN. Soil analysis after plant harvesting revealed that the VC treatment had a significantly higher nitrogen concentration than other treatments. Concerning the biological properties of the soil, VC-IN showed the highest amount of soil basal respiration and the lowest amount of substrate induced soil respiration among the treatments.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Farmers can improve soil fertility by using vermicompost that is enriched with organic nitrogen, since it aids in the uptake of nutrients and promotes plant growth. Furthermore, in comparison to chemical fertilizers, VC-IN treatment plays a greater role in improving of nitrogen maintaining in the soil.<br />  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20579_e9ea13292748763c04651acd928e9b37.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The Effect of Application Methods of Some Biological Growth Stimulants on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) The Effect of Application Methods of Some Biological Growth Stimulants on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) 101 112 20625 10.22034/saps.2024.61061.3202 FA Ahmad Tobeh Professor of Dept. of Production and Plant Genetics, Ardabil University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabili, Iran, Salim Farzaneh Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebil, Ardebil, Iran Saeid Heydarzadeh Post Doctorate, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran Rafat Hassani Nassab Farzaneh Phd student Journal Article 2024 04 03 <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> In modern agriculture, the use of plant growth stimulants is one of the ways to increase the yield of strategic plants, including wheat, and can reduce the negative effects of environmental stress, including drought. The use of plant growth stimulants may improve the yield and quality of wheat by increasing the speed and power of plant establishment and absorption of plant nutrients in rainfed conditions, therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the effect of the use of different plant growth stimulants on the quantitative and qualitative traits of wheat in rainfed conditions. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> <strong>:</strong> In order to investigate the effect of plant growth stimulants on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat, this research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and 4 replications in 2019 grwoth season in the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabili. The treatments included different seed coating treatments at 6 levels (3, 6 and 9 g kg^-1 of humic acid and seaweed extract) and seed priming at 3 levels (priming with 6 mg L^-1 of humic acid and extract seaweed and hydropriming (control hydroprime) and spraying with a concentration of 200 and 300 mlgr l^-1 of humic acid and seaweed extract, pure water spraying and treatment without pretreatment and without spraying (control). <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that different methods of using plant growth stimulants with seaweed extract and humic acid had a significant effect on increasing the number of tiller per plant, the number of spikes per square meter, the length of the spike, the number of seeds per spike and the 1000-seed weight compared to the control. Under spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid, the highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained with 7694.10 and 19074.90 kg ha^-1, respectively. The highest of phosphorus (0.335%), potassium (1.62%) and protein (14.95%) and grain protein yield of wheat (1149.12 kg ha^-1) under spraying with a concentration of 300 mlgr l^-1 of humic acid was obtained. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a and b of wheat was observed with 2.10 and 1.83 mg g^-1 fw, respectively, under spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the use of plant growth stimulants by foliar spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid is more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wheat plant and is better for increasing the productivity of crops. Agriculture should use organic and biological inputs instead of chemical fertilizers with the aim of reducing pollution in order to achieve sustainable agriculture. <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> In modern agriculture, the use of plant growth stimulants is one of the ways to increase the yield of strategic plants, including wheat, and can reduce the negative effects of environmental stress, including drought. The use of plant growth stimulants may improve the yield and quality of wheat by increasing the speed and power of plant establishment and absorption of plant nutrients in rainfed conditions, therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the effect of the use of different plant growth stimulants on the quantitative and qualitative traits of wheat in rainfed conditions. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> <strong>:</strong> In order to investigate the effect of plant growth stimulants on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat, this research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and 4 replications in 2019 grwoth season in the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabili. The treatments included different seed coating treatments at 6 levels (3, 6 and 9 g kg^-1 of humic acid and seaweed extract) and seed priming at 3 levels (priming with 6 mg L^-1 of humic acid and extract seaweed and hydropriming (control hydroprime) and spraying with a concentration of 200 and 300 mlgr l^-1 of humic acid and seaweed extract, pure water spraying and treatment without pretreatment and without spraying (control). <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that different methods of using plant growth stimulants with seaweed extract and humic acid had a significant effect on increasing the number of tiller per plant, the number of spikes per square meter, the length of the spike, the number of seeds per spike and the 1000-seed weight compared to the control. Under spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid, the highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained with 7694.10 and 19074.90 kg ha^-1, respectively. The highest of phosphorus (0.335%), potassium (1.62%) and protein (14.95%) and grain protein yield of wheat (1149.12 kg ha^-1) under spraying with a concentration of 300 mlgr l^-1 of humic acid was obtained. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll a and b of wheat was observed with 2.10 and 1.83 mg g^-1 fw, respectively, under spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the use of plant growth stimulants by foliar spraying with a concentration of 300 mg L^-1 of humic acid is more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wheat plant and is better for increasing the productivity of crops. Agriculture should use organic and biological inputs instead of chemical fertilizers with the aim of reducing pollution in order to achieve sustainable agriculture. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20625_7e920341b66a4153ddd522d6bbbb19bf.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Evaluating the Physiological Traits and Grain yield of Dragon head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer) under Drought Stress and application of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers Evaluating the Physiological Traits and Grain yield of Dragon head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer) under Drought Stress and application of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers 125 138 20627 10.22034/saps.2024.59997.3157 FA Seyedeh Vajiheh Jalali University of Tabriz Safar Nasrollahzadeh Prof. , Faculty of Agriculture Univ. Tabriz Jalil Shafagh Kolvanagh Prof., Faculty of Agriculture Univ. Tabriz Journal Article 2024 01 08 <strong>Background & Objectives: </strong>To assess the impact of water scarcity and the use of biological and chemical fertilizers on the physiological traits and seed yield of the medicinal plant <em>Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer</em>, a field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. <strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> Different levels of irrigation (I1, I2, I3, and I4, representing irrigation after 70, 100, 130, and 160 mm of evaporation from a class A pan, respectively) were assigned to the main plots, while different fertilizer treatments (ammonium phosphate chemical fertilizer, Azoto Fertilizer 1 + Phosphate fertilizer 2, and vermicompost) were applied to the sub-plots. <strong>Results:</strong> Application of fertilizer treatments improved the physiological performance and reduced leaf temperature, leading to an increase in the growth and grain yield of dragon head. However, the extent of this increase depended on the type of fertilizer used. The application of both ammonium phosphate and biofertilizer at all irrigation levels led to an increase in the relative water content of leaves, leaf chlorophyll index, grain and biological yields. The impact of using ammonium phosphate fertilizer to enhance the physiological efficiency of plants under optimal and mild drought stress conditions was much obvious. However, in cases of severe water stress, the impact of biofertilizers on improving physiological efficiency and growth of plants was more pronounced. