University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Soybean Response to Nitrogen Application Rates in Conventional, Organic and Integrated Fertilizing System Soybean Response to Nitrogen Application Rates in Conventional, Organic and Integrated Fertilizing System 1 18 1711 FA AH Rafiei M Aghaalikhani SAM Modares Sanavy Journal Article 2012 07 15 Abstract In order to study the effect of different nutrition systems and nitrogen rates on some quantitative and qualitative traits of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill var Williams) grain yield, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University on 2010 growth season. Factorial arrangement of treatments was arranged within RCBD with three replications. The experimental factors were different nutrition systems (Organic, Integrated, Conventional) and nitrogen rates (100, 150 and 200 kg/ha). In organic and conventional systems, nitrogen were obtained the form of zeoponix and urea, respectively. The results showed that the highest grain yield (5650 kg/ha) obtained from integrated nutrition system and in contrast, organic nutrition system produced the lowest grain yield (2617 kg/ha). The highest oil yield (1469 kg/ha) was obtained under interaction of integrated nutrition system and 150 kg/ha nitrogen and lowest oil yield (585 kg/ha) was produced with 100 kg/ha nitrogen in the organic nutrition system. Regarding to the effect of N rates on soybean grain yield, the grain yield increased by increasing the nitrogen rate in such a manner, amount of 200 kgN.ha-1 obtained the highest yield(4780 kg/ha) and application of 100 kgN.ha-1 produced lowest yield(3827 kg/ha). According to our finding, application of integrated nutrition system in soybean along using 150 kg/ha nitrogen with no rhyzobiom inoculation, could encourage the sustainable agriculture goals throughout reduced chemical nitrogen and increase soybean grain yield and quality. Abstract In order to study the effect of different nutrition systems and nitrogen rates on some quantitative and qualitative traits of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill var Williams) grain yield, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University on 2010 growth season. Factorial arrangement of treatments was arranged within RCBD with three replications. The experimental factors were different nutrition systems (Organic, Integrated, Conventional) and nitrogen rates (100, 150 and 200 kg/ha). In organic and conventional systems, nitrogen were obtained the form of zeoponix and urea, respectively. The results showed that the highest grain yield (5650 kg/ha) obtained from integrated nutrition system and in contrast, organic nutrition system produced the lowest grain yield (2617 kg/ha). The highest oil yield (1469 kg/ha) was obtained under interaction of integrated nutrition system and 150 kg/ha nitrogen and lowest oil yield (585 kg/ha) was produced with 100 kg/ha nitrogen in the organic nutrition system. Regarding to the effect of N rates on soybean grain yield, the grain yield increased by increasing the nitrogen rate in such a manner, amount of 200 kgN.ha-1 obtained the highest yield(4780 kg/ha) and application of 100 kgN.ha-1 produced lowest yield(3827 kg/ha). According to our finding, application of integrated nutrition system in soybean along using 150 kg/ha nitrogen with no rhyzobiom inoculation, could encourage the sustainable agriculture goals throughout reduced chemical nitrogen and increase soybean grain yield and quality.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1711_bdca7a40af5a0fe41c16b13554bd08ab.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 The Effect of Bio-fertilizer (Phosphate Barvar2) on Onion (Allium cepa L.) The Effect of Bio-fertilizer (Phosphate Barvar2) on Onion (Allium cepa L.) 19 30 1712 FA SA Bolandnazar S Khorsandi M Adlipoor Journal Article 2012 09 04 Abstract In order to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizer (Phosphate barvar 2) on yield and quality of four onion cultivars (Azar shahr, Horand, Tassuj and Rosita), a factorial experiment was carried out based on Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. Data analysis showed that interaction effect of bio-fertilizer treatment and onion cultivars on the most traits of onion such as bulbing index, fresh and dry weight of bulbs and bulb yield was significant. Whereas there was no significant difference in aspect of edible scale and bulb center number and bulb total soluble solids (TSS) among treatments. The highest bulbing index was observed in bio-fertilizer inoculated Azar shahr cultivar that is indicating of earliness in bulb formation. Application of bio-fertilizer led to improvement of bulb diameter, so the greatest and smallest bulb were observed in inoculated Tassuj (10 cm) and un-inoculated Rosita (4 cm), respectively. The highest bulb yield was produced by Phosphate barvar 2 inoculated Tassuj cv. (70 T/ha). However there was no significant difference between this treatment and Azar shahr inoculated and un-inoculated plants. Totally our result indicated that presence of Phosphate barvar 2 had positive effects on onion growth and yield. Abstract In order