https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/ Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production en daily 1 Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 20 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21109.html Background &Objective: The use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost, mushroom waste compost and also biological fertilizers in the organic production of medicinal plants, in addition to providing part of the nutrients needed by the plant, also prevents soil pollution. Investigations on the use of seaweed and growing media as biofertilizers and its effect on the performance of medicinal plants have received less attention. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effect of organic growing medium and seaweed on growth indicators, yield and essential oil of savory plant (Satureja hortensis L.). Materials & Methods: This factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the Horticultural Science Greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The experimental treatments of the substrate included soil with a ratio of 1:2 soil and sand as a control, and the replacement ratios were 30% of vermicompost and 30% of spent mushroom compost, and other treatments included foliar spraying with seaweed extract at four levels. 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L) in another experiment Results: The results of the experiment showed that the effect of organic and biological fertilizers on vegetative growth indicators and qualitative traits was significant compared to the control.The highest value for physiological traits and content of phosphorus, nitrogen and most essential oil compounds was related to vermicompost bed and the lowest value of these traits was related to the control treatment.The most phosphorus (4417 mg/kg), nitrogen (3.93 %) was obtained for foliar spraying with a concentration (0.5 g/liter) of seaweed and vermicompost bed, as well as the highest amount of root dry weight (0.38 g) and Fe cocentration (623mg/kg) and the dry weight of aerial parts (4.30 gr) were related to the concentration of 1 g/liter of seaweed treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the organic fertilizers used, especially vermicompost, along with all the concentrations of seaweed fertilizer used, increased the vegetative yield compared to the control. According to the results of this research, the concentrations of seaweed fertilizer combined with vermicompost fertilizer and in some mushroom compost residues significantly increased the amount of essential compounds compared to the control, and the effect of lower concentrations was greater than higher concentrations.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21112.html Background and Objectives: The use of sulfur chemical fertilizer and Acidithiobacillus bacteria can improve the soil and enhance crop performance. Additionally, the simultaneous application of these fertilizers can decrease soil pH and improve the absorption of nutrients. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sulfur fertilizer and Acidithiobacillus levels on potato tuber yield and some soil nutrients.   Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019. The experimental factors included sulfur fertilizer levels (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kg. ha-1) and Acidithiobacillus bacteria levels (inoculation and non-inoculation). In this experiment, traits such as weight and number of tubers on the plant, tuber yield, biological yield, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and soil pH were evaluated.   Results: The effect of sulfur fertilizer and Acidithiobacillus application were significant on potato tuber and biological yield. The highest amount of tuber yield was obtained from using Acidithiobacillus, and the lowest amount belonged to not using Acidithiobacillus. The highest amount of tuber yield was related to the treatment of 1200 kilograms of sulfur. Application of sulfur fertilizer and Acidithiobacillus decreased the nitrate residue in potatoes. Using sulfur fertilizer and Acidithiobacillus lowered the soil pH and the highest soil pH was obtained in the control conditions (no use of sulfur and Acidithiobacillus). The highest amount of starch and tuber dry matter were obtained in the treatment of 1200 kg. ha-1 of sulfur fertilizer.   Conclusion: The results showed that the use of sulfur and Acidithiobacillus along with using basic chemical fertilizers was evaluated positively on the yield and some quality traits of potato as well as some chemical properties of the soil. Using Acidithiobacillus and sulfur decreased the pH of the soil. In general, the use of 1200 Kg. ha-1 sulfur fertilizer together with Acidithiobacillus bacteria is recommended to increase the quantity and quality of potatoes.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21113.html Baclgrpimd and Objectives: Camelina is an oilseed plant that, in addition to food and medicinal uses, is also utilized in industry as biofuel and in cosmetics and personal care products. Compared to other oilseeds, it has low water, fertilizer, and pesticide requirements and can be incorporated into crop rotations with cereals. In camelina production, nutrient management and optimal planting density are key factors influencing growth and yield. Given the high potential for camelina cultivation in Khuzestan, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and plant density on grain yield and yield components of camelina in Khuzestan.   Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the Behbahan agriculture research station during 2021-2022 growing season. Nitrogen was applied at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg. ha-1 of pure nitrogen) in the main plots, and planting density was set at four levels (200, 400, 300, and 500 plants per square meter) in the sub-plots. The amount of nitrogen applied to each plot was calculated based on the specified treatments using urea as the source. One-third of the total amount was applied at the beginning of cultivation, and the remainder was applied in two stages. The dimensions of the plots were 1.5 × 2.5 meters, with a spacing of 1 meter between main plots and 2 meters between blocks. Each plot consisted of ten planting rows.   Results: The highest grain yield (2442 kg. ha-1) and oil yield (857 kg. ha-1) were obtained with the application of 150 kg. ha-1 of nitrogen and 300 plants per square meter. at planting densities of 200 and 300 plants per square meter, with increasing nitrogen up to 150 kg.ha-1, the grain yield increased and then decreased, while in planting densities of 400 and 500 plants per square meter, the yield increased linearly with increasing nitrogen application.   Conclusion: Applying nitrogen at rates up to 150 kg. ha⁻¹ led to an increase in Camelina grain yield. A density of 300 plants per square meter by provided favorable conditions for plant growth and development, will lead to increase grain and oil yield. Therefore, considering environmental conservation and resource management, a planting density of 300 plants per square meter and the application of 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen can be utilized to achieve the highest grain and oil yields of camelina.                                    https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21159.html Background and Objectives: This research was conducted to investigate planting time and plant density effects on the yield and yield components of Tepary bean in Zahedan region. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in the research farm of ornamental medicinal plants of the University of Sistan and Baluchistan-Zahedan in split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications during the years 2018-2019. In this study, the effect of two levels of irrigation (10-day irrigation cycle: (I1) and 20-day irrigation cycle: (I2)) in the main plots, three planting dates (April 30, May 15 and 31, respectively, P1, P2 and P3) in the sub-plots and plant density (40, 60 and 80 plants per m-2 respectively D1, D2 and D3) in the sub-sub-plots. Results: The results showed that the effect of irrigation levels, planting date and plant density on the yield and yield components of Tepary (Jiroft local bean) is significant. In addition, the 20-day irrigation cycle increased the growth and yield traits of Tepary bean compared to the control irrigation. so that the highest plant height (65.3 cm), biological yield (4629.6 kg. ha-1) ) and grain yield (1601.5 kg. ha-1) respectively for treatment combinations I2P2D3, I2P2D3, I2P3D1, I2P2D3, and I2P2D2 was obtained. The interaction results of irrigation levels×planting date indicated the highest number of pods per plant (42) and number of grains per pod (eight) in the I2P2 treatment, While the highest weight of 1000 grain (95 grams) was obtained in I2P1 treatment. The interaction of planting date×plant density also showed that the highest number of pods per plant and the number of grains per pod are related to P2D2 treatment. Also, the highest 1000 grain weight and harvest index were observed in P2D1 and P1D3 treatments, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was found that planting Tepary beans on the right planting date (May) not only increases the yield of Tepary beans in the region, but also due to having a favorable climate, it leads to an increase in the yield and components of plant yield with less water consumption. (irrigation cycle of 20 days) and planting with high density (80 plants.m-2). With the delay in planting (June) due to the increase in temperature in the region and the high temperature of the sensitive reproductive period, in order to achieve more yield, it is necessary to increase water consumption (irrigation period of 10 days) and reduce the density of plants per square meter (40 plants.m-2). In general, in order to increase the yield of Tepary beans in Zahedan region and reduce water consumption, it is recommended to plant it at the right time, May with a density of 60 plants.m-2.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21157.html Background and Objectives: This research was carried out to survey the effects of mycorrhiza fungi and comparison of its three species on the growth and development and yield of groundnut.    Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications at the experimental field and factors were two groundnut cultivars and three species of mycorrhizal fungi.   