University of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Agroecological Zoning of Wheat in the Borujen Watershed: Rianfed and Irrigated Wheat Cropping System EvaluationAgroecological Zoning of Wheat in the Borujen Watershed: Rianfed and Irrigated Wheat Cropping System Evaluation112801FAJSemiromi1 TaeiAGhanbariEAmiriAGhaffariBSiahsarShAyoubiJournal Article20110801Abstract <br />Agroecological zoning is multidisciplinary model that could be applied to create spatial database, due to evaluation and agricultural land use planning. This study was performed in order to evaluate the wheat cropping system with agroecological zoning methodology in the Borujen watershed. Therefore the long term daily climatic database was made from 18 synoptic and climatic stations that covered whole of study area. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated using ET Calculator software base on Penman-Montith method. The WOFOST model showed acceptable performance during validation for predicting yield and development stages of wheat cultivars under potential and water limited conditions. Wheat yield production was simulated for all stations, and then the outputs of model were interred to ArcGIS software setting. The output data of model was interpolated using Spline function for yield estimation overall study area. Results showed, mean potential yield of wheat was varied 6.2 to 6.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> overall study area, so that the central and northern east basins are more suitability for yield production in potential mod. Mean water limited yield of wheat was varied 2.4 to 3.7 t ha<sup>-1</sup> overall study area, so that the eastern south basins (Imam Qeis basin) are more suitable for wheat in rainfed or water limited conditions.The results of yield gap analysis in different wheat cropping systems performed on four different agro-ecological zones, include of Zone1: yield gaps = 4.2-6.2 Mg/ha, Zone 2: yield gaps = 3-3.6 Mg/ha, Zone 3: yield gaps < 2.4 Mg/ha, and Zone 4 is unsuitable area. Analysis of water balance pattern in the study area showed that, the main factors that affected on yield gap are rainfall distribution and low temperature during moisture growing period. This study demonstrates that WOFOST model has the good capability for wheat yield simulation in potential and water limited conditions and can be used as suitable approach to analyze the cropping systems at regional scales.Abstract <br />Agroecological zoning is multidisciplinary model that could be applied to create spatial database, due to evaluation and agricultural land use planning. This study was performed in order to evaluate the wheat cropping system with agroecological zoning methodology in the Borujen watershed. Therefore the long term daily climatic database was made from 18 synoptic and climatic stations that covered whole of study area. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated using ET Calculator software base on Penman-Montith method. The WOFOST model showed acceptable performance during validation for predicting yield and development stages of wheat cultivars under potential and water limited conditions. Wheat yield production was simulated for all stations, and then the outputs of model were interred to ArcGIS software setting. The output data of model was interpolated using Spline function for yield estimation overall study area. Results showed, mean potential yield of wheat was varied 6.2 to 6.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> overall study area, so that the central and northern east basins are more suitability for yield production in potential mod. Mean water limited yield of wheat was varied 2.4 to 3.7 t ha<sup>-1</sup> overall study area, so that the eastern south basins (Imam Qeis basin) are more suitable for wheat in rainfed or water limited conditions.The results of yield gap analysis in different wheat cropping systems performed on four different agro-ecological zones, include of Zone1: yield gaps = 4.2-6.2 Mg/ha, Zone 2: yield gaps = 3-3.6 Mg/ha, Zone 3: yield gaps < 2.4 Mg/ha, and Zone 4 is unsuitable area. Analysis of water balance pattern in the study area showed that, the main factors that affected on yield gap are rainfall distribution and low temperature during moisture growing period. This study demonstrates that WOFOST model has the good capability for wheat yield simulation in potential and water limited conditions and can be used as suitable approach to analyze the cropping systems at regional scales.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_801_79a6918b6a179521c3fc6d965c472bc0.