University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Evaluation of Drought Resistance Criteria in Some Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Landraces Evaluation of Drought Resistance Criteria in Some Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Landraces 1 14 1510 FA H Shoorideh H Pakniyat S Zare Journal Article 2014 06 16 Cumin is one of the most important herbal drug crops of Iran and used in traditional foods. It needs low water for growth cycle, and grows in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. For evaluation of drought resistance of some cumin landraces of Iran, two experiments as under drought stress and normal condition were conducted. The parameters of leaf water potential, osmotic potential, harvest index and stress susceptibility index (SSI) were studied on cumin landraces. Sarvestan-e Fars, Tabriz and Sabzevar landraces were distinguished as arought tolerant landraces. Cluster analysis using single linkage method, classified the genotypes into three groups. Sabzevar, Sarvestan-e Fars, Tabriz and Khorasan2-374 landraces made the first group, Zirkoh-e Quen, Qunabad and Ferdous landraces, included in the second group, and Kerman landrace, alone, was located in the third group. Cumin is one of the most important herbal drug crops of Iran and used in traditional foods. It needs low water for growth cycle, and grows in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. For evaluation of drought resistance of some cumin landraces of Iran, two experiments as under drought stress and normal condition were conducted. The parameters of leaf water potential, osmotic potential, harvest index and stress susceptibility index (SSI) were studied on cumin landraces. Sarvestan-e Fars, Tabriz and Sabzevar landraces were distinguished as arought tolerant landraces. Cluster analysis using single linkage method, classified the genotypes into three groups. Sabzevar, Sarvestan-e Fars, Tabriz and Khorasan2-374 landraces made the first group, Zirkoh-e Quen, Qunabad and Ferdous landraces, included in the second group, and Kerman landrace, alone, was located in the third group.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1510_dcabf95b9a289470b8906eb7af1dc3c9.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Study of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Growth Analysis of Corn, Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels Study of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Growth Analysis of Corn, Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels 13 25 1511 FA S Hokmalipour R Seyed Sharifi Journal Article 2014 06 16 To investigate the effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer and different plant density on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth analysis of corn, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in Ardabil Agriculture Research Station in 2005. The factors were nitrogen fertilizer at three levels in main plots (0, 75 and 150 Kg N ha-1)and plant densities in subplots (7, 9 and 11 plants m-2). The results showed that NUE was significantly affected by plant density and nitrogen levels. Maximum rate of NUE was obtained in application of 75Kg N ha-1. There was no significant difference between 75 and 150Kg N ha-1. With increasing plant density, the NUE was decreased, and maximum NUE was also obtained in density of 7 plants m-2. With increasing plant density and nitrogen levels, total dry matter, crop growth rate and grain yield were increased. Grain yield per plant decreased with increasing plant density. With increasing nitrogen levels and decreasing plant density the number of kernel per row, and number of kernel in ear were increased. Numbers of kernel in ear were only affected by nitrogen levels, and was decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. Number of ear per plant and weight of thousand grains wasn’t affected by levels of the experimental factors. To investigate the effect of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer and different plant density on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth analysis of corn, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in Ardabil Agriculture Research Station in 2005. The factors were nitrogen fertilizer at three levels in main plots (0, 75 and 150 Kg N ha-1)and plant densities in subplots (7, 9 and 11 plants m-2). The results showed that NUE was significantly affected by plant density and nitrogen levels. Maximum rate of NUE was obtained in application of 75Kg N ha-1. There was no significant difference between 75 and 150Kg N ha-1. With increasing plant density, the NUE was decreased, and maximum NUE was also obtained in density of 7 plants m-2. With increasing plant density and nitrogen levels, total dry matter, crop growth rate and grain yield were increased. Grain yield per plant decreased with increasing plant density. With increasing nitrogen levels and decreasing plant density the number of kernel per row, and number of kernel in ear were increased. Numbers of kernel in ear were only affected by nitrogen levels, and was decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. Number of ear per plant and weight of thousand grains wasn’t affected by levels of the experimental factors.