University of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Heritability and Genetic Variance Components in Sunflower Single Cross HybridsHeritability and Genetic Variance Components in Sunflower Single Cross Hybrids1131274FAARTarinejadPAziziVRashidiMGhaffariJournal Article20140505 In order to estimate genetic parameters in 16 Sunflower single cross hybrids obtained from crossing of 4 cytoplasmic male sterile and 4 fertility restorer lines, a North Carolina Design II was conducted using RCBD design with 3 replications at Khoy Agriculture Research Station. The result of this experiment indicated that gene action for plant height, seed number per head, first leaf area, grain yield, harvest index of head and seed weight per head was over dominant (a>1), and in other traits was partial dominant (a<1). Regarding to the more importance of dominant variance in controlling of these traits, selection process among inbred lines followed by crossing between the superiors is recommended for improving of them. In order to estimate genetic parameters in 16 Sunflower single cross hybrids obtained from crossing of 4 cytoplasmic male sterile and 4 fertility restorer lines, a North Carolina Design II was conducted using RCBD design with 3 replications at Khoy Agriculture Research Station. The result of this experiment indicated that gene action for plant height, seed number per head, first leaf area, grain yield, harvest index of head and seed weight per head was over dominant (a>1), and in other traits was partial dominant (a<1). Regarding to the more importance of dominant variance in controlling of these traits, selection process among inbred lines followed by crossing between the superiors is recommended for improving of them.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1274_00b292dba053db22efcb7f0a9c067208.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121The Effect of Place and Harvesting Stage on Quantitative and Qualitative Yields of Thymus caramanicus JalasThe Effect of Place and Harvesting Stage on Quantitative and Qualitative Yields of Thymus caramanicus Jalas15281275FALSafaeiESharifi AshoorabadiHZeinaliDAfiuniMMirzaJournal Article20140505<em>Thymus</em> <em>caramanicus</em> is a fragrance and perennial medicinal plant of Iran. In order to comparison the quantitative and qualitative yields of this species in different places and times, an experiment was conductedin Ghahiz Daran and Shahid Fozveh stationsof Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plants harvested at 4 stages including: 1) beginning of flowering, 2) mid of flowering, 3) full flowering and 4) fruit set. Results showed that harvesting stages, species and year had significant effects on aerial yield, essential oil yield and Thymol and Carvacrol yield. Also interaction of year with place, year and harvesting stage, place and harvesting stage were significant for these traits. The highest aerial yield (2767.7 kg/ha), essential oil yield (36.33 kg/ha) and Carvacrol yield (28.95 kg/ha) were observed at fruit set. Also the highest amount of essential oil percentage (1.57%) and Thymol yield (3.03 kg/ha) were produced in full flowering stage. Interaction between year× place× harvesting stage showed that the highest dry yield (3350 kg/ha) was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year in Ghahiz Daran station and about essential oil percentage (1.7%) at full flowering stage of the second year in Shahid Fozveh station. The highest Carvacrol yield and Thymol yield were observed at fruit set and full flowering stage of Ghahiz Daran respectively. Based on the results <em>Thymus caramanicus</em> didn’t have suitable compatibility in agronomy and different climatically conditions. <em>Thymus</em> <em>caramanicus</em> is a fragrance and perennial medicinal plant of Iran. In order to comparison the quantitative and qualitative yields of this species in different places and times, an experiment was conductedin Ghahiz Daran and Shahid Fozveh stationsof Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plants harvested at 4 stages including: 1) beginning of flowering, 2) mid of flowering, 3) full flowering and 4) fruit set. Results showed that harvesting stages, species and year had significant effects on aerial yield, essential oil yield and Thymol and Carvacrol yield. Also interaction of year with place, year and harvesting stage, place and harvesting stage were significant for these traits. The highest aerial yield (2767.7 kg/ha), essential oil yield (36.33 kg/ha) and Carvacrol yield (28.95 kg/ha) were observed at fruit set. Also the highest amount of essential oil percentage (1.57%) and Thymol yield (3.03 kg/ha) were produced in full flowering stage. Interaction between year× place× harvesting stage showed that the highest dry yield (3350 kg/ha) was obtained at fruit set stage of the first year in Ghahiz Daran station and about essential oil percentage (1.7%) at full flowering stage of the second year in Shahid Fozveh station. The highest Carvacrol yield and Thymol yield were observed at fruit set and full flowering stage of Ghahiz Daran respectively. Based on the results <em>Thymus caramanicus</em> didn’t have suitable compatibility in agronomy and different climatically conditions. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1275_b1b212d8c7c7e06b00d9e955cb29ce22.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Evaluation of Tolerance Rate of Canola Cultivar to Salinity StressEvaluation of Tolerance Rate of Canola Cultivar to Salinity Stress29431276FAARTarinejadHGayomiVRashidiFFarahvashBAlizadeJournal Article20140505In order to study of salinity stress effect on yield and some traits in canola cultivars, one factorial experimental was conducted in greenhouse of agriculture faculty of Tabriz Islamic Azad university in 2010 with 5 levels of salinity stress (0, 3, 6, 9, 12dS/m provided from Orumieh lake water) as factor A and three canola spring cultivars (Hyola 401, Hyola 330 and Sarigol) as factor B with three replications. The result showed salinity had negative effect (p<0.01) on traits such as number of sub branch pods, number of main stem pods, length of main stem pod, length of sub branches pod, dry matter per plant, physiological maturity date, seed weight of main stem pods, seed weight of sub branches pods, grain yield and oil percent. Under different levels of salinity, grain yield had positive correlation with traits such as number of sub branch pods, length of main stem