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Effect of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) Interference on Yield of Canola (Brassica napus) and Weed Population Dynamic at Different Nitrogen levelsEffect of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) Interference on Yield of Canola (Brassica napus) and Weed Population Dynamic at Different Nitrogen levels1328829FAFatemehSoleymaniGoodarzAhmadvandBijanSaadatianJournal Article20140226This research was carried out as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, during 2008-2009. Experimental treatments were amounts of nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (100, 150, 200 and 250 kgN.ha<sup>-1</sup>) and five wild mustard densities (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 plants.m<sup>-2</sup>). Nitrogen fertilizer increased canola biological and economic yield. In whole nitrogen levels, increasing of wild mustard density and dry matter reduced biological and economic yield of canola. Also, in whole evaluated densities, wild mustard dry matter enhanced by more of nitrogen application. By increasing nitrogen up to 200 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, the initial slop of biological and grain yield loss of canola reduced in compared with plant density and dry matter of wild mustard. Wild mustard seed production variation in response to its plant density and dry matter showed a non-linear trend and enhancing of nitrogen application increased initial slope of wild mustard seed production. By increasing wild mustard plant density in each of four nitrogen levels, population growth rate of weed was reduced and there wasn’t very difference between 200 and 250 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. Dry matter of weed than its plant density was a better indicator to estimate reduction of biological and grain yield of canola and wild mustard seed production. According to obtained results, 200 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> is recommended for Hamedan and similar regions.
This research was carried out as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, during 2008-2009. Experimental treatments were amounts of nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (100, 150, 200 and 250 kgN.ha<sup>-1</sup>) and five wild mustard densities (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 plants.m<sup>-2</sup>). Nitrogen fertilizer increased canola biological and economic yield. In whole nitrogen levels, increasing of wild mustard density and dry matter reduced biological and economic yield of canola. Also, in whole evaluated densities, wild mustard dry matter enhanced by more of nitrogen application. By increasing nitrogen up to 200 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, the initial slop of biological and grain yield loss of canola reduced in compared with plant density and dry matter of wild mustard. Wild mustard seed production variation in response to its plant density and dry matter showed a non-linear trend and enhancing of nitrogen application increased initial slope of wild mustard seed production. By increasing wild mustard plant density in each of four nitrogen levels, population growth rate of weed was reduced and there wasn’t very difference between 200 and 250 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. Dry matter of weed than its plant density was a better indicator to estimate reduction of biological and grain yield of canola and wild mustard seed production. According to obtained results, 200 Kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> is recommended for Hamedan and similar regions.
https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_829_218b18ea30b1769555c3aa080fd4ad1a.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Investigating the Effectiveness of Credits Early Returns Firms in the Beekeeping IndustryInvestigating the Effectiveness of Credits Early Returns Firms in the Beekeeping Industry2944830FAMahdiShabanzadehNaserShahnoshiMahamoudDaneshvarMohammadGhorbaniMojtabaMojaverianJournal Article20140226<span>Supporting the establishment and development of small and medium economic enterprises is one of the basic priorities of the economic development programs in most countries<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> However, opponents and proponents have largely discussed the effectiveness of small and medium economic enterprises in Iran. With this approach, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of enterprises' early return and will review and evaluate the achievement of goals in the fields of sustainable employment, investment and profitability improvement. For examining these subject, early return enterprises, exploited in the beekeeper's sector in the city of Babol during 1386, were selected through a census (50 samples) and compared (using matching methods) with another group of firms that have not used the credits of the early return firms (52 samples). The results of this study revealed that employment and financial diversion of samples were very low<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> Furthermore, the results obtained from active firms revealed that these credits have had a positive impact on employment, short and long-term investment in this group of firms<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> However, the employment rate predicted in the projects, in the exploitation year, has not been fully achieved and the cost of intermediaries in this group of firms has increased without any significant effect on short and long-term profitability of this group of firms. According to the results this study, Establish a comprehensive information system, separating the two concepts of new Enterprises and old enterprises, created specialized banks to support small and medium enterprises and attention to the indirect effects the credit is proposed. Classification JEL: M51; H32; O16; C78 </span><span>Supporting the establishment and development of small and medium economic enterprises is one of the basic