Results: The results indicated that plant height, chlorophyll index, weight of seed yield per square meters, non-ripen seed per plant, percent of ripen seed per plant, and plant phosphor content were affected significantly by mycorrhiza fungi and groundnut cultivar. Application of G. etunicatum and G. intraradices resulted in plants with more height. The recorded chlorophyll index for the treated plants with G. etunicatum and G. mosseae fungi was significantly higher. The G. etunicatum in compare to other used two mycorrhizas significantly increased the seed weight per square meters. Utilization of G. etunicatum and G. intraradices decreased the count of non-ripen seed per plant. The measured phosphor content of the inoculated plants with G.intraradices fungi was significantly higher than others, indicating this species' effective role in phosphorus uptake   Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the symbiotic fungi of G. etunicatum and G. intraradices demonstrate superior efficacy in enhancing the evaluated parameters related to peanut production. Therefore, their application is strongly advocated as a component of sustainable agricultural management practices. Implementing these microorganisms has the potential to significantly increase crop productivity, enhance quality, and diminish dependence on chemical fertilizers. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the interactions between various peanut cultivars and different fungal strains to optimize yield outcomes across diverse agricultural environments.    https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21163.html Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the various proportions of safflower and soybean intercropping, as well as the use of biological fertilizers and their influence on lowering the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the yield and yield components of the two plants. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in farming at the suburbs of Herris County in 2019. Experimental treatments included different planting ratios (sole cropping of safflower and soybean, 30% soybean + 100% safflower, 60% soybean + 100% safflower and 90% soybean + 100% safflower) and fertilizers treatments (100% urea fertilizer, Azoto-Barvar 1 + Phospho-Barvar 2 bio-fertilizer and the combined application of 50% urea and bio-fertilizer). Results: This study's findings revealed that the highest oil yield of safflower was obtained in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower and 60% soybean + 100% safflower ratios, which were 81.7% and 62.7% higher than compared to pure cultivation, respectively. While the percentage of oil was not affected by the intercropping patterns. The maximum oil yield in soybean came from a 90% soybean + 100% safflower, which increased by 13.8% when compared to pure plant culture. In this study, the grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield of soybean and safflower plants under the combined application of bio-fertilizers and urea were higher than the individual application of each of them. Results showed that the highest oil yield of safflower belongs in the 30% soybean + 100% safflower (1175 kg ha-1) and 60% soybean + 100% safflower (1052 kg ha-1), as well as the combined use of urea and biofertilizers. On the other hand, the highest ratio of LER (land equivalent ratio) (2.32) for grain yield was obtained in the 90% soybean + 100% safflower. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the combined use of biological fertilizers and urea was found to be the most beneficial nutritional treatment for increasing the seed yield, oil percentage, and oil yield of safflower and soybean plants. Therefore, by conducting additional testing in the next years and guaranteeing the results, it can be recommended for usage.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21117.html    Background and objectives: Optimizing nitrogen management is one of the major challenges in the sustainable production of medicinal plants, as it not only enhances yield but also plays a crucial role in reducing the use of chemical inputs and mitigating environmental pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers, applied individually and in combination, on yield and various nitrogen use efficiency indices, including nitrogen uptake, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen productivity, in the medicinal plant rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.).   Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and three replications. The treatments included V (vermicompost at two levels of 5 and 15 t ha⁻¹), M (cow manure at two levels of 10 and 20 t ha⁻¹), and NPK fertilizers derived from urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium oxide (containing 83% K), applied at two rates of 25:25:50 and 50:50:100 kg ha⁻¹, respectively.    Results: The highest plant height, leaf yield, biological yield, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen uptake efficiency were obtained from the combined application of 10 t ha⁻¹ cow manure + N₅₀P₂₅K₂₅ + 5 t ha⁻¹ vermicompost. The greatest nitrogen productivity based on essential oil yield and leaf yield, with mean values of 0.001 and 0.14 g yield per g absorbed nitrogen, respectively, was recorded in the integrated treatment of 10 t ha⁻¹ cow manure + 5 t ha⁻¹ vermicompost + NPK (50:25:25) (T15). In contrast, the lowest nitrogen productivity values, averaging 0.00043 and 0.06 g yield per g absorbed nitrogen, respectively, were observed in the control treatment (T0).   Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that integrated nutrient management based on the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers not only enhances yield and growth indices of rosemary but also significantly improves nitrogen uptake efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen productivity. The superiority of the integrated treatment consisting of 10 t ha⁻¹ cow manure, 5 t ha⁻¹ vermicompost, and NPK at a rate of 50:25:25 indicates that the gradual release of nutrients from organic sources, combined with balanced chemical fertilization, plays a key role in increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen losses. This approach reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers and limits negative environmental impacts such as nutrient leaching and soil pollution, thereby facilitating sustainable and economically viable production of medicinal plants. Accordingly, integrated nutrient management can be recommended as an effective strategy for medicinal plant production systems, particularly under agro-climatic conditions similar to those of the Karaj region. The results further emphasize the need to revise conventional nitrogen application practices and move toward sustainable fertilization systems focused on improving input use efficiency. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21118.html Background and Objectives: The careless use of chemical fertilizers has led to numerous environmental issues. A key strategy to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and mitigate their adverse effects is the application of organic fertilizers. Materials and Methods: The factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2022. The first factor consisted of three levels of supplemental irrigation [no irrigation (control), one irrigation at 50% flowering stage, two irrigations at 50% flowering and 50% podding stages] and organic fertilizers at three levels [no application of organic fertilizer (control), application of vermicompost at 10 tons ha-1, application of cow manure at 20 tons ha-1].   Results: The resultdns showed that in comparison to no irrigation, once and twice supplementary irrigation decreased the contribution of total plant in grain yield by 15.1% and 43.2%, respectively. When supplementary irrigation is applied once, as opposed to without irrigation, the digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and net energy for lactation increase by 3.1, 2.4, and 2%, respectively, and when it is applied twice, the increases are 4.3, 5.1, and 4.2 percent, respectively. When compared to no-fertilizer conditions, the use of animal manure and vermicompost reduced the contribution of total plant in grain yield by 38.9% and 44.3%, respectively, while increasing dry matter intake by 3.9% and 14.1% and relative feed value by 3 and 14.2%. Additionally, under non-irrigated conditions, the use of vermicompost and animal manure increased grain yield by 99% and 106.8, respectively, over the absence of fertilizer.  Conclusion: The findings suggest that supplemental irrigation and the use of organic fertilizers can significantly enhance the yield and quality of fodder in pea plants cultivated in rainfed conditions.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21120.html Background and Objective: Worldwide, the demand for oilseeds is steadily increasing. Camelina, a new oil plant, and its useful agronomic properties, with regard to sustainable agriculture, have recently aroused interest in this oil plant. Despite the great interest in camelina, the potential of organic cultivation has not been noticed by researchers.   Materials and Methods: The aim of this study is to evaluate the response of Camelina to the application of compost, iron and zinc levels on the yield and some physiological characteristics of this plant. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research Institute of Zabol (Zahak) and the research farm of Sistan and Baluchistan University (Zahedan). The main factor includes 4 levels of compost (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and the secondary factor includes 4 levels of micronutrient fertilizer application (non-application, iron at the rate of two per thousand, zinc at the rate of three per thousand, and iron+zinc). Was Compost treatment before cultivation was calculated for each plot and mixed with soil and iron and zinc foliar spraying was done in two stages (stemming and before stemming).   Results: The results showed that the highest number of branches (4.5), diameter of main stem (9.24 mm), number of seeds in khorjin (17.6), weight of 1000 seeds (1.135 grams), biological yield (4401.5) kg per hectare), harvest index (28.9) and oil percentage (26.3) from the level of 30 tons per hectare of compost and foliar application of iron and zinc, the highest grain yield (1270.3 kg/hectare) and the number of main sorghums (71) It was obtained from the place of drainage and surface application of 30 tons per hectare of compost and foliar application of iron and zinc. The yield of seeds in Zahak and Zahedan was 33.8% and 38.8%, respectively, compared to the control (no application of compost and iron and zinc foliar spraying) and the percentage of oil with the application of 30 tons per hectare of compost and iron and zinc foliar spraying was 2/2. has increased by 45%.   Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of compost and the consumption of iron and zinc together have been able to provide the necessary conditions to increase the yield of camelina plant.     https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21121.html Background & Objectives: This research investigates the effect of different methods of application of micronutrients aminochelate on increasing the growth and essential oil of shoot and seeds of dill as a medicinal plant.   Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted during 2018-2019 in the research farm of Department of Horticultural Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in form of a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included micronutrient aminochelate in three forms: foliar spray, irrigation and combination of foliar spray and irrigation, and the control.  Results: Results showed application of aminochelate had effects on vegetative characteristics such as plant height, fresh and dry weight, number of umbels, seed weight and yield, essential oil of shoots and seeds. Growth indicators such as plant height, wet and dry weight, as well as grain yield, were significantly increased in aminochelate treatments compared to control, and among the treatments, the combined application of amino chelate had the most effect on dry weight 29.02-gram, 1000 seed weight 2.30 gram and seed yield 718.20 gram per meter square. Analysis of essential oil showed that the plants treated with combined application of aminochelate had the highest amount in shoot essential oil yield 3.64 and seed essential oil 4.64 gram per meter square. Conclusion: The combined application of aminochelate fertilizer in the form of foliar spray and irrigation has a positive effect to increase the yield of seeds and essential oil as well as to improve the growth characteristics of dill as a medicinal plant. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21123.html Background and Objective: In the present study, the effect of 1- and 2-mM beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) infected with Meloidogyne javanica were investigated under field conditions in two consecutive years.   Materials and Methods: Two parts of field were chosen and eight plots were considered in each part. Six holes were created in each plot and 10 kg plastic pots were placed in the holes with a distance of 25 cm from each other. The pots were filled with field soil without root-knot nematodes. Eggplant seeds were sown in the pots of the first part of the field and okra seeds were sown in the pots of the second part of the field. Seedlings at the four-leaf stage were foliar sprayed with 5 mL per plant of 0 (control), 1- and 2-mM BABA and after 24 hours inoculated with 0 (non-inoculated) and 5000 eggs of M. javanica. The data were subjected to a factorial analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design with eight blocks.   Results: The results showed that foliar spray of 2 mM BABA increased the yield of inoculated eggplants by 9 and 13 %, and in inoculated okra plants by 21 and 15%, respectively, in trial I and II, compared to the control plants. Also, foliar spray of 2 mM BABA reduced the reproduction factor of nematode in eggplants by 23 and 20 %, and in okra plants by 23 and 19% respectively, in trial I and II, compared to the control plants.  Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that BABA could reduce the damage of M. javanica in eggplant and okra under field condition, to the best of our knowledge as the first report. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21124.html Background & Objective: Amino acids have a great impact on plant growth due to having amino compounds and valuable carbon skeleton in their structure. The aim of the present study was to improve the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of purple basil by foliar spraying of L-tyrosine and arginine amino acids.   Materials & Methods: This experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications on basil in the research greenhouse of the agricultural faculty of the University of Zanjan. Treatments were at three levels of arginine (2, 4 and 8mM) and L-tyrosine at three levels (2, 4 and 8mM) and control (without treatment) was investigated. In this study some characteristics such as number of leaves, dry and fresh weight of shoot, chlorophyll and carotenoid, phenol and flavonoid, antioxidant and percentage of essential oil were determined.   Results: The obtained results illustrated that application of L-tyrosine enhanced the chlorophyll a (42.5%) and total chlorophyll content (32.3%) and L-tyrosine treatment increased carotenoid (32.8%) content at higher level in comparison with control. High levels of total phenol (45.8%), flavonoids (35.1%), antioxidant capacity (28.5%), number of leaves (33.6%) and percentage of essential oils (62.5%) were observed in L-tyrosine (8mM) treated basil plants. The spraying of L-tyrosine and arginine at 8 mM concentration significantly increased the number of leaves (33.6 and 32.3%), fresh weight of shoot (43.4 and 42.8%) compared to the control treatment.   Conclusion: Spraying arginine and L-tyrosine improved the quality and antioxidant characteristics of plants. In conclusion, application of arginine and L-tyrosine as one of the safe and natural nutrients could increase the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of purple basil medicinal plant.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21125.html Background & Objectives: The study was conducted to analyze the causality between grain yield and related traits in spring rapeseed genotypes.  Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in November 2019 at the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources at latitude 31 degrees 36 minutes, longitude 48 degrees 53 minutes and 22 meters above sea level. In terms of climate, the studied area is one of the hot and dry areas. The experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The main factor in this study consisted of three levels: no irrigation interruption, interruption of irrigation during the flowering stage up to 50% of flowering (flowering stress), and interruption of irrigation until harvest (silique stress). Irrigation was done during the growing season based on the plant's water needs and autumn rainfall, and in the final stages of growth, irrigation was stopped based on the growth stage of the variety. Ten spring rapeseed genotypes were included in the study: Long pod (late growth type, Iran), Aram, RGS003, Jancom, Solar, Hayola 4815, Mahtab, Jolios, Agamex, and Sala. These genotypes were placed as the second factor in sub-plots. The correlation between traits was calculated using step-by-step regression using SPSS software version 22, and the causality between traits was examined using route analysis using R software version 2.2.4.   Results: The results of stepwise regression analysis for rapeseed genotypes demonstrate that under drought stress at the end of the season, oil yield and harvest index (tension applied in the stage of silique to harvest) and harvest index and biological performance (stress applied at the flowering stage up to 50% of silique), respectively, are the two most crucial variables that determine grain yield. There is a high and positive simple correlation in the first stress condition between 1000 seed weight (0.52), biological yield (0.78), grain oil content (0.64) and the number of pods per plant (0.74) with the grain yield. And in the stress conditions of the second stage, a high and positive correlation was observed between grain yield and oil yield trait with a value of (0.97), harvest index with a value of (0.78) and biological yield with a value of (0.64). The results of genotypic causality analysis in the stress conditions of the first and second stages showed that the most negative direct effect of silique length with a value of (-0.917) and the growth period maturation with a value of (-0.793) and the most positive effect in the stress of the first stage From the 1000 seed weight with a value of (0.678) and the stress of the second stage of grain oil yield with a value of (0.379), the highest effect of phenotypic correlation in both applied stresses was observed from the characteristics of the harvest index in the first stress and The second one was obtained with the values ​​(0.734-1.00) respectively.   Conclusion: The results showed that in the correlation analysis and causality analysis, harvest index traits, grain oil yield, 1000 seed weight, silique length and the growth period maturation in both stress conditions of flowering stage up to 50% grain yield and grain yield to harvest have the highest correlation with the amount of grain yield. Therefore, the mentioned traits can be used to improve rapeseed genotypes.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21152.html Background & Objective: Chickpea is rich in nutrients and compared to animal protein, it acts as a cheap source of protein, with good quality, so it can be useful for food security in developing countries. Considering the limitation of water needed for irrigation, especially the issue of water shortage in the future, and considering the decrease in average rainfall in recent years, it will be inevitable to conduct applied research in the field of drought. The purpose of this study is to screen the response of drought tolerance after the germination stage in different cultivars of chickpea and to select drought tolerant cultivars, to identify the most desirable and stable drought tolerant indicators and to know the relationships between them in order to it was designed and implemented to be used in future improvement programs to achieve higher yield in the level unit. Materials & Methods: To carry out this research, seven cultivars of chickpeas, including Yadegar, Adel, Ana, Kasra, Mansour, Kaviyan and Arman cultivars, were prepared in the crop year of 2023 with a randomized complete block design with three replications in the educational-research farm of Payame Noor University cultivated in Asadabad (Hamedan). The above-mentioned experiment was carried out in two humidity conditions, the condition without irrigation and the condition with supplementary irrigation in the late stage of the germination period. The potential of drought tolerance indices was used in this research. Results: The results showed that under normal cultivation conditions, the growth and development of the plant increased significantly compared to the conditions under drought stress, and according to the results obtained in this study, the indices, stress tolerance index, tolerance index, yield index, tolerance index to Changed stress under stress conditions, stress tolerance rating index, mean productivity index, harmonic average index and geometric mean productivity index were found to be appropriate. These indices were able to identify drought-tolerant cultivars with suitable and acceptable yield in both environmental conditions (supplementary irrigation conditions and drought stress conditions). The cultivars that were able to be selected in both environmental conditions by the aforementioned indicators included cultivars Yadegar, Kasra, and Adel, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of all statistical analyses, such as analysis of variance, comparison of averages, correlation analysis of indicators, bi-plot analysis and cluster analysis, Yadegar, Kasra, and Adel cultivars, respectively had the highest yield per unit area. The use of planting density and different planting dates in the coming years to achieve more valuable results is highly recommended.