pod, length of sub branches pod, seed weight of main stem pods, seed weight of sub branches pods and negative correlation with days to pod filling. Regression analysis of grain yield as dependent variable and other traits as independent variables showed that main stem pod number, dry matter per plant, and oil% were effective parameters on yield. Regression analysis of oil% as dependent variable and other traits as independent variables expressed that sub branch number, main stem pod number, length of main stem pod, grain yield, days to pod filling, physiological maturity date were effective components on oil percent. Mean comparison of traits indicated Hyola 401 cultivar had the highest value of sub branch number, number of main stem pods, number of sub branch pods, dry matter per plant, seed weight of main stem pods and sub branch pods under different salinity stress than other cultivars.In order to study of salinity stress effect on yield and some traits in canola cultivars, one factorial experimental was conducted in greenhouse of agriculture faculty of Tabriz Islamic Azad university in 2010 with 5 levels of salinity stress (0, 3, 6, 9, 12dS/m provided from Orumieh lake water) as factor A and three canola spring cultivars (Hyola 401, Hyola 330 and Sarigol) as factor B with three replications. The result showed salinity had negative effect (p<0.01) on traits such as number of sub branch pods, number of main stem pods, length of main stem pod, length of sub branches pod, dry matter per plant, physiological maturity date, seed weight of main stem pods, seed weight of sub branches pods, grain yield and oil percent. Under different levels of salinity, grain yield had positive correlation with traits such as number of sub branch pods, length of main stem pod, length of sub branches pod, seed weight of main stem pods, seed weight of sub branches pods and negative correlation with days to pod filling. Regression analysis of grain yield as dependent variable and other traits as independent variables showed that main stem pod number, dry matter per plant, and oil% were effective parameters on yield. Regression analysis of oil% as dependent variable and other traits as independent variables expressed that sub branch number, main stem pod number, length of main stem pod, grain yield, days to pod filling, physiological maturity date were effective components on oil percent. Mean comparison of traits indicated Hyola 401 cultivar had the highest value of sub branch number, number of main stem pods, number of sub branch pods, dry matter per plant, seed weight of main stem pods and sub branch pods under different salinity stress than other cultivars.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1276_731f7c85bb24be444eab4617feed5015.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Study of Key Points of Salt Response Using Rapid Chlorophyll a Fluorescence, Defense Mechanisms and Membrane Stability Index in WheatStudy of Key Points of Salt Response Using Rapid Chlorophyll a Fluorescence, Defense Mechanisms and Membrane Stability Index in Wheat45591277FAEEsfandiariWEnayatiJournal Article20140505In attention to wheat importance in people nutrition and wide distribution of salt agricultural lands, bread wheat variety of <em>karaj3</em> were aeroponicaly way grown to investigate weak and power points in response to salinity. After growing the seedlings as 4 -5 leaf stage, they were exposed to salt stress, 200 mM NaCl. Then, rapid chlorophyll a fluorescence, activities of enzymes involving plant defense mechanisms, indices related to oxidative stress and membrane stability index were measured. The obtained results displayed that total superoxide dismutase activity and its isozymes had no significant changes under stress conditions. In addition, activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were elevated under stress conditions. Hydrogen peroxide, a toxic metabolite, accumulated in leaf cells affecting by salt, though significant increasing of its scavenger enzymes. Also, significant alterations occurred for lipid peroxidation and membrane stability index by salt. Na and K values in variety of <em>karaj3</em> showed that K/Na ratio was more than one, however, significant increasing of Na and high decreasing of K were found. Assessing of indices related to rapid chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that Fv/Fm parameter has been just decreased under salt. Therefore, results showed that selection of salt tolerant varieties just by Fv/Fm index was not enough reliable and it is better to apply simultaneously other indices particularly yield index. Photosystem II was not susceptible to salinity in Karaj3 variety, too. It seems lack of increased activity of superoxide dismutase and its isozymes was the probable factor for accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and oxidative stress initiation, in spite of increased its scavenging enzymes activity.In attention to wheat importance in people nutrition and wide distribution of salt agricultural lands, bread wheat variety of <em>karaj3</em> were aeroponicaly way grown to investigate weak and power points in response to salinity. After growing the seedlings as 4 -5 leaf stage, they were exposed to salt stress, 200 mM NaCl. Then, rapid chlorophyll a fluorescence, activities of enzymes involving plant defense mechanisms, indices related to oxidative stress and membrane stability index were measured. The obtained results displayed that total superoxide dismutase activity and its isozymes had no significant changes under stress conditions. In addition, activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were elevated under stress conditions. Hydrogen peroxide, a toxic metabolite, accumulated in leaf cells affecting by salt, though significant increasing of its scavenger enzymes. Also, significant alterations occurred for lipid peroxidation and membrane stability index by salt. Na and K values in variety of <em>karaj3</em> showed that K/Na ratio was more than one, however, significant increasing of Na and high decreasing of K were found. Assessing of indices related to rapid chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that Fv/Fm parameter has been just decreased under salt. Therefore, results showed that selection of salt tolerant varieties just by Fv/Fm index was not enough reliable and it is better to apply simultaneously other indices particularly yield index. Photosystem II was not susceptible to salinity in Karaj3 variety, too. It seems lack of increased activity of superoxide dismutase and its isozymes was the probable factor for accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and oxidative stress initiation, in spite of increased its scavenging enzymes activity.