priorities of the economic development programs in most countries<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> However, opponents and proponents have largely discussed the effectiveness of small and medium economic enterprises in Iran. With this approach, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of enterprises' early return and will review and evaluate the achievement of goals in the fields of sustainable employment, investment and profitability improvement. For examining these subject, early return enterprises, exploited in the beekeeper's sector in the city of Babol during 1386, were selected through a census (50 samples) and compared (using matching methods) with another group of firms that have not used the credits of the early return firms (52 samples). The results of this study revealed that employment and financial diversion of samples were very low<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> Furthermore, the results obtained from active firms revealed that these credits have had a positive impact on employment, short and long-term investment in this group of firms<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> However, the employment rate predicted in the projects, in the exploitation year, has not been fully achieved and the cost of intermediaries in this group of firms has increased without any significant effect on short and long-term profitability of this group of firms. According to the results this study, Establish a comprehensive information system, separating the two concepts of new Enterprises and old enterprises, created specialized banks to support small and medium enterprises and attention to the indirect effects the credit is proposed. Classification JEL: M51; H32; O16; C78 </span>https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_830_4119c899e7ece775f721122db664fa5f.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Relationship Between Parasitism Rates in Egg Traps and Natural egg Populations of Sunn-pest Eurygaster Integriceps PutRelationship Between Parasitism Rates in Egg Traps and Natural egg Populations of Sunn-pest Eurygaster Integriceps Put4555831FAShahrzadIranipourAzizKharrazi PakdelJournal Article20140226Some researchers have been used sunn-pest egg traps for estimating parasitism rates or population changes of its egg parasitoids (belonging to Scelionidae and Encyrtidae). However, quantitative relationships of these data to absolute field counts have not been studied. It is felt so a need for standardizing this method. In this study, it was attempted to discover role of height as well as egg density per trap in catching parasitoids. For this purpose, a factorial experiment at a RCBD basis was run in five blocks with three levels of height (20, 40, and 70cm) and three levels of density (1, 2, and 4 clutches of eggs) in a field in Sharifabad, Varamin. Two observations for each treatment were included in each block. Experiment was repeated in two sequential weeks. Thus a series of egg-traps were placed each time, based on map of design and removed one week later. First trapping was carried out at April 24<sup>th</sup> and later one at May 1<sup>st</sup>. Rate of parasitism by <em>Trissolcus vassilievi</em> and <em>T.grandis</em> as well as overall parasitism were compared. In the first trapping, neither height nor density made an effect on parasitism. In second trapping however, it was observed a significant difference in %parasitism by <em>T.grandis</em> between traps placed at 20 and 70 cm, as 10.8% of first one vs. 34.4% of second one was attacked by this species. On the other hand a highly significant difference also was recorded between densities 1, and 2 egg masses, as 12.9 and 37.9% of respected densities was attacked by <em>T.vassilievi</em>. No significant difference was seen in overall parasitism in second time of trapping. Total rate of parasitism was 11.5 and ≈ 50% in two times of trapping respectively. It seems that there was a tendency toward top of wheat plants in <em>T.grandis</em> and in an opposite direction in <em>T.vassilievi</em>. This may be one of the components that separates two species niche and makes their co-existence possible. Significant biases were observed in traps both in parasitism percentage and natural combination of wasps. Some researchers have been used sunn-pest egg traps for estimating parasitism rates or population changes of its egg parasitoids (belonging to Scelionidae and Encyrtidae). However, quantitative relationships of these data to absolute field counts have not been studied. It is felt so a need for standardizing this method. In this study, it was attempted to discover role of height as well as egg density per trap in catching parasitoids. For this purpose, a factorial experiment at a RCBD basis was run in five blocks with three levels of height (20, 40, and 70cm) and three levels of density (1, 2, and 4 clutches of eggs) in a field in Sharifabad, Varamin. Two observations for each treatment were included in each block. Experiment was repeated in two sequential weeks. Thus a series of egg-traps were placed each time, based on map of design and removed one week later. First trapping was carried out at April 24<sup>th</sup> and later one at May 1<sup>st</sup>. Rate of parasitism by <em>Trissolcus vassilievi</em> and <em>T.grandis</em> as well as overall