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>This result demonstrates the positive impact of biofertilizers on enhancing the grain yield of dragon head plants under severe drought stress. <strong> </strong> <strong>Background & Objectives: </strong>To assess the impact of water scarcity and the use of biological and chemical fertilizers on the physiological traits and seed yield of the medicinal plant <em>Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyer</em>, a field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. <strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> Different levels of irrigation (I1, I2, I3, and I4, representing irrigation after 70, 100, 130, and 160 mm of evaporation from a class A pan, respectively) were assigned to the main plots, while different fertilizer treatments (ammonium phosphate chemical fertilizer, Azoto Fertilizer 1 + Phosphate fertilizer 2, and vermicompost) were applied to the sub-plots. <strong>Results:</strong> Application of fertilizer treatments improved the physiological performance and reduced leaf temperature, leading to an increase in the growth and grain yield of dragon head. However, the extent of this increase depended on the type of fertilizer used. The application of both ammonium phosphate and biofertilizer at all irrigation levels led to an increase in the relative water content of leaves, leaf chlorophyll index, grain and biological yields. The impact of using ammonium phosphate fertilizer to enhance the physiological efficiency of plants under optimal and mild drought stress conditions was much obvious. However, in cases of severe water stress, the impact of biofertilizers on improving physiological efficiency and growth of plants was more pronounced. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>This result demonstrates the positive impact of biofertilizers on enhancing the grain yield of dragon head plants under severe drought stress. <strong> </strong> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20627_10a484f94506e1fd31214e7c3499e927.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The effect of Phosphate and Nitragin biofertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of rain-fed lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) The effect of Phosphate and Nitragin biofertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of rain-fed lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) 139 151 20555 10.22034/saps.2024.61390.3211 FA Vahid Omidi Gargari Dept. of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Iran. Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab Dept. of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran Rouhollah Amini Professor/Department of Plant Ecophysiology/Faculty of Agriculture/ University of Tabriz Journal Article 2024 04 26 <strong>Background & Objectives: </strong>Lentil is a plant that has been considered a valuable source of protein, and this issue, as well as the plant's ability to grow in poor soils and different environmental conditions, and its ability to coexist with growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, have led to this plant surviving as an agricultural species to this day and being cultivated in different parts of the world. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the growth and yield of rainfed lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em>). <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>This experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. The first factor includes Nitragin biofertilizer (control and application of Nitragin), the second factor includes Barvar 2 biofertilizer (control and application of Barvar 2) and the third factor includes urea and triple superphosphate fertilizers (control and application of 35, 70 and 100 % of recommended chemical fertilizers). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> Based on the observed results, the use of Nitragin and Barvar 2 biofertilizers increased the number of pods in the plant, and the combined use of these two biofertilizers increased the average of these traits more than their separate use. Using of 35% of the recommended chemical fertilizers at all levels of Nitragin and Barvar 2 had the highest grain and biological yield of lentils compared to other levels of chemical fertilizers (up to 57%). On the other hand, with the increasing use of chemical fertilizers, the grain and biological yield of lentils decreased. Finally, the results of this research determined that the combined application of biological fertilizers + 35% of the recommended chemical fertilizers is the most favorable treatment for biomass production and grain yield in lentils under rain-fed conditions. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combined application of biofertilizers + 35% of recommended chemical fertilizers was the best nutritional treatment for lentil production under rainfed conditions. The use of biofertilizers Nitrazhin and Barvar 2, in addition to improving crop production, can significantly reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which is in line with the goals of sustainable agriculture.     <strong>Background & Objectives: </strong>Lentil is a plant that has been considered a valuable source of protein, and this issue, as well as the plant's ability to grow in poor soils and different environmental conditions, and its ability to coexist with growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, have led to this plant surviving as an agricultural species to this day and being cultivated in different parts of the world. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the growth and yield of rainfed lentil (<em>Lens culinaris</em>). <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials </strong><strong>&</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>This experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. The first factor includes Nitragin biofertilizer (control and application of Nitragin), the second factor includes Barvar 2 biofertilizer (control and application of Barvar 2) and the third factor includes urea and triple superphosphate fertilizers (control and application of 35, 70 and 100 % of recommended chemical fertilizers). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> Based on the observed results, the use of Nitragin and Barvar 2 biofertilizers increased the number of pods in the plant, and the combined use of these two biofertilizers increased the average of these traits more than their separate use. Using of 35% of the recommended chemical fertilizers at all levels of Nitragin and Barvar 2 had the highest grain and biological yield of lentils compared to other levels of chemical fertilizers (up to 57%). On the other hand, with the increasing use of chemical fertilizers, the grain and biological yield of lentils decreased. Finally, the results of this research determined that the combined application of biological fertilizers + 35% of the recommended chemical fertilizers is the most favorable treatment for biomass production and grain yield in lentils under rain-fed conditions. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combined application of biofertilizers + 35% of recommended chemical fertilizers was the best nutritional treatment for lentil production under rainfed conditions. The use of biofertilizers Nitrazhin and Barvar 2, in addition to improving crop production, can significantly reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which is in line with the goals of sustainable agriculture.     https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20555_a2085c5d59a123a7243841cccecae72a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The Effect of Zeolite and Wood Vinegar on Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under Water-Deficient Conditions The Effect of Zeolite and Wood Vinegar on Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under Water-Deficient Conditions 151 172 20549 10.22034/saps.2024.60905.3196 FA Amir Mohammad Abedi M.Sc. Graduate of Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy Scientific member of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University Ali Heidarzadeh Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 13 Abstract Background and Objectives: Considering the critical challenges in food security, environmental quality improvement, and societal well-being, this research aimed to investigate the impact of zeolite and wood vinegar on the physiological traits, biochemical characteristics, and yield of quinoa under water deficit conditions, aiming to enhance sustainable nutrition for the population as a vital challenge in food security, environmental quality improvement, and community welfare enhancement.   Materials and Methods: Four irrigation levels (optimal irrigation, mild water deficit, moderate water deficit, severe water deficit) were considered as main plots, two levels of zeolite (zero and eight tons per hectare) and four levels of wood vinegar (zero, 5000, 10000, and 15000 ppm) were considered as sub-plots in a split-plot factorial design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the General Linear Model (GLM) method. LSD (Least Significant Difference) test at the 0.05 level was used to compare the main effects. Mean separation for interaction effects was performed using the LSD test at the 5% level based on the slicing method. Finally, data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.4.  Results: Based on the results of this research, water deficit stress, application of zeolite, and foliar application of wood vinegar significantly affected physiological and biochemical traits of quinoa plants. Generally, water deficit stress conditions led to a significant reduction in fresh and dry weight of aerial parts of the plants. Seed yield and photosynthetic indices (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) notably decreased during water deficit stress, while water deficit increased the anthocyanin and flavonoid contents in the leaves. The highest seed yield of 1396 kilograms per hectare was achieved under optimal irrigation + zeolite application + no wood vinegar application, showing a 36.67% increase compared to the control treatment.   