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1277_bfaf6a3cd4756a7f875d97b77261b6f5.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Clonal Selection for Cold Resistance in some Seeded Grape Cultivars of IranClonal Selection for Cold Resistance in some Seeded Grape Cultivars of Iran61821278FAMANejatianJournal Article20140505Iran is one of the rich diversity of grape germplasm center. Therefore we used the extreme cold winter in 2007 as a natural treatment with artificially cold treatment to identify cold tolerant clones of seeded grapes in Iran. So, some gardens were detected in high-risk of cold areas (According to climate statistics) and reviewed its plant. Per plant were selected four branches (one year old). Then, the number of health and damaged buds was counted after natural and artificial cold treatments. Statistical, cluster and descriptive analysis (coefficient of variation) was performed on the data obtained from clones. The correlation coefficient (pearson) using for measurement of bilateral relationship between traits and recognized high efficiency characters. The Backwards regression analysis technique, was conducted to estimate freezing percentages based on characters. The results indicated clones were divided in 4 groups (from sensitive to quite tolerant). According to observations, were Fakhri and Rish Baba varieties in highest tolerance and Sahebi and Shahani varieties in Semi-tolerant groupes. Iran is one of the rich diversity of grape germplasm center. Therefore we used the extreme cold winter in 2007 as a natural treatment with artificially cold treatment to identify cold tolerant clones of seeded grapes in Iran. So, some gardens were detected in high-risk of cold areas (According to climate statistics) and reviewed its plant. Per plant were selected four branches (one year old). Then, the number of health and damaged buds was counted after natural and artificial cold treatments. Statistical, cluster and descriptive analysis (coefficient of variation) was performed on the data obtained from clones. The correlation coefficient (pearson) using for measurement of bilateral relationship between traits and recognized high efficiency characters. The Backwards regression analysis technique, was conducted to estimate freezing percentages based on characters. The results indicated clones were divided in 4 groups (from sensitive to quite tolerant). According to observations, were Fakhri and Rish Baba varieties in highest tolerance and Sahebi and Shahani varieties in Semi-tolerant groupes. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1278_4cd073765a66c81eaae4d9d5102e4fc9.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Response of Three Chickpea Cultivars to Different Sowing Dates Under Rainfed Conditions in Hamedan RegionResponse of Three Chickpea Cultivars to Different Sowing Dates Under Rainfed Conditions in Hamedan Region83941279FAJHamzeiMSeyediJournal Article20140505Chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) yield under rainfed conditions is strongly related to the selecting best sowing date which can be improved by winter sowing. Here, the effect of different sowing date on yield and yield components of three chickpea cultivars under rainfed conditions was evaluated at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, and Bu-Ali Sina University. Hence, a field experiment was laid out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2009-2010 growing season. Planting dates (Dec. 22; D<sub>1</sub>, Feb. 10; D<sub>2</sub>, Mar. 20; D<sub>3,</sub> and April 4; D<sub>4</sub>) and cultivars (C<sub>1;</sub> Hashem, C2; Arman, and C3; Azad) were used in main and subplots, respectively. Results showed that planting dates significantly affected the number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, grain and biological yields and 1000-seed weight. The highest (219.6 g/m2) and the lowest (60.3 g/m2) amount of grain yield was achieved at D1 and D4 treatments, respectively. Maximum number of pod/plant (16.9), seed per plant (17.9) and biological yield (712.9 g/m2) were observed at D1 treatment which was significantly higher than other planting dates. In comparison with first planting date (D1) D4 treatment decreased the grain and biological yields by 68% and 73%, respectively. As results show, cultivars had significant effects on grain and biological yields. Based on means comparison, the highest grain yield (161.9 g/m2) was recorded at Arman cultivar (C2). But, there was not significant between C2 and C1 cultivars. Also, the highest biological yield (542 g/m2) belonged to the C1 (cv. Hashem). However, D×C interaction was significant for all traits (except number of seed per pod and 1000-seed weight). Means comparison indicated that the maximum values of all traits belonged to D1C1 treatment; i.e. the highest amount of grain (262.3 g/m2) and biological yield (855.5 g/m2) were observed at D1C1 treatment. Considering these, the D1C1 treatment could be recommended for chickpea growth under rainfed conditions in order to maximize yield. Chickpea (<em>Cicer arietinum</em> L.) yield under rainfed conditions is strongly related to the selecting best sowing date which can be improved by winter sowing. Here, the effect of different sowing date on yield and yield components of three chickpea cultivars under rainfed conditions was evaluated at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, and Bu-Ali Sina University. Hence, a field experiment was laid out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2009-2010 growing season. Planting dates (Dec. 22; D<sub>1</sub>, Feb. 10; D<sub>2</sub>, Mar. 20; D<sub>3,</sub> and April 4; D<sub>4</sub>) and cultivars (C<sub>1;</sub> Hashem, C2; Arman, and C3; Azad) were used in main and subplots, respectively. Results showed that planting dates significantly affected the number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, grain and biological yields and 1000-seed weight. The highest (219.6 g/m2) and the lowest (60.3 g/m2) amount of grain yield was achieved at D1 and D4 treatments, respectively. Maximum number of pod/plant (16.9), seed per plant (17.9) and biological yield (712.9 g/m2) were