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1511_b3920cf90929e8f6e9200df2c7cd2bcb.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Effect of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Three Sunflower Hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.) as a Second Crop Effect of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Three Sunflower Hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.) as a Second Crop 27 40 1512 FA R Ghalandari F Rhimzadeh Khoei M Toorchi B Behtari Journal Article 2014 06 16 In order to study the effects of plant density on growth, yield and oil percentage of three sunflower hybrids (Azargol, Alistar, Eroflor) an experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station of Myandoab in 2004. These hybrids were sown at four densities of 6, 8, 10 and 12 plants m-2 as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that dry matter accumulation (DM), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were increased with increasing plant density. By increment plant density, leaf area index (LAI) was slowly increased in early stages of growth but with beginning of plant rapid growth, increased dramatically. DM and CGR in Azargol and Eroflor were greater than Alistar. Analysis of variance showed that all traits were significantly affected by plant density. Yield per unit area, oil percentage and oil yield per unit area were increased, with increasing plant density. Although seed yield per plant at low densities was greater than that of high densities, but this increment was not enough for compensating the reduction of yield due to low density. In order to study the effects of plant density on growth, yield and oil percentage of three sunflower hybrids (Azargol, Alistar, Eroflor) an experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station of Myandoab in 2004. These hybrids were sown at four densities of 6, 8, 10 and 12 plants m-2 as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that dry matter accumulation (DM), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were increased with increasing plant density. By increment plant density, leaf area index (LAI) was slowly increased in early stages of growth but with beginning of plant rapid growth, increased dramatically. DM and CGR in Azargol and Eroflor were greater than Alistar. Analysis of variance showed that all traits were significantly affected by plant density. Yield per unit area, oil percentage and oil yield per unit area were increased, with increasing plant density. Although seed yield per plant at low densities was greater than that of high densities, but this increment was not enough for compensating the reduction of yield due to low density.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1512_b61e012cbcaa051531f8ac07158e002b.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Modeling and Calculation of Power Consumption of Sahand 68s Combine for Harvesting Wheat (Alvand Variety) Modeling and Calculation of Power Consumption of Sahand 68s Combine for Harvesting Wheat (Alvand Variety) 41 59 1513 FA SH Abdollahpour HR Ghassemzadeh S Zaree Journal Article 2014 06 16 Energy is an important input in agriculture and harvesting operation of grain crops constitutes a major part of total energy input. Hence, calculation of power consumption for this operation to minimize power loss is essential. In the present research, an appropriate model for calculation of Sahand 68s combine power requirement was given and the the power consumption of the combine for harvesting of wheat (Alvand variety) in Tabriz was calculated. In the proposed model, geometric as well as functional parameters along with crop conditions were considered. For the purpose of power consumption calculation it is necessary to determine power consumption in combine's individual components such ates reel, cutter bar, platform conveyor, feeder conveyor, thresher, straw walker, blower, sieves, grain-conveying unit, tailings feed unit, traction unit and bearing friction energy losses in different parts. Results showed that the total power consumption of Sahand 68s combine for harvesting of wheat (Alvand variety) in Tabriz is 88.472 hp. Calculations also indicated that threshing cylinder with 54.035 hp was the highest power consuming unit among the working units of the combine followed by traction, straw walker, cutter bar, reel, blower, sieves, grain-conveying unit and finally feeder conveyor with 0.0217 the lowest . Energy is an important input in agriculture and harvesting operation of grain crops constitutes a major part of total energy input. Hence, calculation of power consumption for this operation to minimize power loss is essential. In the present research, an appropriate model for calculation of Sahand 68s combine power requirement was given and the the power consumption of the combine for harvesting of wheat (Alvand variety) in Tabriz was calculated. In the proposed model, geometric as well as functional parameters along with crop conditions were considered. For the purpose of power consumption calculation it is necessary to determine power consumption in combine's individual components such ates reel, cutter bar, platform conveyor, feeder conveyor, thresher, straw walker, blower, sieves, grain-conveying unit, tailings feed unit, traction unit and bearing friction energy losses in different parts. Results showed that the total power consumption of Sahand 68s combine for harvesting of wheat (Alvand variety) in Tabriz is 88.472 hp. Calculations also indicated that threshing cylinder with 54.035 hp was the highest power consuming unit among the working units of the combine followed by traction, straw walker, cutter bar, reel, blower, sieves, grain-conveying unit and finally feeder conveyor with 0.0217 the lowest .