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21129.html Background & Objective: The response of plants to urea and zinc foliar spraying has been widely studied, but similar research on medicinal and aromatic plants is limited. Due to the fact that the changes of black cumin essential oil in response to the application of urea and zinc in different planting dates have not been evaluated, in this research it is tried to determine the effect of foliar application of zinc and urea chemical fertilizers in the two seasons of autumn planting and Spring is on vegetative traits, chlorophyll, percentage and yield of black cumin essential oil (Nigella sativa L.).   Materials & Methods: The experiment was performed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, planting season as the main factor (autumn planting in early November and spring planting in early May) and foliar treatment were placed in sub-plots.   Results: The results showed that the highest plant height was related to autumn planting with an average of 36.8 cm. The simple effect of combined foliar spraying of zinc (3 kg/ha) and urea (50 kg/ha) and separate foliar spraying of urea in the amount of 50 kg/ha, carotenoid content, leaf chlorophylls a and b and essential oil yield as increased significantly. The highest yield of seed essential oil (6.68 kg/ha) belonged to the combined spraying of zinc and urea, which increased by 32.5%. The highest seed yield and biological yield were obtained in autumn planting. Foliar spraying with zinc and urea in the amount of 3 and 50 kg/ha, respectively, as well as foliar spraying with urea in the amount of 50 kg/ha, significantly increased the seed yield and biological yield compared to the control. The mutual effect of planting season and foliar application showed that foliar application with 3 kg of zinc and 50 kg/ha in autumn planting had the highest seed yield (603.5 kg/ha).   Conclusion: The application of urea chemical fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg/ha was the main factor in increasing the average of the studied traits among the nutritional treatments. In general, in conditions similar to this experiment, it is recommended to use urea fertilizer and autumn planting to obtain the desired essential oil yield in black cumin.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21128.html Background and Objective: Preserving plant biodiversity is important for creating structural diversity and main compounds in the future for the sustainable development of human civilization. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), with numerous medicinal properties is one of the most important plants from Lamiaceae family. These plants produce a major and diverse group of secondary metabolites. Main purpose of this research is evaluation of essential oil components of some Mentha piperita L. ecotypes in different harvesting and drying methods. Materials and Methods: In this research, the diversity of essential oil compounds in different methods of harvesting (50% flowering- 100% flowering) and drying in different (oven- shade) accesion of peppermint plants was investigated. This experiment was conducted in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili climatic condition.in 2022, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Their essential oils were extracted by using of Clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among studied essential oil compounds traits. In total, 25 compounds were identified, and the largest amount of compounds was found in the Zanjan accession in the harvesting and drying method 50% flowering-shade and the highest number of compounds was observed in the Noorabad accession. The most important components of peppermint essential oil were: Limonene (0.23-29.45%), Menthol (0.30-30.16%), Cadinol (0.21.17.40%), Pulegone (0.35-13.72), Ledol (0.20-3.86%), Propazulen (0.26-5.28%) and Terpinol (0.21-2.85%). Maximum correlation was shown between Naphthalene and Aromadendrene (0.80). Cluster analysis, classified the treatments into four major groups. Factor analysis indicated that the 9 factors explained 93.19 of the variability among the accessions. Conclusion: The results suggested that Mentha piperita L accessions of Iran had a high genetic diversity that can be used in the breeding programs. The considerable variations were observed among accessions in viewpoint of number, type and amount of essential oil compounds. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21155.html Background and Objective: The drastic changes of land use in northern provinces of Iran have been one of main issues of the policy-making during the last two decades, and so it is always important to find an appropriate method. The present research aims to evaluate the performance and compare three plant spectral indices for land use/cover classification in Lahijan and improve the obtained results.Materials and Methods: OLI images of Landsat 8 were used to produce maps of NDVI, LAI and EVI. The classification was done using decision tree and thresholding according to six land uses/covers of the region, and land use/cover maps were developed. To improve the classification performance, a new decision tree was proposed by combining NDVI and DEM. Results: The validation results using the confusion matrix showed that the performance of NDVI with overall accuracy of 87.7% and kappa coefficient of 0.83 was more than the others. The overall accuracy of LAI and EVI was 71.4 and 71.6%, respectively. The kappa coefficients were 0.828, 0.609 and 0.614 respectively. The proposed method increased the overall accuracy by 4.94% and reached 92.60%. It also increased the percentage of true classification in the tea class from 50.75 to 86.87% and in the forest from 95.08 to 98.18%. Conclusions: In areas with dense vegetation, it is possible to improve the results of land use/cover classification by combining NDVI and DEM in a decision tree. The results can be used for quick mapping and detecting of land use/cover of the region.  https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21126.html Background & Objective: In this study, we investigated how increasing energy inputs affect the stability of wheat and pistachio production systems, revealing that enhanced production may come at the cost of reduced stability in these systems.  Materials & Methods: Using approaches that can identify the extent of deviation of systems from stability will be fruitful for making future decisions. In this study, we have utilised the thermodynamic approach proposed by Steinborn and Svirezhev to determine the entropy overproduction and deviation from the stable state of the wheat and pistachio production system in the Goharkuh Taftan agro-industry complex.   Results: The examined components include excess entropy production, limit energy load, maximal crop production for sustainable agriculture, and deviation from sustainable agriculture of the system. The results indicate that both production systems have generated excess entropy. The entropy overproduction by the wheat product was approximately 67% less than that of pistachios, indicating a higher stability of the wheat product than pistachios.   Conclusion: The wheat production system has been more energy-efficient than the pistachio production system due to higher productivity. The difference in the intensity of energy flows and the variation in the structure of the two production systems complex have been the reasons for the disparity in the quantities of the components under investigation. However, none of these systems are sustainable in the long run, and adopting management approaches that reduce the intensity of energy inflows into these systems and require more use of renewable energies is essential to reach a stable state. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21153.html Background & Objectives: Due to the increase in world population and the need for food using traditional agricultural methods does not meet the needs of society. Relay intercropping is one of the ways to achieve sustainability in agriculture. However, studying its economic and competitive indicators is critical to optimizing production. Therefore, the aim of this study was Investigation of soybean yield and yield components, land equivalence ratio and competitive index in relay intercropping with wheat.   Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial design within a completely randomized block design with three replications in the Bile-Savar Moghan County, during the 2019-2020 and 2021-2022 in two agricultural years. The treatments included soybean planting dates (including May 15 and June 10) as the main factor and soybean cultivars (early-ripening (Williams), medium-ripening (L17) and late-ripening (DPX) genotypes) and soybean planting density among wheat (15 and 25 plants per square meter)) as the sub-factor.   