observed at D1 treatment which was significantly higher than other planting dates. In comparison with first planting date (D1) D4 treatment decreased the grain and biological yields by 68% and 73%, respectively. As results show, cultivars had significant effects on grain and biological yields. Based on means comparison, the highest grain yield (161.9 g/m2) was recorded at Arman cultivar (C2). But, there was not significant between C2 and C1 cultivars. Also, the highest biological yield (542 g/m2) belonged to the C1 (cv. Hashem). However, D×C interaction was significant for all traits (except number of seed per pod and 1000-seed weight). Means comparison indicated that the maximum values of all traits belonged to D1C1 treatment; i.e. the highest amount of grain (262.3 g/m2) and biological yield (855.5 g/m2) were observed at D1C1 treatment. Considering these, the D1C1 treatment could be recommended for chickpea growth under rainfed conditions in order to maximize yield. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1279_64c27a1c322485d908800f5e6d3589da.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Determining the Optimal Crop Pattern with Emphasis on Budget Constraints: De-Novo Programming Evaluation in Zarghan P lain of FarsDetermining the Optimal Crop Pattern with Emphasis on Budget Constraints: De-Novo Programming Evaluation in Zarghan P lain of Fars951031280FAMMosannen MozafariNAsad FalsafizadeMSabouhi SabouniJournal Article20140505 Optimization of production plan is one of the main problems of decision makers. De-Novo programming is a method that determines the optimal solution with given budget constraints. Using a combination of multi objective programming and De-Novo programming can establish a model for cost minimization and obtaining optimal solution. In this study, De-Novo programming has been used to design and create optimal agricultural crop pattern in Zarghan plain of Fars. Results showed that before constructing a production unit, using input costs and their quantity in similar farms, optimal planning has been found for budget minimization. Also because second De-Novo programming separate costs has a better solution. Optimization of production plan is one of the main problems of decision makers. De-Novo programming is a method that determines the optimal solution with given budget constraints. Using a combination of multi objective programming and De-Novo programming can establish a model for cost minimization and obtaining optimal solution. In this study, De-Novo programming has been used to design and create optimal agricultural crop pattern in Zarghan plain of Fars. Results showed that before constructing a production unit, using input costs and their quantity in similar farms, optimal planning has been found for budget minimization. Also because second De-Novo programming separate costs has a better solution.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1280_3619e774fac15d28d2f2e863ada93812.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Inhibitory Effects of Three Trichoderma Species Against three Species of Fusarium in Laboratory ConditionsInhibitory Effects of Three Trichoderma Species Against three Species of Fusarium in Laboratory Conditions1051151281FAAKhodaeiMArzanlouABabai AhariJournal Article20140507 The gnu Fusarium encompasses economically important plant pathogens. The common strateigies for the disease control, alone, are not fully efficient. Hence, the use of alternatives methods is necessary for the disease management. In present study, the inhibitory effects of three <em>Trichoderma</em> species (<em>T. harzianum</em>, <em>T. longibrachiatum</em> and<em> T. tomentosum</em>) against three species of <em>Fusarium</em> (<em>F. monoliforme</em>, <em>F. semitectum</em> and<em> F. solani</em>) were evaluated in laboratory conditions on PDA medium in 25<sup>oC </sup>and five replicates. Experiments were conducted in two parts: dual culture and the effects of volatiles against pathogenic fungi and colony diameters were measured six and four days after incubation, respectively. In dual culture test the highest inhibitory effect was related to <em>T. harzianum</em> / <em>F. moniliforme</em> treatment while the lowest effect was observed in <em>T. tomentosum</em> /<em> F. solani </em>treatment. Inhibitory effects of three <em>Trichoderma</em> species on mycelial growth of <em>F. moniliforme </em><em></em>did not significantly different (p< 0.05), while they had significantly different effects (p<0.05) on the other two <em>Fusarium </em>species. Treatments related to volatile production had different results, so that the most and the least inhibitory effects were observed in <em>T. tomentosum / F. solani </em>and <em>T. tomentosum / F. semitectum</em> treatments, respectively. The overall results of this study showed that there are significant differences in interaction among the different <em>Trichoderma</em> species and <em>Fusarium</em> species; such that, primary tests on the efficacy of <em>Trichoderma</em> species on target plant pathogenic fungi is necessary before commercial usage of such products. The gnu Fusarium encompasses economically important plant pathogens. The common strateigies for the disease control, alone, are not fully efficient. Hence, the use of alternatives methods is necessary for the disease management. In present study, the inhibitory effects of three <em>Trichoderma</em> species (<em>T. harzianum</em>, <em>T. longibrachiatum</em> and<em> T. tomentosum</em>) against three species of <em>Fusarium</em> (<em>F. monoliforme</em>, <em>F. semitectum</em> and<em> F. solani</em>) were evaluated in laboratory conditions on PDA medium in 25<sup>oC </sup>and five replicates. Experiments were conducted in two parts: dual culture and the effects of volatiles against pathogenic fungi and colony diameters were measured six and four days after incubation, respectively. In dual culture test the highest inhibitory effect was related to <em>T. harzianum</em> / <em>F. moniliforme</em> treatment while the lowest effect was observed in <em>T. tomentosum</em> /<em> F. solani </em>treatment. Inhibitory effects of three <em>Trichoderma</em> species on mycelial growth of <em>F. moniliforme </em><em></em>did not significantly different (p< 0.05), while they had significantly different effects (p<0.05) on the other two <em>Fusarium </em>species. Treatments related to volatile production had different results, so that the most and the least inhibitory effects were observed in <em>T. tomentosum / F. solani </em>and <em>T. tomentosum / F. semitectum</em> treatments, respectively. The overall results of this study showed that there are significant differences in interaction among the different <em>Trichoderma</em> species and <em>Fusarium</em> species; such that, primary tests on the efficacy of <em>Trichoderma</em> species on target plant pathogenic fungi is necessary before commercial usage of such products. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1281_47f6a91e50105101b8099f9284bb11d5.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Effect of Postharvest Aloe vera gel and Calcium Chloride Treatments on Quality Attributes and Storage life of Peach cv. ZaferaniEffect of Postharvest Aloe vera gel and Calcium Chloride Treatments on Quality Attributes and Storage life of Peach cv. Zaferani1171331282FAMRAsghariSRiaeiJournal Article20140507Since the use of chemical compounds in postharvest technology of horticultural crops is highly limited, one of the most important alternatives is the use of natural environmental friendly compounds. Effect of <em>Aloe vera </em>gel at concentrations of 0, 20, 25 and 33 percent and calcium chloride at concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1 percent on storage life and quality attributes of Zaferani peach after 30 days storage at 0.5 <sup>o</sup>C and 90-95% RH was studied. Vitamin C content, total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, fruit firmness, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated. The effect of treatments on pH wasn’t significant. Combinations of the treatments were effective than each treatments alone on retaining fruit qualities including firmness, vitamin c, phenolics and total antioxidant capacity. 1% CaCl<sub>2</sub> caused a decrease in total soluble solids elevation rate. Fruit treated with 33% <em>Aloe vera </em>gel had the highest acidity. The results showed that applications of <em>Aloe vera</em> gel as a natural compound in combination with CaCl<sub>2</sub> may be a suitable method in increasing storage life and maintaining Zaferani peach fruit quality attributes during storage period.Since the use of chemical compounds in postharvest technology of horticultural crops is highly limited, one of the most important alternatives is the use of natural environmental friendly compounds. Effect of <em>Aloe vera </em>gel at concentrations of 0, 20, 25 and 33 percent and calcium chloride at concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1 percent on storage life and quality attributes of Zaferani peach after 30 days storage at 0.5 <sup>o</sup>C and 90-95% RH was studied. Vitamin C content, total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, fruit firmness, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated. The effect of treatments on pH wasn’t significant. Combinations of the treatments were effective than each treatments alone on retaining fruit qualities including firmness, vitamin c, phenolics and total antioxidant capacity. 1% CaCl<sub>2</sub> caused a decrease in total soluble solids elevation rate. Fruit treated with 33% <em>Aloe vera </em>gel had the highest acidity. The results showed that applications of <em>Aloe vera</em> gel as a natural compound in combination with CaCl<sub>2</sub> may be a suitable method in increasing storage life and maintaining Zaferani peach fruit quality attributes during storage period.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1282_bfb1cdc71a6c1e67177fdf1e798d11b0.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Grouping of Barley Genotypes Using Molecular and Morphological Markers, and Dry Matter Remobilization to Grain under Water DeficitGrouping of Barley Genotypes Using Molecular and Morphological Markers, and Dry Matter Remobilization to Grain under Water Deficit1351501283FAMNakhaiiBadrabadiMShokrpourJournal Article20140507Water availability at critical times of growth in crops is the most important limiting factor for economic performance in arid and semi-arid regions. Water stress tolerance in a plant genotype depends on some physiological and morphological traits including affecting components in yield stability and dry matter remobilization under drought conditions. In this study, 26 lines along to 14 varieties of winter barley were evaluated for dry matter remobilization (amount, efficiency and contribution of remobilization) and some morphological traits. Mean comparisons between genotypes showed Sahra cultivar and naked barley Chamico were the highest and lines of Dari-friz88-A-3, Dari-friz88-A-8, Dari-Dayton friz88-A-6 and Dayton were the lowest in terms of traits related to remobilization of stem and peduncle to grain during grain filling. The highest yield of seed belonged to line of F-A3-3 in the all levels of stress. This line also had high seed weight, number of grains per spike, and amount, efficiency and contribution of dry matter remobilization of stem and peduncle to grain. Genotyping was also applied using markers of AFLP, ISSR and RAPD. The genotypes were classified to four categories with range of similarity coefficients from 0.33 to 0.958. The lowest and highest genetic distance obtained among lines of F-ERB-84-11 and F-A3-3 and lines of Dari-friz-A-8 and naked barley Alanda, respectively. Results showed that AFLP markers had the most efficiency to determine polymorphism and genetic diversity among the genotypes.Water availability at critical times of growth in crops is the most important limiting factor for economic performance in arid and semi-arid regions. Water stress tolerance in a plant genotype depends on some physiological and morphological traits including affecting components in yield stability and dry matter remobilization under drought conditions. In this study, 26 lines along to 14 varieties of winter barley were evaluated for dry matter remobilization (amount, efficiency and contribution of remobilization) and some morphological traits. Mean comparisons between genotypes showed Sahra cultivar and naked barley Chamico were the highest and lines of Dari-friz88-A-3, Dari-friz88-A-8, Dari-Dayton friz88-A-6 and Dayton were the lowest in terms of traits related to remobilization of stem and peduncle to grain during grain filling. The highest yield of seed belonged to line of F-A3-3 in the all levels of stress. This line also had high seed weight, number of grains per spike, and amount, efficiency and contribution of dry matter remobilization of stem and peduncle to grain. Genotyping was also applied using markers of AFLP, ISSR and RAPD. The genotypes were classified to four categories with range of similarity coefficients from 0.33 to 0.958. The lowest and highest genetic distance obtained among lines of F-ERB-84-11 and F-A3-3 and lines of Dari-friz-A-8 and naked barley Alanda, respectively. Results showed that AFLP markers had the most efficiency to determine polymorphism and genetic diversity among the genotypes.