parasitism were compared. In the first trapping, neither height nor density made an effect on parasitism. In second trapping however, it was observed a significant difference in %parasitism by <em>T.grandis</em> between traps placed at 20 and 70 cm, as 10.8% of first one vs. 34.4% of second one was attacked by this species. On the other hand a highly significant difference also was recorded between densities 1, and 2 egg masses, as 12.9 and 37.9% of respected densities was attacked by <em>T.vassilievi</em>. No significant difference was seen in overall parasitism in second time of trapping. Total rate of parasitism was 11.5 and ≈ 50% in two times of trapping respectively. It seems that there was a tendency toward top of wheat plants in <em>T.grandis</em> and in an opposite direction in <em>T.vassilievi</em>. This may be one of the components that separates two species niche and makes their co-existence possible. Significant biases were observed in traps both in parasitism percentage and natural combination of wasps. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_831_a008a4736749771bb36f23bec1d5e63c.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Effect of Irrigation Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Three Fennel (Foenicolum vulgare L.) LandracesEffect of Irrigation Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Three Fennel (Foenicolum vulgare L.) Landraces5771832FAEsmaeilRezaei ChiyanehSaaidZehtab SalmasiKazemGhassemi GolezaniAbbasDelazarJournal Article20140226Increasing the use of medicinal plants and limitation of water resources for production of these plants reveal the necessity of identification of the adapted genotypes to stress condition. Thus, two field experiments were conducted during 2009 - 2011 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran, to evaluate response of Fennel Landraces to irrigation treatments. Experiments were arranged as split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications with irrigation treatments (Irrigation after 60 mm, 90 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan) in main plots and Landraces (Hamdan, Ezmir and Gaziantep) in subplots. Irrigation treatments had significant effects on all traits. Increasing irrigation intervals from 60 to 150 mm evaporation resulted in decreasing plant height, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, seeds per umbelet, 1000-seed weight, plant biomass and grain yield. But umbelets per umbel was increased. Grain yield of Ezmir landrace was higher than that of Gaziantep and Hamdan landraces. It seems that due to the limited sources of water in the region, irrigation after 90 mm evaporation and Ezmir landrace are suitable for fennel grain production. Increasing the use of medicinal plants and limitation of water resources for production of these plants reveal the necessity of identification of the adapted genotypes to stress condition. Thus, two field experiments were conducted during 2009 - 2011 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran, to evaluate response of Fennel Landraces to irrigation treatments. Experiments were arranged as split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications with irrigation treatments (Irrigation after 60 mm, 90 mm, 120 mm and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan) in main plots and Landraces (Hamdan, Ezmir and Gaziantep) in subplots. Irrigation treatments had significant effects on all traits. Increasing irrigation intervals from 60 to 150 mm evaporation resulted in decreasing plant height, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, seeds per umbelet, 1000-seed weight, plant biomass and grain yield. But umbelets per umbel was increased. Grain yield of Ezmir landrace was higher than that of Gaziantep and Hamdan landraces. It seems that due to the limited sources of water in the region, irrigation after 90 mm evaporation and Ezmir landrace are suitable for fennel grain production. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_832_943f98296ebd3ff8393e432df4b39fa6.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203term Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Amount of Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium and Growth Characteristics of Wheatterm Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Amount of Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium and Growth Characteristics of Wheat7186833FAAkramSefidkoohi1 AhmadpoorMahdiGhajar SepanlouMohammad AliBahmanyarJournal Article20140226For investigate the effects of applying three and five continuous periods of municipal solid waste (MSW) and vermicompost (VC) with and without chemical fertilizer (CF) on the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphor (P) and potassium (K) and some growth characteristics of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum line N-8118),</em> a pot experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots, was ten fertilizer levels including: control (without MSW and CF), chemical fertilizer based on soil test, 4 levels of MSW and 4 levels of VC (20 and 40 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup> without and with half of CF) and sub plots are applying 3 and 5 continuous periods of fertilizers. Results showed that, concentration of leaf N, P and K and also, height, number of tillers, leaf surface and amount of chlorophylls (a and a+b) of plant in booting with applying MSW and VC caused significant increasing compared to control. The highest amount of leaf area was resulted with applying 5 continuous periods of 20 ton MSW with half of CF, the maximum amount of chlorophylls (a, b, total and SPAD), number of tillers and leaf nitrogen content with application 40 ton VC enriched with half fertilizer and also, the maximum amount of P and K accumulated in leaf in 40 ton MSW enriched with half fertilizer treatment. Meanwhile, concentration of P and K, flag leaf and content of leaf chlorophyll (a and a+b) increased with increasing fertilizer use periods from 3 to 5. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying organic fertilizers especially composted form would have, useful effects on plant growth and increasing the concentration of N, P and K of wheat leaf.For investigate the effects of applying three and five continuous periods of municipal solid waste (MSW) and vermicompost (VC) with and without chemical fertilizer (CF) on the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphor (P) and potassium (K) and some growth characteristics of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum line N-8118),</em> a pot experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots, was ten fertilizer levels including: control (without MSW and CF), chemical fertilizer based on soil test, 4 levels of MSW and 4 levels of VC (20 and 40 ton.ha<sup>-1</sup> without and with half of CF) and sub plots are applying 3 and 5 continuous periods of fertilizers. Results showed that, concentration of leaf N, P and K and also, height, number of tillers, leaf surface and amount of chlorophylls (a and a+b) of plant in booting with applying MSW and VC caused significant increasing compared to control. The highest amount of leaf area was resulted with applying 5 continuous periods of 20 ton MSW with half of CF, the maximum amount of chlorophylls (a, b, total and SPAD), number of tillers and leaf nitrogen content with application 40 ton VC enriched with half fertilizer and also, the maximum amount of P and K accumulated in leaf in 40 ton MSW enriched with half fertilizer treatment. Meanwhile, concentration of P and K, flag leaf and content of leaf chlorophyll (a and a+b) increased with increasing fertilizer use periods from 3 to 5. Therefore, it can be concluded that applying organic fertilizers especially composted form would have, useful effects on plant growth and increasing the concentration of N, P and K of wheat leaf.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_833_30f164ab351c0b0b676906c79b141b64.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Determining and analyses Economic useful Life for Agricultural tractors in the West Azerbaijan provinceDetermining and analyses Economic useful Life for Agricultural tractors in the West Azerbaijan province8798834FASherminKarimiTrahomMesri GundoshmianNosratollahKhadem AlhosseinJournal Article20140226Estimating useful life of agricultural machines is the main factor in applications of these devices. Decision making about replacement of used farm equipment is one of the important items in farm machinery management. Repair and maintenance costs are related to tractor age and using hours. The useful life for all agricultural machines set was produced the tables in developed countries. This study was conducted to estimate useful life for agricultural tractors to estimate the repair and maintenance cost and suitable mathematical model in the West Azerbaijan province. The popular model in this area includes three models Massey Ferguson 285, Massey Ferguson 399 and universal U650. Obtained data was including, repair and maintenance costs, annual usage in the hours and initial purchase price. Amount of accumulated depreciation and capital and profits as accumulated capital costs and maintenance tractors calculated for each model and economic life of tractor, respectively.Estimating useful life of agricultural machines is the main factor in applications of these devices. Decision making about replacement of used farm equipment is one of the important items in farm machinery management. Repair and maintenance costs are related to tractor age and using hours. The useful life for all agricultural machines set was produced the tables in developed countries. This study was conducted to estimate useful life for agricultural tractors to estimate the repair and maintenance cost and suitable mathematical model in the West Azerbaijan province. The popular model in this area includes three models Massey Ferguson 285, Massey Ferguson 399 and universal U650. Obtained data was including, repair and maintenance costs, annual usage in the hours and initial purchase price. Amount of accumulated depreciation and capital and profits as accumulated capital costs and maintenance tractors calculated for each model and economic life of tractor, respectively.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_834_9b27b4231c5853bfc0abec134dec870d.