to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizer (Phosphate barvar 2) on yield and quality of four onion cultivars (Azar shahr, Horand, Tassuj and Rosita), a factorial experiment was carried out based on Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. Data analysis showed that interaction effect of bio-fertilizer treatment and onion cultivars on the most traits of onion such as bulbing index, fresh and dry weight of bulbs and bulb yield was significant. Whereas there was no significant difference in aspect of edible scale and bulb center number and bulb total soluble solids (TSS) among treatments. The highest bulbing index was observed in bio-fertilizer inoculated Azar shahr cultivar that is indicating of earliness in bulb formation. Application of bio-fertilizer led to improvement of bulb diameter, so the greatest and smallest bulb were observed in inoculated Tassuj (10 cm) and un-inoculated Rosita (4 cm), respectively. The highest bulb yield was produced by Phosphate barvar 2 inoculated Tassuj cv. (70 T/ha). However there was no significant difference between this treatment and Azar shahr inoculated and un-inoculated plants. Totally our result indicated that presence of Phosphate barvar 2 had positive effects on onion growth and yield.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1712_e672f7eab05c8769a8976ebc938a5cd7.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Effect of Tillage Methods and Residuals Management on Some Physical Properties of Soil to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture Effect of Tillage Methods and Residuals Management on Some Physical Properties of Soil to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture 31 40 1713 FA M Chegeni Sh Ansari-dust H Eskandari Journal Article 2012 07 15 Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Susa during 2008-2009 growing season to evaluate the effect of conservation and conventional tillage systems on some physical properties of soil including, residuals return, bulk density, organic matter percentage, soil moisture content and soil permeability. The experiment was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of T1: residuals burning+ moldboard plow+ two times disk; T2: residuals keeping+ moldboard plow+ two times disk; T3: residuals keeping+ chisel plow+ two times disk; T4: residuals keepings+ two perpendicular disks and T5: no tillage. Results showed that tillage methods had significant effect on studied traits where tillage systems in which moldboard plow was used bulk density was significantly lower than other treatments. Albeit, using moldboard plow resulted in lower residuals on soil surface compared to chisel, all tillage methods, except conventional tillage where residuals were burnt, considered as good treatments respect to the suggestion of keeping 30 % of remains on soil surface. Regarding soil moisture content, using moldboard plow resulted in more soil water conservation and more water penetration into soil. Generally, with respect to the shortage of organic matter in the soil and, also, the soil condition of rejoin, using moldboard plow+ two times disks+ keeping residuals on soil surface can be suggested for preparation of seed bed. Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Susa during 2008-2009 growing season to evaluate the effect of conservation and conventional tillage systems on some physical properties of soil including, residuals return, bulk density, organic matter percentage, soil moisture content and soil permeability. The experiment was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of T1: residuals burning+ moldboard plow+ two times disk; T2: residuals keeping+ moldboard plow+ two times disk; T3: residuals keeping+ chisel plow+ two times disk; T4: residuals keepings+ two perpendicular disks and T5: no tillage. Results showed that tillage methods had significant effect on studied traits where tillage systems in which moldboard plow was used bulk density was significantly lower than other treatments. Albeit, using moldboard plow resulted in lower residuals on soil surface compared to chisel, all tillage methods, except conventional tillage where residuals were burnt, considered as good treatments respect to the suggestion of keeping 30 % of remains on soil surface. Regarding soil moisture content, using moldboard plow resulted in more soil water conservation and more water penetration into soil. Generally, with respect to the shortage of organic matter in the soil and, also, the soil condition of rejoin, using moldboard plow+ two times disks+ keeping residuals on soil surface can be suggested for preparation of seed bed.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1713_cefe80f245189010160ff94bbde5eb80.