Conclusion: The application of zeolite and foliar spray of wood vinegar can be considered as an effective strategy to enhance plant resistance to water deficit stress. Under optimal irrigation, mild water deficit, and moderate water deficit conditions, the use of zeolite and foliar spray of 15000 ppm wood vinegar showed the highest yield and is recommended as the best treatment. However, under severe water deficit conditions, it is recommended not to apply zeolite, and a foliar spray of 10000 ppm wood vinegar is suggested. This approach aims to optimize the use of these amendments based on the severity of water deficit stress, ensuring better adaptation and productivity of quinoa plants. Abstract Background and Objectives: Considering the critical challenges in food security, environmental quality improvement, and societal well-being, this research aimed to investigate the impact of zeolite and wood vinegar on the physiological traits, biochemical characteristics, and yield of quinoa under water deficit conditions, aiming to enhance sustainable nutrition for the population as a vital challenge in food security, environmental quality improvement, and community welfare enhancement.   Materials and Methods: Four irrigation levels (optimal irrigation, mild water deficit, moderate water deficit, severe water deficit) were considered as main plots, two levels of zeolite (zero and eight tons per hectare) and four levels of wood vinegar (zero, 5000, 10000, and 15000 ppm) were considered as sub-plots in a split-plot factorial design within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the General Linear Model (GLM) method. LSD (Least Significant Difference) test at the 0.05 level was used to compare the main effects. Mean separation for interaction effects was performed using the LSD test at the 5% level based on the slicing method. Finally, data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.4.  Results: Based on the results of this research, water deficit stress, application of zeolite, and foliar application of wood vinegar significantly affected physiological and biochemical traits of quinoa plants. Generally, water deficit stress conditions led to a significant reduction in fresh and dry weight of aerial parts of the plants. Seed yield and photosynthetic indices (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) notably decreased during water deficit stress, while water deficit increased the anthocyanin and flavonoid contents in the leaves. The highest seed yield of 1396 kilograms per hectare was achieved under optimal irrigation + zeolite application + no wood vinegar application, showing a 36.67% increase compared to the control treatment.   Conclusion: The application of zeolite and foliar spray of wood vinegar can be considered as an effective strategy to enhance plant resistance to water deficit stress. Under optimal irrigation, mild water deficit, and moderate water deficit conditions, the use of zeolite and foliar spray of 15000 ppm wood vinegar showed the highest yield and is recommended as the best treatment. However, under severe water deficit conditions, it is recommended not to apply zeolite, and a foliar spray of 10000 ppm wood vinegar is suggested. This approach aims to optimize the use of these amendments based on the severity of water deficit stress, ensuring better adaptation and productivity of quinoa plants. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20549_f4defdef4b3a5b6fccb925dbd471b75f.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Effect of three light intensities and CO2 concentration on growth and biochemical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum) in hydroponic culture Effect of three light intensities and CO2 concentration on growth and biochemical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum) in hydroponic culture 171 186 20622 10.22034/saps.2024.58270.3105 FA Sahebali Bolandnazar Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz Ghaesm Shekari 1- PhD student, Department of Horticulture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran Saiedeh Alizadeh Salteh Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran Jafar Hajillo Journal Article 2023 09 03 Background and Objectives: Basil is one of the most important plants belonging to the mint family. Today, it has been well proven that carbon dioxide plays an important role in the growth of agricultural products and light is the source of energy for the plant. Light and carbon dioxide are important adjustable environmental factors in the production of greenhouse products. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of carbon dioxide and different light intensities on the growth characteristics of the medicinal plant basil under hydroponic cultivation conditions was investigated in order to achieve the minimum possible time to produce a plant of a certain size. The main objective of this study was to increase the quantity and quality of basil, as well as to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide and artificial light on the growth and development characteristics of basil plants, to investigate the efficiency of element absorption, and to investigate the simultaneous effect of carbon dioxide and artificial light on improving growth characteristics.   Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the Vegetable Physiology Laboratory of Tabriz University. This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was light at three levels of 78, 156 and 234 micromoles/m2/s, with high-efficiency LED lamps placed at a height of 40 cm above the plant. And the second factor is carbon dioxide at 3 levels of ambient carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide 750 mg/L and 1500 mg/L, which was a source of pure edible carbon dioxide with a purity of 99.99%. Two 4-liter cylinders, a solenoid valve and a regulator were used for injection, as well as a carbon dioxide sensor manufactured by Unity Taiwan. In order to prepare seedlings, basil seeds of the Genovese variety were sown in cultivation trays (with separate cells) containing peat and perlite in a ratio of 60:40 with a volume of 90 cc. To feed the seedlings, complete Hoagland nutrient solution was used every three days from the end of the first week of cultivation. The daytime temperature was 26 degrees Celsius and the night temperature was 21 degrees Celsius. The average ambient humidity was 65 percent and the air in the room was continuously circulated. In this experiment, plant fresh and dry weight (biomass), leaf area index, chlorophyll content, carotenoid, nitrogen uptake, nitrate, and leaf area index were examined.   Results: The results showed that the increase in light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration led to a significant increase in the leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight (shoot biomass), number of leaves, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, nitrate accumulation rate, the percentage of dissolved solids and nitrogen absorption. In this way, in the treatment of 1500 mg/liter of carbon dioxide with 234 μmol/s of light, the amount of dry weight, wet weight, carotenoids, chlorophyll, plant height, surface and number of leaves and nitrogen were increased 280, 100, 160, 123, 100, 163, 128 and 24 % respectively. In the light treatment of 156 μmol/s and carbon dioxide 1500 mg/liter, the amount of dissolved solids increased by 76%. Also, in the light of 234 μmol/s and carbon dioxide of 500 mg/liter, nitrate increased by 115%.   Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the injection of carbon dioxide and light had a positive effect on the growth of basil plants, and the best results occurred with an intensity of 234 micromoles per square meter per second and 1500 mg of carbon dioxide. Of course, acceptable results were also obtained in the treatment of light intensity of 156, which was very different from the control plants. Carbon dioxide requires the availability of light conditions to create a positive effect, while light did not require carbon dioxide to create a positive effect. Therefore, in order to achieve the highest quality and quantity, the treatment of light of 156 and 234 micromoles per square meter per second along with 1500 mg/liter of carbon dioxide will have the best effect. Background and Objectives: Basil is one of the most important plants belonging to the mint family. Today, it has been well proven that carbon dioxide plays an important role in the growth of agricultural products and light is the source of energy for the plant. Light and carbon dioxide are important adjustable environmental factors in the production of greenhouse products. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of carbon dioxide and different light intensities on the growth characteristics of the medicinal plant basil under hydroponic cultivation conditions was investigated in order to achieve the minimum possible time to produce a plant of a certain size. The main objective of this study was to increase the quantity and quality of basil, as well as to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide and artificial light on the growth and development characteristics of basil plants, to investigate the efficiency of element absorption, and to investigate the simultaneous effect of carbon dioxide and artificial light on improving growth characteristics.   Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the Vegetable Physiology Laboratory of Tabriz University. This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was light at three levels of 78, 156 and 234 micromoles/m2/s, with high-efficiency LED lamps placed at a height of 40 cm above the plant. And the second factor is carbon dioxide at 3 levels of ambient carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide 750 mg/L and 1500 mg/L, which was a source of pure edible carbon dioxide with a purity of 99.99%. Two 4-liter cylinders, a solenoid valve and a regulator were used for injection, as well as a carbon dioxide sensor manufactured by Unity Taiwan. In order to prepare seedlings, basil seeds of the Genovese variety were sown in cultivation trays (with separate cells) containing peat and perlite in a ratio of 60:40 with a volume of 90 cc. To feed the seedlings, complete Hoagland nutrient solution was used every three days from the end of the first week of cultivation. The daytime temperature was 26 degrees Celsius and the night temperature was 21 degrees Celsius. The average ambient humidity was 65 percent and the air in the room was continuously circulated. In this experiment, plant fresh and dry weight (biomass), leaf area index, chlorophyll content, carotenoid, nitrogen uptake, nitrate, and leaf area index were examined.   Results: The results showed that the increase in light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration led to a significant increase in the leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight (shoot biomass), number of leaves, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, nitrate accumulation rate, the percentage of dissolved solids and nitrogen absorption. In this way, in the treatment of 1500 mg/liter of carbon dioxide with 234 μmol/s of light, the amount of dry weight, wet weight, carotenoids, chlorophyll, plant height, surface and number of leaves and nitrogen were increased 280, 100, 160, 123, 100, 163, 128 and 24 % respectively. In the light treatment of 156 μmol/s and carbon dioxide 1500 mg/liter, the amount of dissolved solids increased by 76%. Also, in the light of 234 μmol/s and carbon dioxide of 500 mg/liter, nitrate increased by 115%.   Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the injection of carbon dioxide and light had a positive effect on the growth of basil plants, and the best results occurred with an intensity of 234 micromoles per square meter per second and 1500 mg of carbon dioxide. Of course, acceptable results were also obtained in the treatment of light intensity of 156, which was very different from the control plants. Carbon dioxide requires the availability of light conditions to create a positive effect, while light did not require carbon dioxide to create a positive effect. Therefore, in order to achieve the highest quality and quantity, the treatment of light of 156 and 234 micromoles per square meter per second along with 1500 mg/liter of carbon dioxide will have the best effect. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20622_4e9953cec8bb7f039851a1b7b372a77f.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The Effect of Cultivar and Cover Crops of Rye and Clover in Controlling Weeds in Potato Fields (Solanum Tuberosum L.) and Increasing Crop Yield The Effect of Cultivar and Cover Crops of Rye and Clover in Controlling Weeds in Potato Fields (Solanum Tuberosum L.) and Increasing Crop Yield 187 197 20580 10.22034/saps.2024.60551.3180 FA Mohammad Ahmadi production and plantg genetic, agriculture and naturalresources, mohaghegh, ardabil, iran Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili احمد Ahmad production and plantg genetic, agriculture and naturalresources, mohaghegh, ardabil, iran Salim Farzaneh Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebil, Ardebil, Iran Rasoul Fakhari Research Assistant Professor, Plant protection Research Department, Ardabil Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Moghan, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 12 <strong>Back ground and Objectives</strong>: Due to the ever-increasing world population, it is impossible to find ways to reduce the interference of weeds with crops and thus increase crop yield. Maintaining the long-term productivity of agricultural land also requires sustainable food production, which is achieved by strengthening and maintaining ecological processes within agricultural systems.   <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The present experiment was conducted in the years 1401 and 1402 to determine the effect of cultivars and cover plants of rye and clover in controlling weeds, yield, and potato cultivars in the research farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University as a split plot in 3 replications. The experimental treatments included the first factor of three different potato species (Agria, Jely, and Lady Rosetta) and the second factor of weed management (rye cover crop, Bersim clover, and testator (infested with weeds).   <strong>Results</strong>: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the main effect of cultivar, the main effect of management, and the reciprocal variable of two cultivars × management on weed density and dry weight, tuber size, and potato tuber weight were significant. The best weed management treatment was observed with the cultivation of Lady Rosetta variety with rye cover crops, and the worst weight was Acaria × no control (3.6 weight per square meter).   <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The use of desirable cultivars and cover plants of rye and clover can control potato weeds directly through the quick closing of the canopy to maintain vegetation on the surface until the end of the growing season.   <strong> </strong> <strong>Back ground and Objectives</strong>: Due to the ever-increasing world population, it is impossible to find ways to reduce the interference of weeds with crops and thus increase crop yield. Maintaining the long-term productivity of agricultural land also requires sustainable food production, which is achieved by strengthening and maintaining ecological processes within agricultural systems.   <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The present experiment was conducted in the years 1401 and 1402 to determine the effect of cultivars and cover plants of rye and clover in controlling weeds, yield, and potato cultivars in the research farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University as a split plot in 3 replications. The experimental treatments included the first factor of three different potato species (Agria, Jely, and Lady Rosetta) and the second factor of weed management (rye cover crop, Bersim clover, and testator (infested with weeds).   <strong>Results</strong>: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the main effect of cultivar, the main effect of management, and the reciprocal variable of two cultivars × management on weed density and dry weight, tuber size, and potato tuber weight were significant. The best weed management treatment was observed with the cultivation of Lady Rosetta variety with rye cover crops, and the worst weight was Acaria × no control (3.6 weight per square meter).   <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The use of desirable cultivars and cover plants of rye and clover can control potato weeds directly through the quick closing of the canopy to maintain vegetation on the surface until the end of the growing season.   <strong> </strong> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20580_2963eaf0e0430e01d85308ac565940c5.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Competitive Ability of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with weeds in different Altitudes Competitive Ability of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with weeds in different Altitudes 199 220 20601 10.22034/saps.2024.61164.3206 FA Faezeh Zaefarian Department of agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Seyed Hadi Taheri Otaghsara Taheri Otaghsara ِDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran Rahmat Abbasi Department of of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran Shahram Nazari Research Assist. Prof., Dept. of Seed Improvement, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Kerry C. Harrington School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand Journal Article 2024 04 10 <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the seed yield of rice cultivars (Hashmi, Shiroudi and Fajr) in competition with weeds in three regions of Tarikola, Firouzabad and Firouzjah of Mazandaran province <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This research was carried out as factorial complete randomized block design in three replications in Babol city of Mazandaran province in 2022 and 2021. The experimental factors included three regions Tarikola, Firouzabad and Firouzjah (with elevation of 8, 180 and 400 meters above sea level), three varieties of rice (Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi) in two levels of weed infestation (weeding and no weeding). Sampling of weeds was done during the stages of tillering, panicle inatiation, flowering and final harvesting, also, density and dry weight of weeds were measured separately. At the final harvesting stage, the seed yield of rice cultivars was measured. Also, the yield loss percentage and the competitiveness index of rice cultivars were calculated. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that <em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em>, <em>Cyperus rotundus</em> and <em>Paspalum distichum</em> were the dominant weeds in the fields of rice cultivars. The highest weed density was observed in Hashemi variety in all three regions, and the density of weed species was higher in the final harvest stage than in other stages. The results showed that different regions (with different elevation above the sea level) have significantly influenced seed yield in rice cultivars. The seed yield of all three cultivars was higher in Tarikola fields. The lowest seed yield among the three regions was observed in Firouzjah farms, where the seed yield of Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi cultivars was 2709.26, 3174.59 and 4441.09 kg. ha^-1, respectively. Among rice cultivars, the highest grain yield was related to Shiroudi cultivar. Competitive index of Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi cultivars were 0.63, 1.04 and 1.40 respectively in Tarikola region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the present study can be used to estimate the yield of rice in different regions in Mazandaran province. According to the findings of this study, the percentage of yield loss in Hashemi cultivar was higher than the other two cultivars. Due to having a higher competitive index under weed-infested conditions, Shiroudi cultivar has a lower yield loss than Fajr and Hashemi.   <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the seed yield of rice cultivars (Hashmi, Shiroudi and Fajr) in competition with weeds in three regions of Tarikola, Firouzabad and Firouzjah of Mazandaran province <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This research was carried out as factorial complete randomized block design in three replications in Babol city of Mazandaran province in 2022 and 2021. The experimental factors included three regions Tarikola, Firouzabad and Firouzjah (with elevation of 8, 180 and 400 meters above sea level), three varieties of rice (Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi) in two levels of weed infestation (weeding and no weeding). Sampling of weeds was done during the stages of tillering, panicle inatiation, flowering and final harvesting, also, density and dry weight of weeds were measured separately. At the final harvesting stage, the seed yield of rice cultivars was measured. Also, the yield loss percentage and the competitiveness index of rice cultivars were calculated. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that <em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em>, <em>Cyperus rotundus</em> and <em>Paspalum distichum</em> were the dominant weeds in the fields of rice cultivars. The highest weed density was observed in Hashemi variety in all three regions, and the density of weed species was higher in the final harvest stage than in other stages. The results showed that different regions (with different elevation above the sea level) have significantly influenced seed yield in rice cultivars. The seed yield of all three cultivars was higher in Tarikola fields. The lowest seed yield among the three regions was observed in Firouzjah farms, where the seed yield of Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi cultivars was 2709.26, 3174.59 and 4441.09 kg. ha^-1, respectively. Among rice cultivars, the highest grain yield was related to Shiroudi cultivar. Competitive index of Hashemi, Fajr and Shiroudi cultivars were 0.63, 1.04 and 1.40 respectively in Tarikola region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the present study can be used to estimate the yield of rice in different regions in Mazandaran province. According to the findings of this study, the percentage of yield loss in Hashemi cultivar was higher than the other two cultivars. Due to having a higher competitive index under weed-infested conditions, Shiroudi cultivar has a lower yield loss than Fajr and Hashemi.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20601_253a32c949f5d4ea89ceae9b3f4696a4.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Response of Different Super Sweet Corn Hybrids (Zea mays saccharata L.) to Weed Management Methods Response of Different Super Sweet Corn Hybrids (Zea mays saccharata L.) to Weed Management Methods 221 223 20577 10.22034/saps.2025.64791.3314 FA SOGHRA Bakhtearie university Ahmad Zare Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan Aydin Khodaei Joghan faculty member at agricultural sciences and natural resources university of khouzestan 0000-0002-6074-7611 Ali Ghatei Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan Journal Article 2024 11 30 <strong>Background & Objectives</strong>: The aim of this study is to evaluate different hybrids of super sweet corn using various management methods, including herbicide application, plastic mulch, and flame weeding.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Material and Methods</strong>: This experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the season 2023-2024 at the research farm Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Weed management (weedy, weed free, flaming, black plastic mulch, and application of the herbicide nicosulfuron (commercial name: Cruz, 2 L/ha)) was considered as the main plot, and the sub-factor included four super sweet corn hybrids (Altin, Commander, Elite 2, and Shahdab).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results of the interactions showed that there were significant differences in the measured traits among the super sweet corn hybrids and the different management methods. The highest plant height (127 cm) was observed in the Altin Hybrid under plastic mulch application, the longest cob length (17 cm) and the highest number of grains per row (34) were observed in the Commander hybrid under plastic mulch application. The results indicated that herbicide application led to a reduction in plant height, ear length, and number of kernels per ear in all hybrids, with the Elite2 hybrid showing less damage compared to other hybrids. The highest total dry weight of weeds was observed in the weedy treatment in the Shahdab hybrid (279 g/m²), while the lowest was recorded in the plastic mulch treatment in the Commander hybrid (44 g/m²) respectively.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Given the reduction in weed biomass and the improvement in traits related to the performance of super sweet corn, the use of plastic mulch can be employed as a tool in integrated weed management for spring cultivation in Khuzestan province.<br />  <strong>Background & Objectives</strong>: The aim of this study is to evaluate different hybrids of super sweet corn using various management methods, including herbicide application, plastic mulch, and flame weeding.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Material and Methods</strong>: This experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the season 2023-2024 at the research farm Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Weed management (weedy, weed free, flaming, black plastic mulch, and application of the herbicide nicosulfuron (commercial name: Cruz, 2 L/ha)) was considered as the main plot, and the sub-factor included four super sweet corn hybrids (Altin, Commander, Elite 2, and Shahdab).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results of the interactions showed that there were significant differences in the measured traits among the super sweet corn hybrids and the different management methods. The highest plant height (127 cm) was observed in the Altin Hybrid under plastic mulch application, the longest cob length (17 cm) and the highest number of grains per row (34) were observed in the Commander hybrid under plastic mulch application. The results indicated that herbicide application led to a reduction in plant height, ear length, and number of kernels per ear in all hybrids, with the Elite2 hybrid showing less damage compared to other hybrids. The highest total dry weight of weeds was observed in the weedy treatment in the Shahdab hybrid (279 g/m²), while the lowest was recorded in the plastic mulch treatment in the Commander hybrid (44 g/m²) respectively.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Given the reduction in weed biomass and the improvement in traits related to the performance of super sweet corn, the use of plastic mulch can be employed as a tool in integrated weed management for spring cultivation in Khuzestan province.<br />  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20577_1bc6f30ab491c88fd4699d8052661e20.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Fertilization on Forage Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Intercropped Chicory (Cichorium intybus) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Fertilization on Forage Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Intercropped Chicory (Cichorium intybus) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) 235 251 20578 10.22034/saps.2024.61717.3223 FA Masoud Andideh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Alireza Yadavi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Hamidreza Balouchi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University Hooshang Farajee Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University o Journal Article 2024 05 19 <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative traites of chicory and Egyptian clover, grown in Intercropping with mycorrhizal biofertilizer and triple superphosphate fertilizer.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A two-year field experiment was conducted. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications and a factorial arrangement of treatments. Fertilizer treatments included: no fertilizer (F0), 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate (F75), 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate (F150), mycorrhizal fungal (M), and mycorrhizal fungal + 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate (MP). Cropping systems included: pure chicory (C), pure Egyptian clover (B), intercropping with one row of clover replacing one row of chicory (C1B1), two rows of chicory replacing one row of clover (C2B1), and two rows of clover replacing one row of chicory (C1B2).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong>The intercropping of two rows of clover and one row of chicory (C1B2) with mycorrhizal fertilizer treatment + 75 kg ha^-1 of triple superphosphate (MP) compared to pure chicory with mycorrhizal  + 75 kg ha^-1 triple superphosphate fertilizer (MP ) causing a 55.6% increase in crude protein, a 10.7% increase in digestibility, a 97.6% increase in soluble carbohydrates, a 29.6% decrease in acid detergent fiber and a 45.6% decrease in neutral fiber, and an improvement in phosphorus and potassium of chicory fodder. The quality characteristics of clover fodder in this treatment combination had the lowest drop compared to pure clover.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The combination of C1B2 cropping system treatment with MP fertilizer treatment emerged as the most balanced and cost-effective approach, aligning with the principles of sustainable agriculture.<br /><strong> </strong><br /> <br /><strong> </strong> <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative traites of chicory and Egyptian clover, grown in Intercropping with mycorrhizal biofertilizer and triple superphosphate fertilizer.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A two-year field experiment was conducted. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications and a factorial arrangement of treatments. Fertilizer treatments included: no fertilizer (F0), 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate (F75), 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate (F150), mycorrhizal fungal (M), and mycorrhizal fungal + 75 kg/ha triple superphosphate (MP). Cropping systems included: pure chicory (C), pure Egyptian clover (B), intercropping with one row of clover replacing one row of chicory (C1B1), two rows of chicory replacing one row of clover (C2B1), and two rows of clover replacing one row of chicory (C1B2).<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results:</strong>The intercropping of two rows of clover and one row of chicory (C1B2) with mycorrhizal fertilizer treatment + 75 kg ha^-1 of triple superphosphate (MP) compared to pure chicory with mycorrhizal  + 75 kg ha^-1 triple superphosphate fertilizer (MP ) causing a 55.6% increase in crude protein, a 10.7% increase in digestibility, a 97.6% increase in soluble carbohydrates, a 29.6% decrease in acid detergent fiber and a 45.6% decrease in neutral fiber, and an improvement in phosphorus and potassium of chicory fodder. The quality characteristics of clover fodder in this treatment combination had the lowest drop compared to pure clover.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The combination of C1B2 cropping system treatment with MP fertilizer treatment emerged as the most balanced and cost-effective approach, aligning with the principles of sustainable agriculture.<br /><strong> </strong><br /> <br /><strong> </strong> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20578_058b9871d2198acdcf5f43e91e604095.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 The effect of selenium, silicon and zeolite on vegetative traits of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) The effect of selenium, silicon and zeolite on vegetative traits of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) 253 267 20583 10.22034/saps.2024.56330.3031 FA Jalil Shafagh university of Tabriz Mohammad Bagher Tajkhalili MSc of Crop ecology, Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. Ahmad Bybordi Assistant Professor, Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Department of Agricultural Research, Khosroshahr, Iran. Mina Amani PhD Student in Production and Post-Harvest Physiology of Medicinal Plants, Department of &amp;lrm;Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.&amp;lrm; Roghayeh Solhi-khajehmarjan Phd Student, Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Ecophysyoligy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2023 04 25 <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of selenium, silicon and zeolite on the growth parameters of fennel plant in the saline soil conditions of Khosrowshah region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>An experiment was carried out in 2019 as split-split plot with RCB design with three replication and 12 treatments<strong> </strong>at the East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. The treatments used include foliar application of selenium (0 and 4 g/l), foliar application of silicon (0 and 4 g/l) and application of zeolite as consumed soil. (0, 5 and 10 t/ha). Silicon treatment was assigned to the main plots, selenium to sub-plots and zeolite to sub-sub plots. Foliar application was performed at two stages of before and after flowering. Essential oil of seed was extracted by water distillation (Clevenger design). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> Among the studied traits, the most sensitive trait to the used treatments was leaf dry weight. The use of selenium and zeolite increased the dry weight of leaves by 50.4%. In general, the investigated treatments had a positive effect on the growth and yield of the medicinal plant of fennel. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results of the experiment, it was determined that selenium and silicon foliar application with a concentration of 4 grams per liter and the use of 10 tons per hectare of zeolite can increase the growth of fennel plant significantly.   <strong>Background and Objective</strong>: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of selenium, silicon and zeolite on the growth parameters of fennel plant in the saline soil conditions of Khosrowshah region. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>An experiment was carried out in 2019 as split-split plot with RCB design with three replication and 12 treatments<strong> </strong>at the East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. The treatments used include foliar application of selenium (0 and 4 g/l), foliar application of silicon (0 and 4 g/l) and application of zeolite as consumed soil. (0, 5 and 10 t/ha). Silicon treatment was assigned to the main plots, selenium to sub-plots and zeolite to sub-sub plots. Foliar application was performed at two stages of before and after flowering. Essential oil of seed was extracted by water distillation (Clevenger design). <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> Among the studied traits, the most sensitive trait to the used treatments was leaf dry weight. The use of selenium and zeolite increased the dry weight of leaves by 50.4%. In general, the investigated treatments had a positive effect on the growth and yield of the medicinal plant of fennel. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results of the experiment, it was determined that selenium and silicon foliar application with a concentration of 4 grams per liter and the use of 10 tons per hectare of zeolite can increase the growth of fennel plant significantly.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20583_56a897395b10682c349e2ea7a6e907d4.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Investigation of Quantitative Yield and Some Morphological Traits of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Response to Different Planting Pattern and Integrated Fertilizer Management Investigation of Quantitative Yield and Some Morphological Traits of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Response to Different Planting Pattern and Integrated Fertilizer Management 269 284 20576 10.22034/saps.2025.66677.3357 FA Mohammad Shirin Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Dept, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. Iran. Amir Aynehband Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Dept, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. Iran. 0000-0002-9144-455X Journal Article 2025 04 08 Background and Objectives: Roselle (sour tea) is a multipurpose plant with various applications, including use as a food, medicinal, and ornamental plant. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of planting arrangement and integrated fertilizer management (plant nutrition) on quantitative and economic traits. <br /> <br />Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications at the educational Farm of the plant production and genetics department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the 2022-2023 growing season. The main plot treatments consisted of four ridge planting systems: 50 cm row spacing (conventional furrow), 50 cm row spacing (wide furrow), 75 cm row spacing (conventional furrow), and 75 cm row spacing (wide furrow). The subplot treatments included five integrated nutrient management systems: chemical fertilizer (control), integrated treatment A (chemical base (100% N-P-K) with cattle manure and humic acid), integrated treatment B (chemical base (75% N-P-K) with super nitroplus biofertilizer, barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and micronutrient mixture), organic treatment A (compost, super nitroplus, Biosulfur, Barvar-2, humic acid and jasmonic acid), and organic treatment B (vermicompost, mycorrhizal fungi, super nitroplus, salicylic acid, melatonin, and ellagic acid).