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Response of Grain Yield and Yield Components of Triticale to Sowing Date and Plant DensityResponse of Grain Yield and Yield Components of Triticale to Sowing Date and Plant Density99110835FAParastooMoradiMohsenZavarehGholam RezaMohsenabadiMohammadRabieeJournal Article20140226 In order to study of sowing date and plant density on Triticale (<em>Tritico secale</em>), a field experiment was carried out under dry farming in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, during 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted as a RCBD based split-plot design with three replications. Experimental treatments included: Four sowing date (Sept. 21, Oct. 1, Oct. 10, and Oct. 20) as main plot and four plant density (275, 350, 425 and 500 plant/m<sup>2</sup> ) composed of as sub plots, respectively. Results indicated that plant density was significant effect on tiller number/plant. The highest number (13.6 tiller/ plant) was obtained in 275 plant/m<sup>2</sup> seed density. The results showed, spike length and plant dry matter was affected only by sowing date. The highest dry matter and the longest spike were produced on Sep. 21. Result of the experiment revealed that grain yield, spike number per plant and harvest index significantly affected by sowing date× plant density interaction. However, planting 500 plant/m<sup>2</sup> in Sept. 21 resulted to highest (5863 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) grain yield and 275 plant/m<sup>2</sup> seed in Oct. 21 resulted the lowest (3351.08 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). In order to study of sowing date and plant density on Triticale (<em>Tritico secale</em>), a field experiment was carried out under dry farming in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, during 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted as a RCBD based split-plot design with three replications. Experimental treatments included: Four sowing date (Sept. 21, Oct. 1, Oct. 10, and Oct. 20) as main plot and four plant density (275, 350, 425 and 500 plant/m<sup>2</sup> ) composed of as sub plots, respectively. Results indicated that plant density was significant effect on tiller number/plant. The highest number (13.6 tiller/ plant) was obtained in 275 plant/m<sup>2</sup> seed density. The results showed, spike length and plant dry matter was affected only by sowing date. The highest dry matter and the longest spike were produced on Sep. 21. Result of the experiment revealed that grain yield, spike number per plant and harvest index significantly affected by sowing date× plant density interaction. However, planting 500 plant/m<sup>2</sup> in Sept. 21 resulted to highest (5863 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) grain yield and 275 plant/m<sup>2</sup> seed in Oct. 21 resulted the lowest (3351.08 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup>). https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_835_285c5ffbee86efd4563c654b917fddef.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Combine Cleaning System Losses Control by Using of MOG Feed Rate Through ConcaveCombine Cleaning System Losses Control by Using of MOG Feed Rate Through Concave113123836FAAliMirzazadehShamsollahAbdollah PourMohammadMoghaddamKhosrowMohammadiJournal Article20140226 Although the mean of combine losses is about 4-5% in advanced countries, unfortunately in Iran is about 20% and higher. In order to obtain little loss it is necessary that product processes such as cutting, transporting, threshing, separation, etc. would be optimized. Expressing the equation of different parts of harvesting is the first step. Threshing is one of these processes which has more effect on combine performance. Reduction of MOG passing from concave could reduce the load on shoes that would increase cleaning system efficiency and decrease foreign materials in bin. Cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance rate and cylinder speed are parameters which were used in combine design and its performance evaluating too. In order to evaluating of these parameters effect on threshing performance, experiment was conducted in 4×3×3 factorial pattern with Randomized Blocks design. Independent variables in this experiment were cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance ratio and rotational velocity of threshing cylinder. MOG passing from concave was considered as dependent variable. Results showed that the effects of treatments on dependent variable were significant but interaction effects of them were not significant (P<0.01). As cutting height, feed rate and threshing clearance decreased, MOG passing increased. Also it (dependent parameter) was proportional with cylinder speed. Multiple regression was used to express relation between dependent and independent parameters. The most compatible model for MOG passing (y<sub>3</sub>) was as follows: y<sub>3 </sub>=exp(c<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub>+ c<sub>2</sub>x<sub>2</sub>+ c<sub>3</sub>x<sub>3</sub>+ c<sub>4</sub>x<sub>4</sub>) Which x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, x<sub>3</sub> and x<sub>4</sub> were cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance rate and speed of threshing cylinder respectively and c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub> and c<sub>4</sub> were constants. Although the mean of combine losses is about 4-5% in advanced countries, unfortunately in Iran is about 20% and higher. In order to obtain little loss it is necessary that product processes such as cutting, transporting, threshing, separation, etc. would