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Determination of Crop Pattern with Emphasis on Sustainable Agriculture in the Lands Below the Alavian Dam and its Network Determination of Crop Pattern with Emphasis on Sustainable Agriculture in the Lands Below the Alavian Dam and its Network 41 54 1714 FA J Hosseinzad A Namvar B Hayati S Pishbahar Journal Article 2012 07 15 Abstract Allocation of production factors is closer to reality of sustainable agriculture if this allocation accompanied by economic, social and environmental goals. In recent years the use of excessive and unreasonable chemicals in agriculture has led to soil and water pollution and also cause to human disease. Also Irregular usage of water and using inappropriate methods of irrigation has caused many environmental and economic problems. Therefore, the supply of this vital resource is limited. Adverse effects of chemicals uses in many parts of Iran’s rural are considered. The lands under Alavian dam (Maragheh- Bonab plain) are one of these areas, that every year a large amount of harmful chemicals used there. Accordingly, the present study was to optimize the pattern of cultivated crops with emphasis on some important objectives of sustainable agriculture. To achieve the objectives of this study we use from multiobjective fractional programming. Although the income that obtain from fractional programming model be less than current situation’s income but with considering the negative effects of the current unstable situation and a lot of indirect costs on society, environment and agriculture it would be justifiable. Also if we use fractional programming pattern, there will be no shortage of water consumption in region and also consumption of harmful chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides would be minimal. Abstract Allocation of production factors is closer to reality of sustainable agriculture if this allocation accompanied by economic, social and environmental goals. In recent years the use of excessive and unreasonable chemicals in agriculture has led to soil and water pollution and also cause to human disease. Also Irregular usage of water and using inappropriate methods of irrigation has caused many environmental and economic problems. Therefore, the supply of this vital resource is limited. Adverse effects of chemicals uses in many parts of Iran’s rural are considered. The lands under Alavian dam (Maragheh- Bonab plain) are one of these areas, that every year a large amount of harmful chemicals used there. Accordingly, the present study was to optimize the pattern of cultivated crops with emphasis on some important objectives of sustainable agriculture. To achieve the objectives of this study we use from multiobjective fractional programming. Although the income that obtain from fractional programming model be less than current situation’s income but with considering the negative effects of the current unstable situation and a lot of indirect costs on society, environment and agriculture it would be justifiable. Also if we use fractional programming pattern, there will be no shortage of water consumption in region and also consumption of harmful chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides would be minimal.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1714_05224085c9f8fdd562918f39cfc841da.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Measurement the Employing Rate of Organic Agricultural Technologies by Potato Growers in : Fereidan Township Measurement the Employing Rate of Organic Agricultural Technologies by Potato Growers in : Fereidan Township 55 71 1738 FA A Ghadimi H Shaabanali A Assadi Journal Article 2012 12 24 Abstract Organic agriculture as a Sustainable agriculture is one of methods to decrease environmental problems and it is considered as a way to access to stable development of agriculture. Organic agriculture has introduced methods & technologies in accordance with stable agriculture principles to decrease farming environmental results which one of main purposes of agricultural policies in world is development of these methods & technologies. For this purpose, the main aim of this research is measurement the employing rate of organic agricultural technologies by potato Growers in Fariden township, which has been done by measuring method. The survey`s statistical population consisted of all potato growers in Fereidan township (N=14000), that 200 persons were selected according to Cochran formula using proportional categorized sampling. The required data were gathered through using questionnaires which its validity was endorsed by the academic members of development & management group of the University of Tehran and its reliability was verified according to calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.77-0.91). In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used. The results of research showed that most of potato growers in region of research have more tendency to cultivate organic potato & also most of potato growers have positive observation about organic agriculture but employing rate of organic agricultural technologies and methods by potato growers for potato cultivation was very rare and stability measurement of potato cultivation showed that potato cultivation is not in conformity with agricultural principles in region and most of potato growers according to stability level have located in relatively stable (19.5 %) and unstable levels (68 %). Abstract Organic agriculture as a Sustainable agriculture is one of methods to decrease environmental problems and it is considered as a way to access to stable