<br /> <br />Results: The evaluated plant traits and indices included characteristics related to yield components such as plant height, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, number of lateral branches, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems and lateral branches, dry weight of capsules, 1000-seed weight, dry weight of calyx, and economic yield index. The results indicated that the maximum plant height (236.6 cm), number of capsules (42.6 capsules per plant), number of seeds per capsule, number of lateral branches (6.7 lateral branches), dry weight of capsules (1.52 g), dry weight of leaves (25.7 g per plant), dry weight of stems and lateral branches (227 g per plant), and economic harvest index (calyx) (8.7%) were achieved in the 75 cm wide planting arrangement with integrated fertilizer A. The highest 1000-seed weight (48.8 g) was obtained in the 75 cm wide planting arrangement with organic fertilizer B (48.8 g), and the highest economic yield was achieved in the 50 cm conventional planting arrangement with integrated fertilizer A (0.73 g). Correlation analysis between traits revealed that the dry weight of capsules and calyx, which are among the most important quantitative and yield-related traits of roselle, had a strong and positive correlation (0.99) with each other.<br /> <br />Conclusion: Research indicates that in tropical and subtropical regions, the warm-adapted roselle achieves optimal economic yield when grown under specific conditions temperatures around 27°C during the reproductive stage, combined with wide furrow that promotes extensive lateral branching and greater vegetative growth space. Furthermore, the integrated application of combined fertilizer treatment A (N.P.K chemical fertilizers) with (cattle manure and humic acid) consistently produces excellent quantitative yield outcomes, demonstrating the plant's positive response to balanced nutrient management in these climatic conditions.<br />  Background and Objectives: Roselle (sour tea) is a multipurpose plant with various applications, including use as a food, medicinal, and ornamental plant. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of planting arrangement and integrated fertilizer management (plant nutrition) on quantitative and economic traits. <br /> <br />Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications at the educational Farm of the plant production and genetics department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the 2022-2023 growing season. The main plot treatments consisted of four ridge planting systems: 50 cm row spacing (conventional furrow), 50 cm row spacing (wide furrow), 75 cm row spacing (conventional furrow), and 75 cm row spacing (wide furrow). The subplot treatments included five integrated nutrient management systems: chemical fertilizer (control), integrated treatment A (chemical base (100% N-P-K) with cattle manure and humic acid), integrated treatment B (chemical base (75% N-P-K) with super nitroplus biofertilizer, barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and micronutrient mixture), organic treatment A (compost, super nitroplus, Biosulfur, Barvar-2, humic acid and jasmonic acid), and organic treatment B (vermicompost, mycorrhizal fungi, super nitroplus, salicylic acid, melatonin, and ellagic acid).<br /> <br />Results: The evaluated plant traits and indices included characteristics related to yield components such as plant height, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, number of lateral branches, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems and lateral branches, dry weight of capsules, 1000-seed weight, dry weight of calyx, and economic yield index. The results indicated that the maximum plant height (236.6 cm), number of capsules (42.6 capsules per plant), number of seeds per capsule, number of lateral branches (6.7 lateral branches), dry weight of capsules (1.52 g), dry weight of leaves (25.7 g per plant), dry weight of stems and lateral branches (227 g per plant), and economic harvest index (calyx) (8.7%) were achieved in the 75 cm wide planting arrangement with integrated fertilizer A. The highest 1000-seed weight (48.8 g) was obtained in the 75 cm wide planting arrangement with organic fertilizer B (48.8 g), and the highest economic yield was achieved in the 50 cm conventional planting arrangement with integrated fertilizer A (0.73 g). Correlation analysis between traits revealed that the dry weight of capsules and calyx, which are among the most important quantitative and yield-related traits of roselle, had a strong and positive correlation (0.99) with each other.<br /> <br />Conclusion: Research indicates that in tropical and subtropical regions, the warm-adapted roselle achieves optimal economic yield when grown under specific conditions temperatures around 27°C during the reproductive stage, combined with wide furrow that promotes extensive lateral branching and greater vegetative growth space. Furthermore, the integrated application of combined fertilizer treatment A (N.P.K chemical fertilizers) with (cattle manure and humic acid) consistently produces excellent quantitative yield outcomes, demonstrating the plant's positive response to balanced nutrient management in these climatic conditions.<br />  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20576_a442cb514b89f7916a55711cd3d3c32a.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Improving some morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) under cold stress with salicylic acid treatment in greenhouse conditions Improving some morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) under cold stress with salicylic acid treatment in greenhouse conditions 285 300 20588 10.22034/saps.2025.60940.3198 FA Roghiyeh Farzi-aminabad PhD Student in Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Safar Nasrollahzadeh Prof., Dept. of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 03 17 <strong>Background & Objectives:</strong> Low temperatures is one of the factors limiting the growth and production of plants. To mitigate the destructive effects of cold stress, the use of salicylic acid can be beneficial. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> Factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Molecular Breeding Center at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Cold stress was applied at temperature degrees of 25, 8, and 4°C during the rosette stage, followed by salicylic acid spraying with concentrations of 1 and 2 mM, and water spraying a week before the cold stress application. Physiological traits were assessed after cold stress, while morphological traits were evaluated during the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The interaction of cold stress and salicylic acid significantly influenced plant height and number of leaves. Chlorophyll content index, number of branches and flowers, fresh weight of flowers, fresh and dry weight of the plant were affected by both cold stress and salicylic acid spraying. The dry weight of inflorescences was altered solely due to cold stress, while the seed yield of purple coneflower was affected by salicylic acid application. Chlorophyll index was measured one week after applying cold stress in the rosette stage and morphological traits in the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> One effective method to alleviate the impact of chilling stress is the use of salicylic acid. Spraying salicylic acid, particularly at a 2 mM, enhanced the morphological, physiological, and grain yield characteristics of purple coneflower under cold stress. <strong> </strong> <strong>Background & Objectives:</strong> Low temperatures is one of the factors limiting the growth and production of plants. To mitigate the destructive effects of cold stress, the use of salicylic acid can be beneficial. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials & Methods:</strong> Factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Molecular Breeding Center at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Cold stress was applied at temperature degrees of 25, 8, and 4°C during the rosette stage, followed by salicylic acid spraying with concentrations of 1 and 2 mM, and water spraying a week before the cold stress application. Physiological traits were assessed after cold stress, while morphological traits were evaluated during the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results:</strong> The interaction of cold stress and salicylic acid significantly influenced plant height and number of leaves. Chlorophyll content index, number of branches and flowers, fresh weight of flowers, fresh and dry weight of the plant were affected by both cold stress and salicylic acid spraying. The dry weight of inflorescences was altered solely due to cold stress, while the seed yield of purple coneflower was affected by salicylic acid application. Chlorophyll index was measured one week after applying cold stress in the rosette stage and morphological traits in the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> One effective method to alleviate the impact of chilling stress is the use of salicylic acid. Spraying salicylic acid, particularly at a 2 mM, enhanced the morphological, physiological, and grain yield characteristics of purple coneflower under cold stress. <strong> </strong> https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20588_1a52dcdc92b75b6cc1d8c9639eee6636.