be optimized. Expressing the equation of different parts of harvesting is the first step. Threshing is one of these processes which has more effect on combine performance. Reduction of MOG passing from concave could reduce the load on shoes that would increase cleaning system efficiency and decrease foreign materials in bin. Cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance rate and cylinder speed are parameters which were used in combine design and its performance evaluating too. In order to evaluating of these parameters effect on threshing performance, experiment was conducted in 4×3×3 factorial pattern with Randomized Blocks design. Independent variables in this experiment were cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance ratio and rotational velocity of threshing cylinder. MOG passing from concave was considered as dependent variable. Results showed that the effects of treatments on dependent variable were significant but interaction effects of them were not significant (P<0.01). As cutting height, feed rate and threshing clearance decreased, MOG passing increased. Also it (dependent parameter) was proportional with cylinder speed. Multiple regression was used to express relation between dependent and independent parameters. The most compatible model for MOG passing (y<sub>3</sub>) was as follows: y<sub>3 </sub>=exp(c<sub>1</sub>x<sub>1</sub>+ c<sub>2</sub>x<sub>2</sub>+ c<sub>3</sub>x<sub>3</sub>+ c<sub>4</sub>x<sub>4</sub>) Which x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, x<sub>3</sub> and x<sub>4</sub> were cutting height, feed rate, threshing clearance rate and speed of threshing cylinder respectively and c<sub>0</sub>, c<sub>1</sub>, c<sub>2</sub>, c<sub>3</sub> and c<sub>4</sub> were constants. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_836_3a8b12bda62e3e7fce0d52cb51a14bcc.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Survey of Technical Efficiency Strawberry Producers in the City of SanandajSurvey of Technical Efficiency Strawberry Producers in the City of Sanandaj125134837FAEsmaeilPishbaharAkbarNasiriJournal Article20140226Strawberry production in Kurdistan province, which produces more than 70 percent of the national production, is important from variety of aspects such as creation of employment and income for rural households. However, production in Kurdistan province has some problems; these had lead to that the production and yield, in this province, are far below the global average. The main objective of this study is "to determine the technical efficiency of different strawberry producers in the city of Sanandaj". For this purpose, the data collected from 129 cultivators by questionnaire in 1388-89 crop years. To achieve the objectives, the Translog production function and the estimation of simultaneous frontier production function and inefficiency have been used. The results showed that technical efficiency of farms of this product is between the range of 0.42 - 0.98, and the mean technical efficiency in about 0.83. The study inefficiency model also showed that the variables of "education", "sponsorship", "experience" and "number of weeding" had a negative effect on inefficiency, and the variables of "number of pieces", "age of plants" and "distance of plants" have a positive effect on the inefficiency.Strawberry production in Kurdistan province, which produces more than 70 percent of the national production, is important from variety of aspects such as creation of employment and income for rural households. However, production in Kurdistan province has some problems; these had lead to that the production and yield, in this province, are far below the global average. The main objective of this study is "to determine the technical efficiency of different strawberry producers in the city of Sanandaj". For this purpose, the data collected from 129 cultivators by questionnaire in 1388-89 crop years. To achieve the objectives, the Translog production function and the estimation of simultaneous frontier production function and inefficiency have been used. The results showed that technical efficiency of farms of this product is between the range of 0.42 - 0.98, and the mean technical efficiency in about 0.83. The study inefficiency model also showed that the variables of "education", "sponsorship", "experience" and "number of weeding" had a negative effect on inefficiency, and the variables of "number of pieces", "age of plants" and "distance of plants" have a positive effect on the inefficiency.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_837_24055c4af67deb360f8beb9d080dc6c2.