development of agriculture. Organic agriculture has introduced methods & technologies in accordance with stable agriculture principles to decrease farming environmental results which one of main purposes of agricultural policies in world is development of these methods & technologies. For this purpose, the main aim of this research is measurement the employing rate of organic agricultural technologies by potato Growers in Fariden township, which has been done by measuring method. The survey`s statistical population consisted of all potato growers in Fereidan township (N=14000), that 200 persons were selected according to Cochran formula using proportional categorized sampling. The required data were gathered through using questionnaires which its validity was endorsed by the academic members of development & management group of the University of Tehran and its reliability was verified according to calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.77-0.91). In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used. The results of research showed that most of potato growers in region of research have more tendency to cultivate organic potato & also most of potato growers have positive observation about organic agriculture but employing rate of organic agricultural technologies and methods by potato growers for potato cultivation was very rare and stability measurement of potato cultivation showed that potato cultivation is not in conformity with agricultural principles in region and most of potato growers according to stability level have located in relatively stable (19.5 %) and unstable levels (68 %).

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1738_cc0e3779517c42b8f44e02a0c4ad7f40.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Effects of Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Distribution of Rangeland Species, Weeds and Sustainability of Species in Khalat Poshan Rangelands of Tabriz County Effects of Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Distribution of Rangeland Species, Weeds and Sustainability of Species in Khalat Poshan Rangelands of Tabriz County 73 83 1740 FA J Shafagh Kolvanagh E Abbasvand Journal Article 2013 04 26 Abstract Rangelands as natural ecosystems are consisted of enormous resources of genetic resources and plant species diversity. This diversity implies the rangeland stability against biotic and abiotic factors. In relation to the management of ecosystems, including rangeland ecosystems can be stated that sustainable management of their, is required to identification and assessment of spatial and temporal in its properties in order to optimal and sustainable utilization of resources. In order to study the effects of soil nutrients including Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) on dominant rangeland species and weeds distribution in Khalat Poshan rangelands of Tabriz County, fields experiment was conducted using grid sampling and the intersection lines between 20×40 m in 14 ha during 2012 spring. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to examine the relationship between NPK of soil and rangeland species distribution. In the analysis that was done, the first two CCA axes explained 85% of the variation in 18 dominant rangeland species distribution. The first axis had negative correlation with nitrogen and potassium content in the soil and had positive correlation with phosphorus content, while the second axis showed positively correlation with all three of these elements. Two species of bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.) and scariola (Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Sojak) had highest correlation with phosphorus content of soil, whereas the sainfoin (Onobrichis atropatana Boiss) of the plants that had negative correlation with phosphorus content of soil. salsify (Tragopogon kotsschys Boiss) and trigonella (Trigonella fischeriana Ser.) had highest correlation with potassium content of soil. Between the nutrients studied, the highest correlation was observed between soil nitrogen and potassium. In general it can be said that poverty, lack or imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential elements required by plants in rangeland, there by reducing of the useful and palatable pasture species and increased of invasive species and non palatable and the rangeland sustainability will afoul threat of serious injury. Therefore, the sustainable management palatable species of rangelands constant attention is necessary to the balance of NPK in rangelands soil. Abstract Rangelands as natural ecosystems are consisted of enormous resources of genetic resources and plant species diversity. This diversity implies the rangeland stability against biotic and abiotic factors. In relation to the management of ecosystems, including rangeland ecosystems can be stated that sustainable management of their, is required to identification and assessment of spatial and temporal in its properties in order to optimal and sustainable utilization of resources. In order to study the effects of soil nutrients including Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) on dominant rangeland species and weeds distribution in Khalat Poshan rangelands of Tabriz County, fields experiment was conducted using grid sampling and the intersection lines between 20×40 m in 14 ha during 2012 spring. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to examine the relationship between NPK of soil and rangeland species distribution. In the analysis that was done, the first two CCA axes explained 85% of the variation in 18 dominant rangeland species distribution. The first axis had negative correlation with nitrogen and potassium content in the soil and had positive correlation with phosphorus content, while the second axis showed positively correlation with all three of these elements. Two species of bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.) and scariola (Scariola orientalis (Boiss.) Sojak) had highest correlation with phosphorus content of soil, whereas the sainfoin (Onobrichis atropatana Boiss) of the plants that had negative correlation with phosphorus content of soil. salsify (Tragopogon kotsschys Boiss) and trigonella (Trigonella fischeriana Ser.) had highest correlation with potassium content of soil. Between the nutrients studied, the highest correlation was observed between soil nitrogen and potassium. In general it can be said that poverty, lack or imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential elements required by plants in rangeland, there by reducing of the useful and palatable pasture species and increased of invasive species and non palatable and the rangeland sustainability will afoul threat of serious injury. Therefore, the sustainable management palatable species of rangelands constant attention is necessary to the balance of NPK in rangelands soil.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1740_653ed87796cd89720c435765a8a73da9.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Evaluation of Nitrogen Rate and Weed Interference Duration on Wheat Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Evaluation of Nitrogen Rate and Weed Interference Duration on Wheat Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency 85 93 1741 FA HR Mohammaddoust Chamanabad B Pourmorad Kaleibar A Asghari M Mehdizadeh Journal Article 2013 05 15 Abstract Presence of weeds and crops together in agro-ecosystems requires the much attention intheselection of agricultural practices.This experiment conduced in 2009 to determine nitrogen requirement to take maximum winter wheat yield with weed interference at agricultural research site in agricultural college, university of Mohaghegh ardabili. The experiment was laid out as split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three nitrogen levels: [0 (control), 75 & 150 kgNha-1] and duration of weed interference [interference during all season growth (T75), interference for 50 days after April (T50) and weed control (T0)]. The experimental design was Split-plot design in randomized complete block with three replications. Results showed that in weed control plots, increasing the amount of nitrogen, grain yield increased from 2900 to 5128 kg ha-1. In weed interference, doubling the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased yield loss more than 2 times. In plots without weed interference, doubling the amount of nitrogen increased nitrogen use efficiency from 1.86 to 7.43. While the interaction of weeds and wheat declined nitrogen use efficiency. Abstract Presence of weeds and crops together in agro-ecosystems requires the much attention intheselection of agricultural practices.This experiment conduced in 2009 to determine nitrogen requirement to take maximum winter wheat yield with weed interference at agricultural research site in agricultural college, university of Mohaghegh ardabili. The experiment was laid out as split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three nitrogen levels: [0 (control), 75 & 150 kgNha-1] and duration of weed interference [interference during all season growth (T75), interference for 50 days after April (T50) and weed control (T0)]. The experimental design was Split-plot design in randomized complete block with three replications. Results showed that in weed control plots, increasing the amount of nitrogen, grain yield increased from 2900 to 5128 kg ha-1. In weed interference, doubling the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased yield loss more than 2 times. In plots without weed interference, doubling the amount of nitrogen increased nitrogen use efficiency from 1.86 to 7.43. While the interaction of weeds and wheat declined nitrogen use efficiency.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1741_09293b5bf71ca5a2e5af043f22312f0e.