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Evaluation of Maize Hybrids in Terms of Agronomic Traits under Water Deficit Stress Evaluation of Maize Hybrids in Terms of Agronomic Traits under Water Deficit Stress 301 315 20608 10.22034/saps.2025.66411.3354 FA Elaheh Arvaneh Department of Plant Breeding &amp; Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Majid Norouzi Faculty of Agriculture- University of Tabriz Saeid Aharizad Department of Plant Breeding &amp; Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Bahram Alizadeh Oil Crops Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 15 <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> The study was conducted to evaluate different maize hybrids under water deficit stress conditions in terms of agronomic traits and grain yield and to identify hybrids tolerant to water deficit stress. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study was carried out in the research fields of the University of Tabriz's Faculty of Agriculture using a split plot experiment, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included two different irrigation conditions (normal and water deficit stress) and the sub-plots included 16 different maize hybrids. Stress was applied at the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results</strong>: Based on the results, SC703 and SC700 hybrids were recognized as superior hybrids in terms of most agronomic traits and grain yield in all conditions, and in contrast, AR66, SC702 and SC500 hybrids were recognized as water deficit stress-sensitive hybrids with low yield. Cluster analysis also separated the maize hybrids into two separate groups. The SC703 and SC700 hybrids were identified as superior hybrids in terms of the majority of agronomic traits and grain yield under all conditions. Additionally, cluster analysis divided the hybrid maize into two groups. The first group comprised hybrids SC703, SC260, K3647×K18, and SC700, which were introduced as tolerant hybrids and were superior to the average of all traits. The second group consisted of hybrids SC704, KSC705, SC706, SC702, SC670, SC647, SC604, DC370, SC500, SC400, K18, K166×, and AR66, which were less valuable in terms of most traits.  <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The imposed water deficit stress during the flowering stage significantly reduces all agronomic traits, particularly grain yield. The assessed maize hybrids differ significantly in their ability to withstand water deficit stress. While SC702 and AR66, SC500 hybrids demonstrated the lowest grain yield under average of irrigation condition, SC703 and SC700 hybrids had the highest grain yield under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress condition. Thus, it is advised to plant SC703 and SC700 hybrids in regions that are under stress from water deficit. <strong> </strong>   <strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> The study was conducted to evaluate different maize hybrids under water deficit stress conditions in terms of agronomic traits and grain yield and to identify hybrids tolerant to water deficit stress. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study was carried out in the research fields of the University of Tabriz's Faculty of Agriculture using a split plot experiment, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included two different irrigation conditions (normal and water deficit stress) and the sub-plots included 16 different maize hybrids. Stress was applied at the flowering stage. <strong> </strong> <strong>Results</strong>: Based on the results, SC703 and SC700 hybrids were recognized as superior hybrids in terms of most agronomic traits and grain yield in all conditions, and in contrast, AR66, SC702 and SC500 hybrids were recognized as water deficit stress-sensitive hybrids with low yield. Cluster analysis also separated the maize hybrids into two separate groups. The SC703 and SC700 hybrids were identified as superior hybrids in terms of the majority of agronomic traits and grain yield under all conditions. Additionally, cluster analysis divided the hybrid maize into two groups. The first group comprised hybrids SC703, SC260, K3647×K18, and SC700, which were introduced as tolerant hybrids and were superior to the average of all traits. The second group consisted of hybrids SC704, KSC705, SC706, SC702, SC670, SC647, SC604, DC370, SC500, SC400, K18, K166×, and AR66, which were less valuable in terms of most traits.  <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The imposed water deficit stress during the flowering stage significantly reduces all agronomic traits, particularly grain yield. The assessed maize hybrids differ significantly in their ability to withstand water deficit stress. While SC702 and AR66, SC500 hybrids demonstrated the lowest grain yield under average of irrigation condition, SC703 and SC700 hybrids had the highest grain yield under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress condition. Thus, it is advised to plant SC703 and SC700 hybrids in regions that are under stress from water deficit. <strong> </strong>   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20608_683cb7816aa3fa80c5b605515368d12b.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 35 3 2025 10 22 Sustainability Assessment of Forage Production Systems in Sistan Region Using Emergy Analysis: A Comparison of Kochia, Millet, Sorghum, and Barley Sustainability Assessment of Forage Production Systems in Sistan Region Using Emergy Analysis: A Comparison of Kochia, Millet, Sorghum, and Barley 317 332 20628 10.22034/saps.2024.60613.3182 FA Iesa Khammari Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Iran Alireza Sirusmehr Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol,Iran Mohammad Reza Asgharipour Prof., Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Seyed Abolfazl Hashemi PhD Student, Unit of Agrotechnology-Physiology major,Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran. Journal Article 2024 02 17 <strong>Bacl ground & Objectives</strong>: Using emergy analysis, the environmental sustainability of four forage production systems, including koushia, millet, sorghum, and barley, was assessed in Sistan region during the 2021-2022. The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient production system in terms of emergy consumption, yield, and emergy load, as well as the emergy sustainability index. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: the sistan region has a dry and subtropical climate and faces water scarcity and saline soils. The statistical population of the study included all forage production farms in the region. To convert energy and material flows to emergy units, appropriate conversion coefficients that reflect the path of energy transformations in the world were used. Then, by calculating emergy-related indicators, the environmental and economic sustainability of forage production systems were evaluated and compared. <strong> </strong> <strong>Findings</strong>: The total emergy inputs for the four-forage production of koushia, millet, sorghum, and barley were 2.82E+16, 3.29E+16, 4.30E+16, and 3.65E+16 j/hec, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the koushia production ranked first in terms of the EIR index. The reason for this is the higher consumption of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the other systems under study, which also leads to the instability of this system. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>The analysis showed the sustainability of the millet and barley production systems in terms of economic and environmental benefits. By promoting eco-friendly patterns, such as increasing support for producers, encouraging large-scale cultivation development, establishing sustainability criteria, and providing targeted subsidies, it can be possible to improve forage production in the Sistan region.   <strong>Bacl ground & Objectives</strong>: Using emergy analysis, the environmental sustainability of four forage production systems, including koushia, millet, sorghum, and barley, was assessed in Sistan region during the 2021-2022. The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient production system in terms of emergy consumption, yield, and emergy load, as well as the emergy sustainability index. <strong> </strong> <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: the sistan region has a dry and subtropical climate and faces water scarcity and saline soils. The statistical population of the study included all forage production farms in the region. To convert energy and material flows to emergy units, appropriate conversion coefficients that reflect the path of energy transformations in the world were used. Then, by calculating emergy-related indicators, the environmental and economic sustainability of forage production systems were evaluated and compared. <strong> </strong> <strong>Findings</strong>: The total emergy inputs for the four-forage production of koushia, millet, sorghum, and barley were 2.82E+16, 3.29E+16, 4.30E+16, and 3.65E+16 j/hec, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the koushia production ranked first in terms of the EIR index. The reason for this is the higher consumption of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the other systems under study, which also leads to the instability of this system. <strong> </strong> <strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>The analysis showed the sustainability of the millet and barley production systems in terms of economic and environmental benefits. By promoting eco-friendly patterns, such as increasing support for producers, encouraging large-scale cultivation development, establishing sustainability criteria, and providing targeted subsidies, it can be possible to improve forage production in the Sistan region.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20628_d0f697a4ae7096f60650e84cfdaf18de.pdf