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1513_9306db6e5ae5fea8a184cdc9542cc4f7.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Determining a Suitable Mathematical Model to Predict the Repair and Maintenance Costs of Earthmoving Machines (Crawler tractor) Determining a Suitable Mathematical Model to Predict the Repair and Maintenance Costs of Earthmoving Machines (Crawler tractor) 61 72 1523 FA H Ghaffari Kh Mohammadi-Ghermezgholi R Fellegari Y Ajabshirchi M Dolat-Alizadeh Journal Article 2014 06 18 Repair and maintenance expenses as one of the variable costs, are necessary for improving the quality and quantity of machine performance. Records of such costs, can be affect predicting repair and maintenance expenditures. Mathematical modeling reduces the volume of these data and provide a better and more percision economical planning for managers. In order to fit those data and obtaining the relationship between accumulated hours of work and repair and maintenance costs, this study was conducted on selected 16 crawler tractors which are active in Earthmoving operations in the co-operative of Jahad Nasr in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. Required information including operation hours and all costs by considering inflation rates were gathered over the period of ten years from 1997 to 2006. The regression analysis was done on four mathematical models (linear, quadratic, exponential and power), based on significance of coefficients for these models and maximum of . Therefore, the best and final model was quadratic which predicts lower costs than the other models mentioned previously. The reason may be atributed to the nature of quadratic model as well as the lower wages of repair and maintenance personnels in the region. Repair and maintenance expenses as one of the variable costs, are necessary for improving the quality and quantity of machine performance. Records of such costs, can be affect predicting repair and maintenance expenditures. Mathematical modeling reduces the volume of these data and provide a better and more percision economical planning for managers. In order to fit those data and obtaining the relationship between accumulated hours of work and repair and maintenance costs, this study was conducted on selected 16 crawler tractors which are active in Earthmoving operations in the co-operative of Jahad Nasr in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. Required information including operation hours and all costs by considering inflation rates were gathered over the period of ten years from 1997 to 2006. The regression analysis was done on four mathematical models (linear, quadratic, exponential and power), based on significance of coefficients for these models and maximum of . Therefore, the best and final model was quadratic which predicts lower costs than the other models mentioned previously. The reason may be atributed to the nature of quadratic model as well as the lower wages of repair and maintenance personnels in the region.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1523_cd8c8fe1ea92e65498d8e6718b267835.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Seasonal Fluctuations in Egg Parasitoid Fauna of Sunn-Pest Eurygaster integriceps Puton in Wheat Fields of New Bonab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran Seasonal Fluctuations in Egg Parasitoid Fauna of Sunn-Pest Eurygaster integriceps Puton in Wheat Fields of New Bonab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran 73 83 1524 FA Z Nozad Bonab Sh Iranipour Journal Article 2014 06 18 Regarding strategic importance of wheat and occurrence of sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton), as an important pest of wheat in Iran, an efficient IPM program against the pest is needed for an acceptable production. Since natural enemies are one of the most important components in IPM programs, their identification is necessary for augmentation as well as conservation and enhancement purposes. Egg parasitoids are the most important biological control agents of sunn pest. Thus, identifying the combination of the species as well as studying their seasonal fluctuations were carried out in summer 2008 in New Bonab county, East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Egg traps were used for this purpose. Five species of the egg parasitoids belonging to Scelionidae and Encyrtidae were collected. Total parasitism rate was 2.6-22.59% (12.23% at average) in different dates. Trissolcus grandis (Thomson), Ooencyrtus fecundus Ferriere & Voegele and O. telenomicida (Vassiljev)were the most abundant species at different