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Evaluation of Drought Tolerance in Rice Varieties using Yield-based Indices at Vegetative and Reproductive StageEvaluation of Drought Tolerance in Rice Varieties using Yield-based Indices at Vegetative and Reproductive Stage135147838FAFatemehErfaniMajidShokrpourAliMomeniAbdorrahmanErfaniJournal Article20140226To evaluate drought tolerance of rice genotypes in vegetative and reproductive stages, an experiment was conducted in split plot design based on RCBD with two replications on research field of Rice Research Institute in 2008. Three levels of drought stress including normal irrigation (control), drought stress in vegetative and reproductive stages as main factor and 26 rice genotypes as sub-factor were applied. In this study, on the basis of yield performance in stressed and non-stressed environments, indices of mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (STI) and drought response index (DRI) were calculated. Analysis of variance for all indices showed significant difference among the genotypes at 0.01 probability level , which implies to exist genetic variation among genotypes. The index that select the genotypes which led to yield elevation under both normal and stress conditions, was considered as the best index. Accordingly, indices of STI and GMP were found to be the best indices for drought resistance selection. Regarding these criteria, the entries of Kadous, Sahel, Nemat, Danial and Line 8 were considered as the most tolerant genotypes. Results of principle component analysis displayed that varieties of Danial, Nemat and Sahel were tolerant and Line 30 and Domsiah were sensitive at both growth stage of rice.To evaluate drought tolerance of rice genotypes in vegetative and reproductive stages, an experiment was conducted in split plot design based on RCBD with two replications on research field of Rice Research Institute in 2008. Three levels of drought stress including normal irrigation (control), drought stress in vegetative and reproductive stages as main factor and 26 rice genotypes as sub-factor were applied. In this study, on the basis of yield performance in stressed and non-stressed environments, indices of mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (STI) and drought response index (DRI) were calculated. Analysis of variance for all indices showed significant difference among the genotypes at 0.01 probability level , which implies to exist genetic variation among genotypes. The index that select the genotypes which led to yield elevation under both normal and stress conditions, was considered as the best index. Accordingly, indices of STI and GMP were found to be the best indices for drought resistance selection. Regarding these criteria, the entries of Kadous, Sahel, Nemat, Danial and Line 8 were considered as the most tolerant genotypes. Results of principle component analysis displayed that varieties of Danial, Nemat and Sahel were tolerant and Line 30 and Domsiah were sensitive at both growth stage of rice.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_838_f476fac52b85239a113761e1b62978e6.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production2476-431022420130203Measuring of -1,3 Glucanase Activity in Trichoderma Virens Isolates and Selection of the Best Isolates for Biological Control of Cucumber Root RotMeasuring of -1,3 Glucanase Activity in Trichoderma Virens Isolates and Selection of the Best Isolates for Biological Control of Cucumber Root Rot149161839FAFatemehZavvariNazazollahSahebaniHasan RezaEtebarianJournal Article20140226In this study four isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> <em>virens</em> (<em>T.virens</em> 414, <em>T.vir</em>ens 414.8, <em>T.virens</em> 304 and <em>T.virens</em> 404.4) were compared based on extra cellular β-1,3 glucanase production and biological control of root rot cucumber (<em>Phytophthora</em> <em>drerchsleri</em>) in laboratory and green house experiments.The <em>in vitro </em>potential of those isolates were evaluated against <em>P.drechsleri</em> through production of volatile and dual culture. The pH (3, 5, 7, 8, 9) and temperature effects(5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40˚C) on <em>Trichoderma </em>mycelial growth were also evaluated. Colony growth rate of thease isolates were also studied in water agar culture medium containing carboxy methyle cellulose (CMC) and showed direct correlation with β-1,3 glucanase secretion. According to results <em>T. virens</em> 304 and <em>T. virens </em>414.8 were the best isolates in biocontrol of <em>. drechsleri</em>. Result also showed direct correlation between β-1,3 glucanase secretion and inhibition growth of <em>phytophthora</em> mycelium and reduction of <em>phytophthora</em> infection.In this study four isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> <em>virens</em> (<em>T.virens</em> 414, <em>T.vir</em>ens 414.8, <em>T.virens</em> 304 and <em>T.virens</em> 404.4) were compared based on extra cellular β-1,3 glucanase production and biological control of root rot cucumber (<em>Phytophthora</em> <em>drerchsleri</em>) in laboratory and green house experiments.The <em>in vitro </em>potential of those isolates were evaluated against <em>P.drechsleri</em> through production of volatile and dual culture. The pH (3, 5, 7, 8, 9) and temperature effects(5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40˚C) on <em>Trichoderma </em>mycelial growth were also evaluated. Colony growth rate of thease isolates were also studied in water agar culture medium containing carboxy methyle cellulose (CMC) and showed direct correlation with β-1,3 glucanase secretion. According to results <em>T. virens</em> 304 and <em>T. virens </em>414.8 were the best isolates in biocontrol of <em>. drechsleri</em>. Result also showed direct correlation between β-1,3 glucanase secretion and inhibition growth of <em>phytophthora</em> mycelium and reduction of <em>phytophthora</em> infection.https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_839_6bd69870e54247fc29edf460dfb85281.pdf