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1283_404ff5798f2bb00bc91b7caeddfc623a.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Effect of seed Priming and Foliar Application of Zinc on Yield and Yield Components of two wheat CultivarsEffect of seed Priming and Foliar Application of Zinc on Yield and Yield Components of two wheat Cultivars1511651284FAMManarifardASepehriJournal Article20140507In order to study the effect of seed priming and zinc foliar application on yield and yield components of wheat a split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in 2008-2009 growing seasons in research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University. Main factor was including four foliar applications of zinc sulfate as the main plot and two wheat cultivars (Toos and Alvand) and three priming treatments including priming with water and priming with zinc sulfate and control (no priming) as sub-plot. Four foliar application treatments including control (no foliar application), foliar application at tillering, booting and both tillering and booting stages were used. The results showed that total dry matter, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, spikelet number per spike and grain number per spike significantly affected by foliar application of zinc, priming and cultivars. Maximum value of mean traits in alvand cultivar was more than the Toos cultivar. Compared to control (no foliar application), foliar application at tillering stage and both tillering and booting stages increased grain yield up to 9.7 and 13% and total dry matter up to 10.7 and 14.7%, respectively. Priming with water and zinc sulfate increased grain yield up to 6.9 and 2.2% and total dry matter up to 9.0 and 3.3%, respectively. There was a significant interaction effect between foliar application and priming on total dry matter, grain yield and 1000 grain weight. The highest grain yield was observed at the both tillering and booting stages of zinc foliar application and priming with water. In order to study the effect of seed priming and zinc foliar application on yield and yield components of wheat a split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in 2008-2009 growing seasons in research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University. Main factor was including four foliar applications of zinc sulfate as the main plot and two wheat cultivars (Toos and Alvand) and three priming treatments including priming with water and priming with zinc sulfate and control (no priming) as sub-plot. Four foliar application treatments including control (no foliar application), foliar application at tillering, booting and both tillering and booting stages were used. The results showed that total dry matter, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, spikelet number per spike and grain number per spike significantly affected by foliar application of zinc, priming and cultivars. Maximum value of mean traits in alvand cultivar was more than the Toos cultivar. Compared to control (no foliar application), foliar application at tillering stage and both tillering and booting stages increased grain yield up to 9.7 and 13% and total dry matter up to 10.7 and 14.7%, respectively. Priming with water and zinc sulfate increased grain yield up to 6.9 and 2.2% and total dry matter up to 9.0 and 3.3%, respectively. There was a significant interaction effect between foliar application and priming on total dry matter, grain yield and 1000 grain weight. The highest grain yield was observed at the both tillering and booting stages of zinc foliar application and priming with water. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1284_7c1564d8cf29e29148f9a61eb2d04748.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Changes in Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence and Total Soluble Sugars Rapeseed Cultivars under Osmotic StressChanges in Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence and Total Soluble Sugars Rapeseed Cultivars under Osmotic Stress1671811285FAMNematiAAsghariJournal Article20140507 In order to evaluate the effect of osmotic stress on total soluble sugars, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content (SPAD) in the seedling stage of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The levels of osmotic stress (control, -3.5 and -7 bar) as main factor and 12 rapeseed cultivars as sub factor were used. Results showed that osmotic stress decreased total soluble sugars, Fo, Fv and Fm, but increased SPAD and Fv/Fm. It seemed that increasing of Chlorophyll content caused decreasing of light repression and increasing of Fv/Fm. The Fv/Fm can be used as a physiological index for selection osmotic stress tolerant cultivars. In osmotic stress condition (-7 bar) The Licord, Zarfam and Orient cultivars had the highest Fv/Fm. Also, the Licord cultivar had high biological yield in stress and non stress condition. The amount of stress Tolerant Index (STI) in this cultivar was higher than others. In factor analysis, the four first factors explained 92.04 present of trait variance. The first factor had positive and high coefficients for biological yield and STI and the second factor had positive and high coefficients for chlorophyll fluorescence. Grouping of cultivars using tow first factor showed that Licord cultivar was osmotic stress tolerant and separated from other cultivars. In order to evaluate the effect of osmotic stress on total soluble sugars, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content (SPAD) in the seedling stage of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The levels of osmotic stress (control, -3.5 and -7 bar) as main factor and 12 rapeseed cultivars as sub factor were used. Results showed that osmotic stress decreased total soluble sugars, Fo, Fv and Fm, but increased SPAD and Fv/Fm. It seemed that increasing of Chlorophyll content caused decreasing of light repression and increasing of Fv/Fm. The Fv/Fm can be used as a physiological index for selection osmotic stress tolerant cultivars. In osmotic stress condition (-7 bar) The Licord, Zarfam and Orient cultivars had the highest Fv/Fm. Also, the Licord cultivar had high biological yield in stress and non stress condition. The amount of stress Tolerant Index (STI) in this cultivar was higher than others. In factor analysis, the four first factors explained 92.04 present of trait variance. The first factor had positive and high coefficients for biological yield and STI and the second factor had positive and high coefficients for chlorophyll fluorescence. Grouping of cultivars using tow first factor showed that Licord cultivar was osmotic stress tolerant and separated from other cultivars.