period of the season. This is the first record of O. fecundus from Iran. The other less frequent species were T. semistriatus (Nees), and T. djadetshko (Rjachovsky). T. grandis was the first species that observed in spring with a maximum parasitism rate of 12.76%. The two Ooencyrtus species however, preceded it at summer (Ooencyrtus fecundus, and O. telenomicida with maximum parasitism rates of 13.8 and 13.47%, respectively in different dates in July). There were significant difference of parasitism rates in different geographical parts of the area as the parasitism rate in the eastern fields was found higher than both southern and western ones. It seems that climatic factors are responsible for the observed changes both spatially and temporally and may act directly on the parasitoids or indirectly on hosts. Regarding strategic importance of wheat and occurrence of sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton), as an important pest of wheat in Iran, an efficient IPM program against the pest is needed for an acceptable production. Since natural enemies are one of the most important components in IPM programs, their identification is necessary for augmentation as well as conservation and enhancement purposes. Egg parasitoids are the most important biological control agents of sunn pest. Thus, identifying the combination of the species as well as studying their seasonal fluctuations were carried out in summer 2008 in New Bonab county, East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Egg traps were used for this purpose. Five species of the egg parasitoids belonging to Scelionidae and Encyrtidae were collected. Total parasitism rate was 2.6-22.59% (12.23% at average) in different dates. Trissolcus grandis (Thomson), Ooencyrtus fecundus Ferriere & Voegele and O. telenomicida (Vassiljev)were the most abundant species at different period of the season. This is the first record of O. fecundus from Iran. The other less frequent species were T. semistriatus (Nees), and T. djadetshko (Rjachovsky). T. grandis was the first species that observed in spring with a maximum parasitism rate of 12.76%. The two Ooencyrtus species however, preceded it at summer (Ooencyrtus fecundus, and O. telenomicida with maximum parasitism rates of 13.8 and 13.47%, respectively in different dates in July). There were significant difference of parasitism rates in different geographical parts of the area as the parasitism rate in the eastern fields was found higher than both southern and western ones. It seems that climatic factors are responsible for the observed changes both spatially and temporally and may act directly on the parasitoids or indirectly on hosts.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1524_89199ad31e0719050572b0025b00db69.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Optimum Cropping Pattern Analysis with Risk Factor Consideration and Water Use Standards of Kordistan Regional Water Company (Case Study: 150 Hectares Farm Area in Ghorveh Plain, Iran) Optimum Cropping Pattern Analysis with Risk Factor Consideration and Water Use Standards of Kordistan Regional Water Company (Case Study: 150 Hectares Farm Area in Ghorveh Plain, Iran) 85 96 1525 FA R Fellegari Journal Article 2014 06 18 In large farms' management, especially under multi-production conditions, obtaining a combination of crop production with maximum income, has always been of prominent importance; especially if compulsive limitations and the risk of various activities has to be considered. Generarally, farmers deal with two types of risks, namely, economic and weather. Target-Motad is a kind of mathematical programming model which enters risk in decisions for planning farm activities. The main feature of this model is that the risk for separate activities is calculated by negative deviation of a determined efficiency (gross revenue), as the total product of the expected efficiencies. Ghorveh plain is a suitable agricultural land in which the problem of water surface lessening is encompassed. Recent years' excess usage of water resource and droughts has provoked Kordistan Province Regional Water Company to exert limitations for preventing further excessive water extraction from wells. In this study, the analysis of optimum cropping pattern under risk conditions with considering the exertive limitations is considered. Results show that if the farmers use the optimum cropping pattern in water limitation period, there will be only 1980 thousand Rials loss as compared with the situation where there is no water limitation. In large farms' management, especially under multi-production conditions, obtaining a combination of crop production with maximum income, has always been of prominent importance; especially if compulsive limitations and the risk of various activities has to be considered. Generarally, farmers deal with two types of risks, namely, economic and weather. Target-Motad is a kind of mathematical programming model which enters risk in decisions for planning farm activities. The main feature of this model is that the risk for separate activities is calculated by negative deviation of a determined efficiency (gross revenue), as the total product of the expected efficiencies. Ghorveh plain is a suitable agricultural land in which the problem of water surface lessening is encompassed. Recent years' excess usage of water resource and droughts has provoked Kordistan Province Regional Water Company to exert limitations for preventing further excessive water extraction from wells. In this study, the analysis of optimum cropping pattern under risk conditions with considering the exertive limitations is considered. Results show that if the farmers use the optimum cropping pattern in water limitation period, there will be only 1980 thousand Rials loss as compared with the situation where there is no water limitation.