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 08 06 Using Reduced Rates of Trifluralin and Hand Weeding in Sustainable Weed Management of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Using Reduced Rates of Trifluralin and Hand Weeding in Sustainable Weed Management of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) 95 105 1790 FA R Amini A Yosefi Journal Article 2013 01 20 Abstract Using reduced rates of herbicide as integrated with hand weeding is one of the important strategies for sustainable weed management. In order to introduce a practical method for sustainable weed management of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was carried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The herbicide was applied preplant-incorporated at 0, 480, 960, 1440, and 1920 g a.i. ha-1. The second factor was supplementary weed control at two levels including one-hand weeding and no-hand weeding. A plot with whole season hand weeding was also included as check. Results showed that without weed control, fennel yield was decreased up to 88.2%, indicating the susceptibility of this plant to weed competition. Weed biomass and fennel yield loss were affected significantly by herbicide and hand weeding as well. Grass weeds were more susceptible to given rate of the herbicide compared with broadleaf weeds. Combination of herbicide with one hand weeding generally improved both grass and broadleaf weeds control. In spite of that, application of recommended rate of trifluralin (1440 g a.i. ha-1) with one hand weeding did not suppress yield loss, which in such treatment 13% yield loss was observed. Also, more effective herbicides and other non-chemical weed management approaches in integration with herbicides should be used in this medicinal plant. Abstract Using reduced rates of herbicide as integrated with hand weeding is one of the important strategies for sustainable weed management. In order to introduce a practical method for sustainable weed management of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), an experiment was carried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The herbicide was applied preplant-incorporated at 0, 480, 960, 1440, and 1920 g a.i. ha-1. The second factor was supplementary weed control at two levels including one-hand weeding and no-hand weeding. A plot with whole season hand weeding was also included as check. Results showed that without weed control, fennel yield was decreased up to 88.2%, indicating the susceptibility of this plant to weed competition. Weed biomass and fennel yield loss were affected significantly by herbicide and hand weeding as well. Grass weeds were more susceptible to given rate of the herbicide compared with broadleaf weeds. Combination of herbicide with one hand weeding generally improved both grass and broadleaf weeds control. In spite of that, application of recommended rate of trifluralin (1440 g a.i. ha-1) with one hand weeding did not suppress yield loss, which in such treatment 13% yield loss was observed. Also, more effective herbicides and other non-chemical weed management approaches in integration with herbicides should be used in this medicinal plant.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1790_4f9595e9ee0286ba6acdcd2b916a9656.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 07 23 Investigation on Biological Control of Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) with Fungal Pathogens Investigation on Biological Control of Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) with Fungal Pathogens 107 122 1791 FA N Moaven R Ghorbani R Rezaeian-Doloi Journal Article 2012 12 08 Abstract Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) is a noxious perennial weed in the family of Asteraceae which caused various problems in field crops, pastures, grasslands and orchards. For collecting fungal pathogens from this weed, as biocontrol agents, a survey was carried out during 2011-2012 in Mashhad and Chenaran areas (north east of Iran). The isolated fungal agents from infected Russian knapweeds were purified. After primary studies, three isolates of Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Puccinia acroptili as the most effective fungal pathogen on Russian knapweed, were selected for host range tests and further studies. Supplementary studies were conducted to evaluate their effect on the target host at different concentrations consisted of 104, 105, 106, 107 spores ml-1. In a separate experiment, the influence of colorless or black plastic cover and dew periods included of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 hours on disease expression by P. acroptili was studied. In host range test of P. acroptili no any symptom was detected on wheat, barley, conola, sugar beet, tomato, potato, cucumber, green bean, maize and alfalfa whereas, two other isolates induced disease on some of the tested crops. P. acroptili reduced the dry weight of 4-week old seedlings of A. repens by 61%, compare with control. The most sever disease symptoms on seedlings of the target host was obtained from treating with P. acroptili spores at 107 spores ml-1 and 48 hours dew period under black plastic. This treatment, compared with 3 hours dew period under colorless plastic cover, reduced dry weight of A. repens seedlings by 40%, and disease progress curve on the weed was evaluated 24.64%. Based on this research, P. acroptili could be considered as a promising biocontrol agent for Russian knapweed. Abstract Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) is a noxious perennial weed in the family of Asteraceae which caused various problems in field crops, pastures, grasslands and orchards. For collecting fungal pathogens from this weed, as