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1285_a6f5e826bf170f33ccf8fdc9f2b18d98.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Investigation of the Change of Proudaction in Famers of On Farm Development Program (Case Study in Gilan Province)Investigation of the Change of Proudaction in Famers of On Farm Development Program (Case Study in Gilan Province)1831911286FAMSEbrahimiKhKalantriAAsadiHMovahed MohammadiISalehJournal Article20140507On farm development program is a strategy for developing of agricultural parts of Iran rice fields following numerous targets that the most important of them is decreasing of production costs and increasing income of rice field farmers. The goal of this research is the Investigation of the change of production in rice field which to be included On farm development program in Gilan province. The research was conducted in the form of survey study. Necessary data for this research collected squarely by 176 farmers that have the traditional rice fields and 188 farmers of On farm development program in Gilan province were sampled by using stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained by calculating the cronbach alpha coefficient (0.65) for different sections after conducting a pilot study. Results showed that this program to be able decreased production cost of farmers with have rice filed in design %11 in comparison with farmers with have traditional rice field. This On farm development program could improve incomes of farmers who have rice field in design %10.5 in comparison with farmers who have traditional rice field with development of second crop.On farm development program is a strategy for developing of agricultural parts of Iran rice fields following numerous targets that the most important of them is decreasing of production costs and increasing income of rice field farmers. The goal of this research is the Investigation of the change of production in rice field which to be included On farm development program in Gilan province. The research was conducted in the form of survey study. Necessary data for this research collected squarely by 176 farmers that have the traditional rice fields and 188 farmers of On farm development program in Gilan province were sampled by using stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained by calculating the cronbach alpha coefficient (0.65) for different sections after conducting a pilot study. Results showed that this program to be able decreased production cost of farmers with have rice filed in design %11 in comparison with farmers with have traditional rice field. This On farm development program could improve incomes of farmers who have rice field in design %10.5 in comparison with farmers who have traditional rice field with development of second crop.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1286_ce443ff49e28d3a0f61da5331884c80e.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Determination of the Species Diversity of Psylloidea Superfamily (Hemiptera) in East-Azarbaijan ProvinceDetermination of the Species Diversity of Psylloidea Superfamily (Hemiptera) in East-Azarbaijan Province1912121287FAZAhmadiAMehrvarHLotfalizadehGGharekhaniDBurckhardtJournal Article20140507Psyllids are belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha, and superfamily Psylloidea. Studied materials were collected using different methods such as sweeping net, Malaise and Schneider traps from various orchards and fields of East- Azarbaijan province during 2010- 2011. In this study 17 species were collected and identified in which 7 species are belonging of Triozidae family and 10 species are belonging of Psyllidae family. Out of the studied materials, 14 species are being reported for the first time from East-Azarbaijan which marked with an asterisk. The list of the species is as follows:
<em>Craspedolepta pontica* </em>Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962; <em>Cyamophila astragalicola* </em>Gegechkori, 1977; <em>Cyamophila oshanini* </em>Loginova, 1964; <em>Psyllopsis machinosus* </em>Loginova, 1963; <em>Psyllopsis repens* </em>Loginova, 1963;<em> Psyllopsis scuricola* </em>Loginova, 1963; <em>Camarotoscena fulgidipennis* </em>Loginova, 1975; <em>Cacopsylla bidens*</em> Sulc, 1907;<em> Cacopsylla pyri </em>Linnaeus, 1758; <em>Cacopsylla pyricola </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera albiventris* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera nigricornis* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera tremblayi </em>Wagner, 1961; <em>Bactericera trigonica* </em>Hodkinson, 1981; <em>Trioza chenopodii* </em>Reuter, 1876; <em>Trioza galii* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Trioza urticae* </em>Linnaeus, 1758.Psyllids are belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha, and superfamily Psylloidea. Studied materials were collected using different methods such as sweeping net, Malaise and Schneider traps from various orchards and fields of East- Azarbaijan province during 2010- 2011. In this study 17 species were collected and identified in which 7 species are belonging of Triozidae family and 10 species are belonging of Psyllidae family. Out of the studied materials, 14 species are being reported for the first time from East-Azarbaijan which marked with an asterisk. The list of the species is as follows:
<em>Craspedolepta pontica* </em>Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962; <em>Cyamophila astragalicola* </em>Gegechkori, 1977; <em>Cyamophila oshanini* </em>Loginova, 1964; <em>Psyllopsis machinosus* </em>Loginova, 1963; <em>Psyllopsis repens* </em>Loginova, 1963;<em> Psyllopsis scuricola* </em>Loginova, 1963; <em>Camarotoscena fulgidipennis* </em>Loginova, 1975; <em>Cacopsylla bidens*</em> Sulc, 1907;<em> Cacopsylla pyri </em>Linnaeus, 1758; <em>Cacopsylla pyricola </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera albiventris* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera nigricornis* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Bactericera tremblayi </em>Wagner, 1961; <em>Bactericera trigonica* </em>Hodkinson, 1981; <em>Trioza chenopodii* </em>Reuter, 1876; <em>Trioza galii* </em>Fӧrster, 1848; <em>Trioza urticae* </em>Linnaeus, 1758.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1287_da7756560c202e956ea88d697bab7408.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Analyze the Relationships Between Inputs and Scale Economies in Potato Production in Ardabil ProvinceAnalyze the Relationships Between Inputs and Scale Economies in Potato Production in Ardabil Province2132241288FAKhAlefiGhDashtiShKhorramiJournal Article20140507Potato is one of the agriculture important products in Ardebil province that about 24 thousand hectares of land in this province allocated to this product. Based on available evidence, consumption of inputs in the production process in this region is not optimal and producing does not do according to the principles of production economics. This study aims to explain the production structure and the economies of scale. the required data collected by questionnaire from 156 Ardebil potatoes farmer in 1389 year. To this end, the Translog cost function with cost share equations was utilized by SURE technique. Results showed that own price elasticities of seed, labor and machines inputs are negative, and the labor and seed inputs have complementary relationship with machine input, while water input has substitution relationship with seed, labor and machine inputs. Finally, the cost elasticity is 0/69 which indicates there is economies of scale in the process of production.Potato is one of the agriculture important products in Ardebil province that about 24 thousand hectares of land in this province allocated to this product. Based on available evidence, consumption of inputs in the production process in this region is not optimal and producing does not do according to the principles of production economics. This study aims to explain the production structure and the economies of scale. the required data collected by questionnaire from 156 Ardebil potatoes farmer in 1389 year. To this end, the Translog cost function with cost share equations was utilized by SURE technique. Results showed that own price elasticities of seed, labor and machines inputs are negative, and the labor and seed inputs have complementary relationship with machine input, while water input has substitution relationship with seed, labor and machine inputs. Finally, the cost elasticity is 0/69 which indicates there is economies of scale in the process of production.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1288_9ba22b5859d01926c19dc9f9f8e86199.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-4310224.120150121Determining Factors Affecting the Adoption of Combination Machine Among wheat Farmers in Marvdasht CountyDetermining Factors Affecting the Adoption of Combination Machine Among wheat Farmers in Marvdasht County2252391289FAMGhahremanzadehMSoltaniJournal Article20140507To deal with soil erosion and the development of mechanization in wheat production, the need to expand the application of Combination machine considered necessary. Despite its many advantages, including reducing soil erosion, fewer farmers have welcomed it. So, determining these factors and orienting the policy toward them, is the main strategies in this regard. The aim of present study is to determine factors affecting the adoption of Combination machine between wheat farmers in Marvdasht County. Thus, the logit model and discriminate analysis were applied using cross-sectional data in year 1390. After estimating both functions, the logit model was selected as the appropriate model based on the importance of significant variables and theirs priorities, consistency with the fact and measure of percentage of prediction accuracy. Finally, subsequent analyses were performed based on this model. The results showed that the characteristics and properties of Combination machine, consistency with the framers’ requirements, farmers' awareness of the machine benefits, land ownership, land area under wheat cultivation has significantly positive effects and the number of lean area and the distance from service center has significantly negative effects on the adoption of Combination machine. The characteristics and properties of machine and the distance from the service center have the highest and lowest marginal impact on application of Combination machine, respectively.
JEL classification: C25, Q16To deal with soil erosion and the development of mechanization in wheat production, the need to expand the application of Combination machine considered necessary. Despite its many advantages, including reducing soil erosion, fewer farmers have welcomed it. So, determining these factors and orienting the policy toward them, is the main strategies in this regard. The aim of present study is to determine factors affecting the adoption of Combination machine between wheat farmers in Marvdasht County. Thus, the logit model and discriminate analysis were applied using cross-sectional data in year 1390. After estimating both functions, the logit model was selected as the appropriate model based on the importance of significant variables and theirs priorities, consistency with the fact and measure of percentage of prediction accuracy. Finally, subsequent analyses were performed based on this model. The results showed that the characteristics and properties of Combination machine, consistency with the framers’ requirements, farmers' awareness of the machine benefits, land ownership, land area under wheat cultivation has significantly positive effects and the number of lean area and the distance from service center has significantly negative effects on the adoption of Combination machine. The characteristics and properties of machine and the distance from the service center have the highest and lowest marginal impact on application of Combination machine, respectively.
JEL classification: C25, Q16https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1289_291e8eded51d4eb0d8c24846bcd30389.pdf