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1525_e6c53257783747731fe54ea9f1358426.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Critical Period of Natural Weed Interference on Barley Yield (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Makoei) Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Critical Period of Natural Weed Interference on Barley Yield (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Makoei) 97 112 1526 FA S Nasrollahzadeh S Zehtab Salmasi J Shafagh-Kolvanagh Journal Article 2014 06 18 Effects of nitrogen rates on critical period of natural weed interference and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were studied during 2006 and 2007 at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz, Iran. The experiment was carried out as split-plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen levels (0, 40, 60 and 120 kg/ha) were allocated to the main plots and 10 natural weed interference periods (two sets) were assigned to subplots. In the first set, the plots were kept weed-free up to Em (Emergence - 1st leaf emerged), El5 (5th leaf unfolded), Ti (Tillering - Main shoot and 3 tillers), Se (Stem elongation - 5th node detectable) and Ea em (Ear emergence - Emergence of head complete) growth stages (GS), corresponding to 10, 15, 23, 35 and 59 Zadok’s scales, respectively, by hand weeding. In the second set, plots were left weed infested up to the corresponding periods and subsequently kept weed free. Weed density was 161 plants per square meter in the control plots. Results showed that grain yield decreased with increasing weed interfrence duration. Full-season weed infestation decreased barley grain yield 42.51% as compared with the control. The constructed models indicated that in order to prevent a 5% grain yield loss, weeds at 0, 40, 80 and 120kg N/ha must be removed from the fields after 20.5, 29.6, 31.9 and 30.5 days from emergence (DAE), respectively. Barley required 130.5, 106.7, 105.2 and 109.8 days weed free period to prevent a 5% grain yield loss under given nitrogen rates, respectively. An increase in the nitrogen levels enhanced barley tolerance to weed infestation. The growth and grain yield of barley were also increased by nitrogen application in the sustainable level, however, weed dry weight was not affected. The absence or more reductions in nitrogen use may warrant more intensive weed management. Furthermore, more reductions in the nitrogen level before barley planting may cause the need for more immediate and long period weed control. Effects of nitrogen rates on critical period of natural weed interference and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were studied during 2006 and 2007 at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz, Iran. The experiment was carried out as split-plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen levels (0, 40, 60 and 120 kg/ha) were allocated to the main plots and 10 natural weed interference periods (two sets) were assigned to subplots. In the first set, the plots were kept weed-free up to Em (Emergence - 1st leaf emerged), El5 (5th leaf unfolded), Ti (Tillering - Main shoot and 3 tillers), Se (Stem elongation - 5th node detectable) and Ea em (Ear emergence - Emergence of head complete) growth stages (GS), corresponding to 10, 15, 23, 35 and 59 Zadok’s scales, respectively, by hand weeding. In the second set, plots were left weed infested up to the corresponding periods and subsequently kept weed free. Weed density was 161 plants per square meter in the control plots. Results showed that grain yield decreased with increasing weed interfrence duration. Full-season weed infestation decreased barley grain yield 42.51% as compared with the control. The constructed models indicated that in order to prevent a 5% grain yield loss, weeds at 0, 40, 80 and 120kg N/ha must be removed from the fields after 20.5, 29.6, 31.9 and 30.5 days from emergence (DAE), respectively. Barley required 130.5, 106.7, 105.2 and 109.8 days weed free period to prevent a 5% grain yield loss under given nitrogen rates, respectively. An increase in the nitrogen levels enhanced barley tolerance to weed infestation. The growth and grain yield of barley were also increased by nitrogen application in the sustainable level, however, weed dry weight was not affected. The absence or more reductions in nitrogen use may warrant more intensive weed management. Furthermore, more reductions in the nitrogen level before barley planting may cause the need for more immediate and long period weed control.