biocontrol agents, a survey was carried out during 2011-2012 in Mashhad and Chenaran areas (north east of Iran). The isolated fungal agents from infected Russian knapweeds were purified. After primary studies, three isolates of Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Puccinia acroptili as the most effective fungal pathogen on Russian knapweed, were selected for host range tests and further studies. Supplementary studies were conducted to evaluate their effect on the target host at different concentrations consisted of 104, 105, 106, 107 spores ml-1. In a separate experiment, the influence of colorless or black plastic cover and dew periods included of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 hours on disease expression by P. acroptili was studied. In host range test of P. acroptili no any symptom was detected on wheat, barley, conola, sugar beet, tomato, potato, cucumber, green bean, maize and alfalfa whereas, two other isolates induced disease on some of the tested crops. P. acroptili reduced the dry weight of 4-week old seedlings of A. repens by 61%, compare with control. The most sever disease symptoms on seedlings of the target host was obtained from treating with P. acroptili spores at 107 spores ml-1 and 48 hours dew period under black plastic. This treatment, compared with 3 hours dew period under colorless plastic cover, reduced dry weight of A. repens seedlings by 40%, and disease progress curve on the weed was evaluated 24.64%. Based on this research, P. acroptili could be considered as a promising biocontrol agent for Russian knapweed.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1791_b5a41d653603bf59f49132fcd44f6d4e.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2476-4310 24 2 2014 09 06 Study on the Biological Characteristics of Erysiphe necator (Syn. Uncinula necator), the Causal Agent of Grape Powdery Mildew Disease in Meshkinshahr Study on the Biological Characteristics of Erysiphe necator (Syn. Uncinula necator), the Causal Agent of Grape Powdery Mildew Disease in Meshkinshahr 123 133 1792 FA H Karbalaei Khiavi H Shikhlinski A Babai Ahari Journal Article 2012 05 21 Abstract Grape powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator, economicallyis one of the most important diseases of grapevine around the world including Iran, and it may cause considerable damage to vineyards under appropriate conditions for the disease progress. In order to study the biology of the causal agent as well as primary inoculums sources for the establishment of the epidemic, an experiment was carried out in the Meshkinshahr in 1387-1389. Results of the histopathological experiments showed that the fungus survives as mycelia in the dormant infected buds of the grapevine during the winter. Results on the study of the effect of environmental factors on the biology of the causal agent revealed that the temperature range between 16-19°C for 4 days and the relative humidity above 50% favor the growth and activity of the causal agent in the beginning of the growth season. Our results also showed that optimum temperature and relative humidity for the sporulation of the causal agent was 20-25°C and 50-100% respectively with weak light. Fungal conidia were trapped during the formation of 5-6 true leaves and after post bloom. Disease colonies were first observed in the fruit formation and buckshot berries stages. Fungal chasmothecia were observed abundantly at the end of growth season on the leaves, petioles and twigs but they were not able to survive during winter. Our results also revealed that ascospores were not pathogenic on young leaves. Abstract Grape powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator, economicallyis one of the most important diseases of grapevine around the world including Iran, and it may cause considerable damage to vineyards under appropriate conditions for the disease progress. In order to study the biology of the causal agent as well as primary inoculums sources for the establishment of the epidemic, an experiment was carried out in the Meshkinshahr in 1387-1389. Results of the histopathological experiments showed that the fungus survives as mycelia in the dormant infected buds of the grapevine during the winter. Results on the study of the effect of environmental factors on the biology of the causal agent revealed that the temperature range between 16-19°C for 4 days and the relative humidity above 50% favor the growth and activity of the causal agent in the beginning of the growth season. Our results also showed that optimum temperature and relative humidity for the sporulation of the causal agent was 20-25°C and 50-100% respectively with weak light. Fungal conidia were trapped during the formation of 5-6 true leaves and after post bloom. Disease colonies were first observed in the fruit formation and buckshot berries stages. Fungal chasmothecia were observed abundantly at the end of growth season on the leaves, petioles and twigs but they were not able to survive during winter. Our results also revealed that ascospores were not pathogenic on young leaves.

https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1792_3002a5d054ac87985f0c49d45bdc5fe3.pdf