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1526_a350a65fdc9fd8b6878aee65f0795228.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Effect of Row Spacing and Plant Density on Some Morphological Traits, Yield, Yield Components and Seed Protein in Two Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L .) Cultivars Effect of Row Spacing and Plant Density on Some Morphological Traits, Yield, Yield Components and Seed Protein in Two Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L .) Cultivars 113 126 1527 FA A Yeilagh Cheghakhor M Mesgarbashee R Mamghani M Nabipour Journal Article 2014 06 18 An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing and plant density on some morphological traits, yield, yield components and seed protein in two chickpea cutivars in 2007 -2008 at College of Agriculture, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The design of experiment was a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were devoted to a three row spacing (40 , 50 and 60 cm ), while minor plots assigned to two plant densites (25 and 35 plants per m2 ) as well as two cultivars (Arman and Hashem). Results showed that row spacing had no significant effect on all investigated traits. Howevere, number of pods/unit area, seed yield, biological yield and 100 seed weight were relatively smaller in row spacing of 60cm. Plant density had positive significant effect on number of pods/unit area, seed yield and biological yield, so that plant density of 35 plants/m2 has greatest yield. The number of branches were also significantly more in density of 25 plants/m2. Hashem cultivar had greatest plant height, first pod height and biological yield. So, Arman cultivar had maximum harvest index as compared with Hashem cultivar. Howevere, using combinded treatments of narrow row spacing (40 or 50 cm) and higher plant density (35 plants/m2) produced greatest seed yield in the two cultivars. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing and plant density on some morphological traits, yield, yield components and seed protein in two chickpea cutivars in 2007 -2008 at College of Agriculture, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The design of experiment was a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were devoted to a three row spacing (40 , 50 and 60 cm ), while minor plots assigned to two plant densites (25 and 35 plants per m2 ) as well as two cultivars (Arman and Hashem). Results showed that row spacing had no significant effect on all investigated traits. Howevere, number of pods/unit area, seed yield, biological yield and 100 seed weight were relatively smaller in row spacing of 60cm. Plant density had positive significant effect on number of pods/unit area, seed yield and biological yield, so that plant density of 35 plants/m2 has greatest yield. The number of branches were also significantly more in density of 25 plants/m2. Hashem cultivar had greatest plant height, first pod height and biological yield. So, Arman cultivar had maximum harvest index as compared with Hashem cultivar. Howevere, using combinded treatments of narrow row spacing (40 or 50 cm) and higher plant density (35 plants/m2) produced greatest seed yield in the two cultivars.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1527_37815a82259a5304c71ae292338cff6f.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Analysis of Fruit Skin Chlorophyll and Its Derivatives as a Valid Index in Determination of Commercial Maturity of Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Analysis of Fruit Skin Chlorophyll and Its Derivatives as a Valid Index in Determination of Commercial Maturity of Pear (Pyrus communis L.) 123 134 1528 FA L Doleh H Abdollahy M Hassanpour Asil Journal Article 2014 06 18 Fruit maturity at harvest is one of the most effective factors determining the increase of storage time and quality of pear fruit. One of the suitable fruit maturity indices during commercial harvest date of pear fruit is the change of its ground color. In this research, changes of proto-chlorophyll and its derivatives including a, b and total chlorophylls in 9 cultivars of pears namely: Spadona, Bartlett, Beyrouti , Dargazi, Dutchess, Shahmiveh, Felestini, Coscia and Louise Bonne during four different times, two weeks before commercial fruit maturity, commercial fruit maturity time, one and two months after fruit storage were evaluated. Measurement of chlorophyll was performed using spectrophotometric method and the amount of single spectrum light absorption under wave lengths of 625, 647, 664 nanometer. The most content of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll in commercial maturity stage and different stages of storage devoted to Spadona that have clear difference in comparison to the others, but Felestini cultivar shows the less extent of the above mentioned factors during different stages of the evaluation. Also, in all stages of the experiment, chlorophyll a was greater than chlorophyll b. In most cultivars, changes of chlorophyll showed clear downfall with low standard deviation during the four different times. Based on the results, it can be concluded that evaluation of skin chlorophyll and its changes are valid and usable indexes in determination of commercial maturity of fruit in understudy cultivars except Shahmiveh and Louise Bonne cultivars. Fruit maturity at harvest is one of the most effective factors determining the increase of storage time and quality of pear fruit. One of the suitable fruit maturity indices during commercial harvest date of pear fruit is the change of its ground color. In this research, changes of proto-chlorophyll and its derivatives including a, b and total chlorophylls in 9 cultivars of pears namely: Spadona, Bartlett, Beyrouti , Dargazi, Dutchess, Shahmiveh, Felestini, Coscia and Louise Bonne during four different times, two weeks before commercial fruit maturity, commercial fruit maturity time, one and two months after fruit storage were evaluated. Measurement of chlorophyll was performed using spectrophotometric method and the amount of single spectrum light absorption under wave lengths of 625, 647, 664 nanometer. The most content of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll in commercial maturity stage and different stages of storage devoted to Spadona that have clear difference in comparison to the others, but Felestini cultivar shows the less extent of the above mentioned factors during different stages of the evaluation. Also, in all stages of the experiment, chlorophyll a was greater than chlorophyll b. In most cultivars, changes of chlorophyll showed clear downfall with low standard deviation during the four different times. Based on the results, it can be concluded that evaluation of skin chlorophyll and its changes are valid and usable indexes in determination of commercial maturity of fruit in understudy cultivars except Shahmiveh and Louise Bonne cultivars.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1528_4f009db09f3bb0fcfa47d4d0f0e53368.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on NUE and Yield of Rapeseed )Brassica napus L.( as Second Crop in Paddy Fields Effects of Time and Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on NUE and Yield of Rapeseed )Brassica napus L.( as Second Crop in Paddy Fields 135 155 1529 FA P Tousi Kehal M Rabiee Journal Article 2014 06 18 To determine the proper nitrogen fertilizer rates and its application time for achieving to high nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of rapeseed cultivar Hyola 401, a research work was carried out at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during 2005-2007 cropping seasons. A factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was nitrogen fertilizer rate at five levels of 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 from urea source. Second factor was fertilizer application time at five levels of all fertilizer at planting; 1/3 at planting + 2/3 in stem elongation; 1/3 at planting + 1/3 in stem elongation + 1/3 before flowering; 1/3 in 3-4 leaf stages + 1/3 in stem elongation +1/3 before flowering and 1/4 at planting + 1/4 in 3-4 leaf stages +1/4 in stem elongation + 1/4 before flowering. In this experiment, some important traits such as oil content, oil and grain yields, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) and nitrogen apparent recovery fraction (NRF) were calculated. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed Significant difference was observed between nitrogen rates in all traits except in seed oil content. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 produced the maximum NAE, NUE and NPE with values of 12.45, 25.54 and 35.92 kg kg-1, respectively and application of 240 and 180 kg N ha-1 with average production of 2505 and 2596 kg ha-1, respectively showed the highest grain yield. Nitrogen application time of 1/3 at planting + 1/3 in stem elongation + 1/3 before flowering had the highest grain yield and NRF with average of 2155.3 kg ha-1 and 38.91 %. According to the results of the present experiment, it seems application of 180 kg N ha-1 produced the maximum NRF and grain and oil yields. Also, third application time decreases nitrogen loss resulting from leaching, denitrification and sublimation due to availability and proper use of nitrogen during plant growth and increases rapeseed yield by increase in nitrogen absorption. To determine the proper nitrogen fertilizer rates and its application time for achieving to high nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of rapeseed cultivar Hyola 401, a research work was carried out at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during 2005-2007 cropping seasons. A factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was nitrogen fertilizer rate at five levels of 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 from urea source. Second factor was fertilizer application time at five levels of all fertilizer at planting; 1/3 at planting + 2/3 in stem elongation; 1/3 at planting + 1/3 in stem elongation + 1/3 before flowering; 1/3 in 3-4 leaf stages + 1/3 in stem elongation +1/3 before flowering and 1/4 at planting + 1/4 in 3-4 leaf stages +1/4 in stem elongation + 1/4 before flowering. In this experiment, some important traits such as oil content, oil and grain yields, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) and nitrogen apparent recovery fraction (NRF) were calculated. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed Significant difference was observed between nitrogen rates in all traits except in seed oil content. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 produced the maximum NAE, NUE and NPE with values of 12.45, 25.54 and 35.92 kg kg-1, respectively and application of 240 and 180 kg N ha-1 with average production of 2505 and 2596 kg ha-1, respectively showed the highest grain yield. Nitrogen application time of 1/3 at planting + 1/3 in stem elongation + 1/3 before flowering had the highest grain yield and NRF with average of 2155.3 kg ha-1 and 38.91 %. According to the results of the present experiment, it seems application of 180 kg N ha-1 produced the maximum NRF and grain and oil yields. Also, third application time decreases nitrogen loss resulting from leaching, denitrification and sublimation due to availability and proper use of nitrogen during plant growth and increases rapeseed yield by increase in nitrogen absorption.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1529_0d12c92d29ccbcaf07b3cc9bcd2e252d.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 20 3 2010 10 23 Effect of Transplanting Date on Yield and Some Important Traits of Rapeseed Cultivars in Paddy Field of Guilan -Iran Effect of Transplanting Date on Yield and Some Important Traits of Rapeseed Cultivars in Paddy Field of Guilan -Iran 153 173 1530 FA M Rabiee F Alinia P Tousi Kehal Journal Article 2014 06 18 The effect of transplanting date on yield and some important traits of promising rapeseed cultivars was investigated in paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during 2004-2007 cropping seasons for three years. The experiment was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Five transplanting dates of October 23, November 6 and 22 and December 6 and 21 were arranged in main plots and four rapeseed cultivars, Hyola 401, Hyola 308, RGS003 and PF7045/91 were included in main and sub plots, respectively. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that significant differences exist between the cropping years, transplanting dates and rapeseed cultivars in most traits. Second planting date produced the highest grain, oil and biological yields with averages of 2740, 1208 and 8125Kg ha-1, respectively. Among the cultivars, Hyola 401 with averages of 2852, 1265 and 8284 Kg ha-1, produced the highest grain, oil and biological yields, respectively. Second planting date produced the highest harvest index with average of 33.95% and fifth planting date produced the lowest harvest index with average of 30.20%. Hyola 308 cultivar with average of 173.8 days for maturity was in the first rank. The highest growth period was observed for first planting date and PF7045/91 cultivar with average of 208 days. Hyola 401 with average of 5.30 cm and Hyola 308 with average of 5.26 cm produced the highest silique length. First planting date produced the highest plant height with average of 135.1 cm and PF7045/91 cultivar produced the highest plant height and height of the lowest silique branch. Based on the results, it seems that the transplanting method for rapeseed cultivars in optimum time (October 23 to November 22) can be an effective method in canola culture in Guilan province, and will produce the highest grain yield and harvest index. The effect of transplanting date on yield and some important traits of promising rapeseed cultivars was investigated in paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during 2004-2007 cropping seasons for three years. The experiment was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Five transplanting dates of October 23, November 6 and 22 and December 6 and 21 were arranged in main plots and four rapeseed cultivars, Hyola 401, Hyola 308, RGS003 and PF7045/91 were included in main and sub plots, respectively. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that significant differences exist between the cropping years, transplanting dates and rapeseed cultivars in most traits. Second planting date produced the highest grain, oil and biological yields with averages of 2740, 1208 and 8125Kg ha-1, respectively. Among the cultivars, Hyola 401 with averages of 2852, 1265 and 8284 Kg ha-1, produced the highest grain, oil and biological yields, respectively. Second planting date produced the highest harvest index with average of 33.95% and fifth planting date produced the lowest harvest index with average of 30.20%. Hyola 308 cultivar with average of 173.8 days for maturity was in the first rank. The highest growth period was observed for first planting date and PF7045/91 cultivar with average of 208 days. Hyola 401 with average of 5.30 cm and Hyola 308 with average of 5.26 cm produced the highest silique length. First planting date produced the highest plant height with average of 135.1 cm and PF7045/91 cultivar produced the highest plant height and height of the lowest silique branch. Based on the results, it seems that the transplanting method for rapeseed cultivars in optimum time (October 23 to November 22) can be an effective method in canola culture in Guilan province, and will produce the highest grain yield and harvest index.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1530_9deb185e7de0057f4fc7e0e2b7cc8e8e.pdf