Results: The results showed that the highest number of seeds per pod, thousand-seed weight, and single plant weight were observed in 2019-2020 year at a density of 15 plants per square meter. The highest soybean yield was also obtained on the delayed planting date of June 10 with a density of 25 plants per square meter with an average of 932.50 kg per hectare. Based on the results, the highest harvest index (34.28%) and biological yield (3220 kg per hectare) were observed on the planting date of May 15 with 25 plants per square meter in the medium-ripening (L17) and early-ripening (Williams) cultivars, respectively. Also, the highest land equivalence ratio in the first and second agricultural years was obtained on the planting date of May 15 with 25 plants per square meter in the late-ripening (DPX) (1.204) and early-ripening (Williams) (1.100) cultivars, respectively. The highest productivity index (10920.5) of the first agricultural year was obtained in the delayed planting date of June 10 with a density of 15 plants per square meter in the medium-ripening variety (L17). The competition index and the total relative value of the first agricultural year were obtained in the planting date of May 15 with a density of 15 plants per square meter in the medium-ripening (L17) (0.401) and late-ripening (DPX) (0.972) varieties, respectively, and the highest dominance index (0.331 and 0.478) was obtained in both agricultural years with a planting date of June 10 with a density of 15 plants per square meter in the medium-ripening (L17) variety.   Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the late-ripening (DPX) had the highest yield (716 kg/ha) in relay intercropping compared to other cultivars, and the use of relay intercropping results in better utilization of environmental resources and increased crop production compared to monoculture of the same species.   https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19885.html AbstractObjectives: This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the possibility of replacing cocopeat substrate with a combination of Iranian mineral substrates and superabsorbent nanopolymer in cucumber production by hydroponic method.Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022 in the greenhouse of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz as a factorial design in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental treatments included three cultivation substrates: cocopeat + perlite, pumice and Pumedia and three superabsorbent levels of 0, 3 and 6 g/L of substrate.Findings: The results of the interaction effect of substrate and superabsorbent showed that no significant difference was observed in the yield of the Pumedia substrate without superabsorbent and pumice with 3 and 6 g/L superabsorbent with the control substrate (cocopeat + perlite), which is one of the interesting results of this study. Also, the firmness of cucumber fruits in the Pumedia substrate with zero superabsorbent level and pumice with 6 g/L superabsorbent level was significantly higher than the control substrate.Conclusion: In general, the best growth and yield indices were observed in the cocopeat + perlite and Pumedia substrates without superabsorbent and pumice with 6 g/L superabsorbent. Therefore, it is recommended to use Pumedia substrate without superabsorbent or Pumice substrate with superabsorbent in greenhouse cucumber cultivation instead of the expensive cocopeat substrate that causes foreign exchange to leave the country. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20331.html Background and Objective: The application of organic fertilizers and fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium can increase the resistance of crops against pests. This study aimed to investigate the effect of algae extract (Stemplex) and potassium phosphate fertilizer (Dekap) on the biostatistics of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae).Material and methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fertilizer treatment (Dekap, Stimplex and control) on the biological statistics of black beet aphids under controlled conditions of temperature (25±2 C0) and humidity (60%±5). In addition, the light period was 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. Beans were sprayed three times with the recommended concentration of Dekap fertilizer (1 ml per liter) and Stemplex (2 ml per liter). The first time was at the planting stage and the subsequent times were repeated at intervals of two weeks after planting the faba bean. The aphids were reared on each treatment for three generations. The data were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table approach. Results: The results of experiments on the effect of two fertilizers on bean plant showed that different treatments compared to control treatment had a significant effect on biological characteristics and outlines of the black beet aphid life table. The maximum duration of the immature stages was 7.83±0.26 days on the Stemplex treatment. The highest intrinsic population growth rate (r) was obtained on control treatment (0.51±0.009 per day) and the lowest r value was related to Stemplex fertilizer treatment ( https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20407.html Objectives: Sistan, as one of the arid regions highly vulnerable to climate change, requires sustainable management of water and soil resources. Therefore, assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems in this region is crucial. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and ecological sustainability of a wide range of crops in Zahak and Hirmand counties as examples of arid regions in the country.Materials and Methods: For this research, data related to the inputs and outputs of agricultural production systems were collected through interviews with farmers and meteorological data. Subsequently, using emergy analysis, all system flows were converted to emergy units. Finally, by calculating emergy footprint indicators, the ecological sustainability of agricultural systems was evaluated.Results: The results showed that wheat and alfalfa systems, respectively, with 7.28E+08 and 2.87E+10 global hectares per year, had the highest ecological capacity in Zahak and Hirmand counties. However, the analysis of carrying capacity and emergy footprint indicated that Zahak is in a surplus ecological state, while Hirmand is in a deficit state. These findings indicate that Zahak has a greater capacity to support its current agricultural activities, while Hirmand is under more pressure from natural resources and is at risk of environmental degradation.Conclusion: This research demonstrated that emergy analysis is an effective tool for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions. The results of this study can serve as a baseline for future studies and monitoring changes in the sustainability of agricultural systems. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20456.html Objective: , the aims of this study was to investigate the effects of starter nitrogen and ‎foliar‏ ‏application with ‎methanol on nodulation, grain filling components and quantitative and qualitative yield ‎of peanut ‎Materials and methods: experiment was carried out as factorial based on RCBD with three replications in 2022. ‎Factors experimental were included application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with ‎water as control, application 20 and 40 volume percent) and starter nitrogen rates at three levels (no ‎application as control, application of 25 and 50 kg/ha) by ureaFindings: The results showed that application of the higher rates of starter nitrogen increased the ‎number and dry weight of nodules per plant (69.5 and 55%, respectively), protein content, linoleic acid ‎and oleic acid (13.2, 16.8 and 14.7%) in comparison with control. Also, foliar application of 40 volume ‎percent of methanol increased the number of and dry weight of nodules per plant (28.5 and 27.7%, ‎respectively) in comparison with control. Maximum of oil content (45.5%) was obtained in application ‎of 25 kg/ha starter nitrogen. Application of the higher rates of starter nitrogen and methanol increased rate ‎and grain filling period (87 and 40, respectively) and grain yield (52%) in comparison with no ‎application of starter nitrogen and methanol.‎Conclusion: Based on these results, it seems that application of 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen and foliar ‎application of 40 volume percent of methanol can be suggested for improve of grain yield. ‎ https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20457.html experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2024. Factors experimental were included irrigation at ‎three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage ‎‎ as severe water limitation and irrigation withholding at 50% heading as moderate water limitation) and silicon and ‎selenium foliar application (foliar application with water as control, 6 mg.L-1 selenium, 60 mg. L-1 ‎nanosilicon, both foliar application selenium and silicon). The results showed that under irrigation withholding at ‎booting stage, there were an increase about 49, 97 and 34.5% in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide ‎contents and soluble sugars respectively, in comparison with full irrigation. But, under severe water limitation ‎condition, both application of selnium and silicon were able to decrease malondialdehyde (65%) and hydrogen ‎peroxide (78%) contents and increasd soluble sugars (62%) content in comparison with no application of them ‎under the same level of irrigation levels. Means comparision showed that under severe water limitation, both ‎application of selnium and silicon were able to decrease electrical conductivity (40%), whereas chlorophyll b ‎content (28%), the activities of polyphenol oxidase peroxidase enzymes (40 and 13.8%, respectively), proline ‎content (31.2%) and grain yield (44.6%) increased in comparison with no application of these elements in the ‎same level of irrigation levels. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that application of ‎selenium and silicon were able to increase grain yield of wheat under water limitation by improving compatible ‎osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes activity https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20498.html Background and Objective: Wheat is one of the three major cereals that provide food and livelihoods for a large portion of the world's population. This has led to the maximization of input consumption in the management of wheat production systems to increase efficiency and yield. Due to the importance of the impact of production system inputs on biological capacity and its effect on production sustainability, this study attempts to evaluate the sustainability of these systems using new techniques.Materials and methods: This research used the emergy footprint method and its derived indicators to evaluate sustainability. This method can quantify human activities' impact on the production system's ecological resources and surrounding ecosystems. The data needed for this study were collected in the crop year 2021-2022 from various sources such as interviews with farmers and managers of wheat production systems in Iranshahr, as well as information from the meteorological department.Results: After collecting and analyzing the data, the results demonstrated that the current management of production systems has led to a reduction in biological capacity (3.85E+07 global hectares in one cropping year) compared to the emergy footprint (8.12E+08 local hectares ) in the target region. This has resulted in an ecological deficit (-7.73E+08 hectares) in wheat production systems in the region, jeopardizing the ecological security of the systems and their surroundings.Conclusion: Considering that wheat production in Iranshahr is accompanied by an increasing ecological demand, judicious use of inputs to these systems can play a significant role in conserving ecological resources. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20676.html The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of planting pattern and integrated management on weed structure, yield and yield components of peanut. Main plot includes planting pattern in three levels (single row, two parallel rows and two zigzag rows) on 75 cm row, and sub plot includes 7 levels of weed management including (planting cover crops 1- crimson clover and 2- hairy vetch, chemical control: 3- application of bentazone + supergalant herbicides combination, 4- mechanical control: 4- weeding once (20 days after planting) and 5- weeding twice (20 and 40 days after planting), 6- weeding the total season of weeds and 7- the control without the use of cover crop and the use of herbicide.The results of the experiment showed that the height of the plant, the number of branches, the chlorophyll index, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield, total density of weeds, and total biomass of weeds were influenced by weed control methods and planting patterns. The highest measured traits were obtained in the two-row zigzag planting arrangement and at different levels of weeding, and then in the treatments of hairy vetch, clover and herbicide application, and the lowest values of the mentioned traits were found in the single planting pattern and in without control. The highest density and biomass of weeds was in the single-row planting pattern and in without control and the lowest weed biomass was in the two-row zigzag planting pattern and in weeding twice or planting cover crops of hairy vetch. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20677.html Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar application of iron and zinc nanoparticles on seed yield, photosynthetic pigment content, and some agro-physiological traits of three common bean cultivars.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design within a completely randomized block design with three replications in the village of Balasjin, Sarab, during the 2022-2023 agricultural year. The treatments included three common bean cultivars (local Sarab, Talash, and Uzbek) as the main factor and four levels of foliar application (control (water spray as control), iron oxide nanoparticles (at a concentration of one gram per liter), zinc oxide nanoparticles (at a concentration of one gram per liter), and combined foliar application of iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles (at a concentration of one gram per liter)) as the sub-factor.Results: Foliar application of iron and zinc nanoparticles increased leaf and seed total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, seed and leaf protein content, amounts of iron and zinc in seeds,, and seed yield. The highest values for total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, and hundred-seed weight (4.153 mg per gram fresh weight, 0.466 mg per gram fresh weight, 34.333, 7.434, and 40.223 g, respectively) were observed in the local, Talash, and Uzbek genotypes, respectively.Conclusions: Foliar application of iron and zinc nanoparticles, by influencing photosynthetic pigment content and improving yield components of the Talash cultivar, significantly increased seed yield of this cultivar compared to the local and Uzbek cultivars. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20688.html Background & Objective: With the increasing population of the world and the food needs of this population, the quantity and quality of agricultural products, especially legumes, must be increased to provide a significant part of the protein needed by this population.Materials & Methods: In order to evaluate the effects of vermicompost and seed size on yield and bean seed quality, in 2018 an experiment was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. vermicompost treatments as the main factor in four levels including 0, 2, 4 and 6 tons per hectare, were assigned to main plots and seed size in three levels: large, mixed and small (100 seeds weight of 18.08, 15.29 and 14.91 g, respectively) were allocated to the sub plots.Results: Most of the morphological traits such as plant height and number of branches were affected by interaction of seed size and vermicompost. The highest grain yield was obtained from mixed and large seeds with the application of 4 tons per hectare of vermicompost.Conclusion: The use of 4 tons per hectare of vermicompost and choosing large seeds for planting, to improve the yield of cowpea according to the weather conditions in the region. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20689.html Background & Objective: Zamioculcas zamiifolia is an important ornamental species with significant economic value. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing rapid rooting and the production of growing rhizomes, which are essential for the quick establishment of the plant. Additionally, the role of artificial light in enhancing growth underscores the need for relevant experiments.Methods & Materials: The experiment was conducted factorially in a completely randomized design, evaluating two factors: cutting type (1. complete leaf cuttings, 2. leaf cuttings with a 2 cm petiole, 3. half leaf cuttings) and light quality (red, blue, and purple). Measurements included rhizome length and width, number of rhizomes and roots, average root length, and chlorophyll index at 80, 110, and 140 days post-planting.Results: The leaf sample with the petiole showed the greatest rhizome length, increasing from 27.16 mm at 80 days to 42.4 mm at 140 days. Purple light produced the widest rhizome, while the complete leaf sample yielded the highest number of roots across all light conditions. Purple light was found to be the most effective for enhancing propagation efficiency. Additionally, chlorophyll content was highest under white light in the last two measurement periods.Conclusions: This study highlights the significant impact of cutting type and light quality on the growth of Zamioculcas zamiifolia. Purple light is recommended to enhance rhizome and root production in this ornamental plant. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20690.html Background and Objectives: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a valuable plant that widely used in the cosmetic, health and pharmaceutical industries. Since the improvement works and obtaining varieties with high quality and quantity are very important in achieving food security, this research was planned as an introduction to introduce the varieties of this plant in IsfahanMaterials and Methods: The experiment was conducted during 2022-2023 in Fozveh station. The experiment was on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. On 32 populations of M. chamomilla.Results and discussion: Considerable variation was observed between populations. Cultivated populations had higher height, flower and seed yield, but wild populations had higher essential oil. The number of days until seed ripening in cultivated populations was higher than in wild populations, which increased plant growth and yield. Positive and significant correlation was observed between flower and seed yield with height and number of days until maturity. Using principal component analysis, the first two components determined 71% of the total variation. Flower yield, seed yield, percentage of essential oil, height, E-β farnesene and α-bisabololoxide yield formed first component. Genotypes were classified into 4 groups. The placement of different populations together showed that geographic diversity follows genetic diversity.Conclusion: The studied populations had the necessary genetic diversity for flower yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. Therefore, the populations of groups 1,2,3 and some populations of group 4 were selected and used for re-cultivation.Keywords: Yield, essential oil, Daisy family, diversity, Matricaria chamomilla https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20691.html Background and Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effect of climate change and price risk on sustainable production and the supply response of major irrigated crops in East Azerbaijan province, including wheat, barley, potato, and onion.Materials and Methods: The expected prices, price risk, and yield risk of these products were first measured. Then, the Nominal Protection Rate (NPR) index of these products was estimated, considering the real exchange rate. Then,, the supply response functions of these crops were estimated using the SURE method,.Results: The results showed that the relative expected price of the product and competing products, the average and fluctuations of rainfall and temperature, the ratio of price risk to the yield risk, and the NPR have a significant effect on the acreage of the products. The elasticity of the supply response to the NPR (0.08) showed that the government's support policy has been effective in the sustainable production of wheat. The results of the calculation of the supply response elasticities of irrigated barley showed that the increase in the barley price (0.22) compared to the price of competing products has a greater effect on sustainable production and the allocation of the acreage to the irrigated barley. Potato growers showed the most response to changes in rainfall fluctuations and maximum temperature,. The results of onion supply response function show that the farmers react more to the relative expected price of onion in the first place and to weather variables in the second place. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20692.html Background and Objective: This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different cover crops in controlling weeds and yield of soybeans. Materials and Methods: Experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were seven types of cover crops including Arugula, Indian mustard, Hairy vetch, Berseem clover, Rye, Barley and no cover crop in weedy and weed free conditions. Results and Discussion: In the first year, weedy treatment caused a 42% decrease in soybean yield. In the second year, the highest yield of soybeans was obtained in Berseem clover residue and weed free treatment (3279 kg.ha-1). Yield of soybean in Arugula and Indian mustard residues was similar in weedy and weed free conditions; despite the ability of Arugula and Indian mustard residues to control of weeds, it seems that the low yield of soybeans in these treatments is related to the alleopatic effect of these plants residues on soybeans. Yield of soybean in barley, rye, berseem clover and Hairy vetch residues in weedy treatment compared to weed free treatment, decreased by 13, 23, 57 and 58%, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the use of Berseem clover and Hairy vetch residues with weeding in soybean cultivation is recommended. Also, the use of rye and barley residues are suggested if it is not possible to use complementary methods in weed control. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20693.html The development of planting new species in a region requires the analysis of the limitations and capabilities of the lands using new methods and geostatistical techniques on a regional scale.This research was carried out in order to evaluate the climatic capacity of the lands of Fars province for jujube cultivation in 2020-2023For this purpose, databases and information layers including meteorology, land use, digital elevation model (DEM 30 meters), soil, vegetation, etc. were created, the agro-climatic indicators of the studied area were determined and the jujube growth period pattern was determined. then the phenological behavior of jujube species was analyzed, At the end, climate-agricultural indicators determining the ecological tolerance ranges of jujube, were modeled, evaluated and zoned using the method of AHP. The final map described the agroclimatic suitability of jujube in Fars province, emphasizing the goal of producing suitable fruit.Based on these results, 21% of lands with very high suitability, 23% of lands with good to medium suitability, and 21% of lands with poor suitability and the rest of the lands, which include approximately 35% of the province, are not suitable for jujube cultivation in order to produce high quality fruit.In general, it is predicted that, the cold to moderate climates of Fars province with appropriate soil depth, areas are very prone to produce high-quality jujube fruit. Subtropical climates and relatively warm areas of have moderate suitability. Tropical areas with a very hot climate and areas that had other edaphic limitations are not suitable for jujube production. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20694.html Objectives: Drought stress is one of the limiting factors for crop production. Salicylic acid can increase stress resistance and also improve plant growth and yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid application on agronomical and physiological characteristics of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) ecotypes under drought stress conditions.Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2023 in Abarkouh city. Experimental factors included three levels of drought stress (non-stress, mild and severe stress), two level of salicylic acid spraying (0 and 2 mM) and six cumin ecotypes (Ardakan, Bafgh, Abadeh, Kerman, Isfahan and Semirom).Results: The highest value of number of umbel per plant, number of seed per umbel, plant height and leaf relative water content and the lowest value of ion leakage were seen under non-stress condition with salicylic acid application. The highest value of grain yield was obtained under non-stress condition with salicylic acid application and the lowest value was obtained under severe drought stress and lack of application of salicylic acid and the most increase of this trait was observed under severe drought stress with salicylic acid application. Conclusion: Based on the present research, the use of 2 mM salicylic acid is recommended to improve the growth and yield of cumin for decrease of negative effects of drought stress condition especially in Kerman and Ardakan ecotypes. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20695.html Objectives: Yellow nutsedge (YN) is one of the perennial weeds that reduce the rice yield in paddy fields. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of density and relative time of emergence of this weed on the growth and yield of the Hashemi variety of rice.Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted in 2023 in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design in three replications. The density of YN at four levels (zero, 15, 30, and 45 plants per square meter) and the relative time of weed emergence at three levels (at the same time, one and two weeks after planting) were the two experimental factors.Results: PY at the same time as transplanting, one and two weeks after transplanting YN weed and at densities of 15, 30 and 45 plants per square meter were reduced by 29.90, 32.89, 49.83, 32.23, 35.22, 47.18, 9.97, 15.61 and 17.61%, respectively. In the same conditions, simultaneous planting with on weed competition had a higher biological yield than simultaneous planting with a density of 45 plants (485 grams vs. 288 grams per square meter).Conclusion: With the increase in the relative time of the emergence of the YN, the intensity of its density decreased, so that two weeks after planting, the effect of the YN density on most of the yield components was insignificant. In general, the results showed the extreme sensitivity of PY to the simultaneous interference of YN even at low densities. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20696.html Objective:medicinal plants, including agricultural products and natural resources, have been less prominent in the country's economic studies. Research Method: The present study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research field located in Ahar County in two agricultural years, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The main factor in this study was seed priming with four levels: control (no priming), osmopriming, hardening, and hydropriming. The secondary factor included foliar application of micronutrient elements with seven levels (zinc, iron, and manganese in both conventional and nano forms, as well as control without foliar application).Findings: The results indicated that the simultaneous application of osmopriming treatments and foliar application of nano zinc had the greatest significant effect on increasing most quantitative and qualitative growth components of summer savory plants. This treatment increased the number of flowering stems, dry weight of flowering stems, dry weight of aerial parts, and the yield of savory essence by approximately 38%, 25%, 44%, and 43%, respectively, in the first year of the study and approximately 38%, 24%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, in the second year of the study compared to the control treatment.Conclusion: Overall, the results demonstrated that the simultaneous application of osmopriming of summer savory seeds along with foliar application of nano zinc is a promising method for increasing both the quantitative and qualitative yield of summer savory under similar climatic conditions. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20697.html In order to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of rice in the presence of weeds, a field experiment was carried out on factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. Experimental treatments include 1) control (without nitrogen fertilizer and PGPR); 2) 100% nitrogen fertilizer; 3) inoculation with Enterobacter sp. bacteria; 4) inoculation with Ensifer sp. bacteria; 5) inoculation with Burkhoderia capacia bacteria; 6) combined application of Enterobacter bacteria + 50% nitrogen fertilizer; 7) combined application of Ensifer bacteria + 50% nitrogen fertilizer and 8) combined application of Burkhoderia + 50% nitrogen fertilizer as the first factor and two levels of absence and presence of weed as the second factor. According to the results, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotondus L.), barnyard grass (Echinocloa cruss-galli) and water plantin (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) weeds were present in the field, and the density and dry weight of these weeds increased due to the application of chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest number of tiller , panicle length and number of panicle were obtained in the combined treatment of Enterobacter + 50% nitrogen. While the highest height, leaf area index thousand grain weight was obtained in the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer application (100%). The highest grain yield (4248 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9314 kg.ha-1) were observed in Enterobacter + 50% nitrogen treatment in weed-free conditions, which are 49.26 and 33.07% more than the control treatment in the presence of weeds, respectively. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20698.html Objectives: This study was conducted based on the importance of the essential oil of the sage in various industries, and the effect of infrared drying and the hybrid method (hot air-infrared) on the yield and components of the essential oil of the sage has not been yet investigated.Materials and methods: Changes in essential oil compounds and some phytochemical properties under infrared drying treatments (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 W/cm2), combined (hot air-infrared) And the dry shade was investigated in the form of a completely random design with 3 replications. Results: According to the results obtained, the best method to preserve the color quality of the medicinal sage was the infrared drying (0.4 W/cm2). Among the components of the essential oil, the amount of beta thujone compound in the infrared drying method is 0.4 W/cm2, and the maximum amount of camphor and alpha thujone compounds in the combined drying method (infrared 0.4 W/cm2 warm weather was 45 degrees). Also, the highest amount of 1,8-cineole compound was observed in shade drying. The highest amount of flavonoid was obtained in the combined drying method (infrared 0.4 W/cm2 - hot air 45 degrees). The highest amount of antioxidant activity was in the shade drying method with a slight difference in the combined drying method (infrared 0.4 W/cm2 - hot air 45 degrees). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the combined drying method is recommended to maintain the quality of the appearance and the effective ingredients in sage essential oil. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20699.html Background and Objective: This study evaluated the root system characteristics of different wheat species under magnetized water and salinity stress.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. The factors included magnetized water (0 and 400 milliTesla), salinity levels of irrigation water (Control (distilled water), 3 and 6 dS/m (NaCl)), and wheat species and cultivars.Results: Under moderate and severe salinities, mean shoot biomass, crown diameter, root dry weight, root volume, K+ concentration, and the K+/Na+ ratio in roots and shoots decreased, while root area, cumulative root length, and Na+ concentration in roots and shoots significantly increased. Magnetized water mitigated salinity stress by increasing crown diameter (14.8%), root dry weight (56.4%), rooting depth (34.6%), root volume (approximately 2-fold), root surface area (67.2%), cumulative root length (75.1%), and root-to-shoot ratio (30.1%). It also enhanced K+ concentration (by 14.9% and 8.2%, respectively) and the K+/Na+ ratio (by 20.5% and 13.1%, respectively) in roots and shoots while reducing Na+ concentration in roots and shoots (by 7.9% and 9.8%, respectively). Mean measured traits showed the superiority of Kohdasht and Chamran cultivars over other wheat species across salinity levels.Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, the application of magnetized water and suitable wheat cultivars such as Kohdasht and Chamran improves root growth under both non-saline and saline conditions. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20700.html Materials & Methods: An experiment was conducted in a Research Farm in Chaldran city in 2021. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was the type of cultivation in five levels including monocropping of fenugreek, intercropping with basil by the replacement method in the form of a row intercropping with the ratios of 2:2, 2:4, 3:5 fenugreek-basil and an additive intercropping of (100% basil + 50% of fenugreek). The second factor was the type of fertilizer in three levels including the application of 100% chemical fertilizer (NPK), biofertilizer (Mycoroot + Biofarm) with a combination of 50% chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer (Mycoroot + Biofarm). Results: According to the results the highest fenugreek grain yield was observed in 2F:2B treatment (70.61) g/m2 which had a significant difference with other cultivation patterns. Also, based on the results, the effect of fertilizer treatments and planting system on plant height, number of pods and fenugreek oil yield was significant, but the maximum value of these traits was related to the 2 rows of fenugreek: 2 rows of basil treatment (49.62 cm), (24 pods) and (3g/m2). The land equivalence ratio in all treatments was more than one and the highest value (2/01) was observed in intercropping of 2F:2B two rows of fenugreek-two rows of basil with the combination of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20701.html Background & Objective: The goals of study was conducted to identify mutants with more stable performance and greater tolerance to drought stress, and to find suitable solutions for crop production in dry environments.Materials and Methods: the present study was conducted in two separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 at the Karaj experimental farm of Nuclear Agriculture Research School. Seven rapeseed genotypes [three cultivars as a witness, Okapi. Licord and RGS003 and four mutant lines from the maternal base RGS003: MRGS9, MRGS14, MRGS16 and MRGS31] were investigated.Results: The highest grain yield was observed in MRGS31 genotype under full irrigation and cessation of irrigation conditions. Also, the 1000-seed weight and biological yield were higher in MRGS31 genotype than other genotypes. The highest and lowest first lateral branch heights were shown by Okapi and MRGS9 genotypes. In the cessation of irrigation condition, the highest and lowest oil percentages were observed in MRGS31 and Okapi genotypes, respectively. Among the studied indices, MP, GMP and STI indices, due to having a positive correlation with yield in both full irrigation and cessation of irrigation conditions, are the best indices for selecting and determining rapeseed tolerant genotypes. Based on the mentioned indices and biplot diagram, the MRGS31 genotype was identified as having the most tolerant among the studied genotypes.Conclusions: Considering that rapeseed mutants in both full irrigation and cessation of irrigation conditions had higher yield than the control treatment. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20702.html Objective: One of the most pressing challenges facing humanity is achieving sustainable food production while preserving the environment. Agriculture currently represents a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The increasing atmospheric concentration of these gases accelerates climate change and its detrimental effects worldwide. This study aimed to develop a dynamic module to investigate the environmental impact of plant production in Iran.Materials and Methods: The module facilitates the estimation of fuel, electricity, and energy consumption within the agricultural sector. Additionally, it enables the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions associated with agricultural product production at both national and provincial levels. Calculations within the module were conducted for a total of 36 plant types, encompassing 18 agricultural plants, 13 garden plants, and 5 summer plants and vegetables. The module differentiates between rainfed and irrigated agriculture at both national and provincial scales.Results: Our results revealed that vegetable production fields consume 440,720,680 MJ yr-1 energy, encompassing both direct and indirect energy inputs. Of this total energy consumption, 73% is allocated to agricultural products, 22% to horticultural products, and the remaining 5% supports summer crops and vegetables. Additionally, 89% of the energy used for plant production is dedicated to irrigated crops, while the remaining 11% sustains rainfed agriculture. Annually, 21456 thousand tons of carbon dioxide equivalent are emitted from production of plant products in Iran. 66%, 28%, 6% of this amount of emission is due to the production of crops, horticultural products and summer crops and vegetables in the country, respectively. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20703.html In order to investigate the effect of amino acid and organic products on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of soybeans at different harvest times, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with 24 treatments and 3 replications in the years 2010-2012 at the Country Rice Research Institute (Rasht).The experimental treatments include1-Fe nano-chelate (20.00),2-Kadostim (0.50.00)3-Aminol Forte (20.00).4-Magnetic water (20 lit.m-2).5-municipal solid waste compost (10 ton.ha-1 )6. animal manure (cow, 10 ton.ha-1,), and 7. nitrogen fertilizer (50.00 of urea source) plus a control treatment and three harvesting times including harvesting when the pod seeds in the main stem had 20-25% moisture and the second harvest when the pods are fully ripe and the pod seeds in the main stem had 14-15% moisture, and the third harvest when the pod seeds in the main stem had less than 14% moisture. The comparison of the composite mean of the interaction effect of the treatments showed that the spraying of Fe nano-chelate and the second harvest time had the highest amount of peroxidase enzyme, catalase enzyme, grain and protein yield and oil yield. the maximum concentration of MDH was in control treatment and the third harvest time.Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that due to the oil and protein yield and the high nutritional value of soybeans, spray application of Fe nano-chelate and the time of the second harvest increase the quantity and quality of the product in the direction of reducing environmental pollution and sustainable agriculture. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20704.html Background and Objective: Identification of drought-tolerant genotypes is one of the most important solutions to deal with water deficit in the context of climate change.Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in split plots using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil province (Moghan) in summer of 2023. Irrigation treatments including full irrigation (100% water requirement) and drought stress (50% water requirement) were considered as main factors and 15 new genotypes were secondary factors. Genotypes were evaluated based on grain yield under control and drought stress conditions using the indices of stress sensitivity, tolerance, average productivity, yield stability, stress tolerance, geometric mean productivity, drought resistance, average relative yield, percentage of stress sensitivity and percentage of yield reduction.Results: According to average rankings in tolerance indices G3, G9, G11 and G13 were identified as the most tolerant genotypes to water deficit stress. Cluster analysis separated the genotypes into six distinct groups. The G5 and the Kosar were in the first group and G3, G11, G13 and G9 genotypes were in the sixth group. Different views of the biplot diagrams identified G3, G9 and G13 were the most stable and the highest grain yielding genotypes in both environments. Conclusion: Considering the average grain yield, average ranks in tolerance indices, cluster analysis and views of the bi-plot diagrams G3, G9, G13 and G11 genotypes were identified as stable and tolerant genotypes to drought stress. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20705.html Background and Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of tillage, planting method and nitrogen (N) amounts on the energy indicators of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production in paddy fields.Materials and Methods: The experiment was designed as a split factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during two cropping seasons of 2016-2018. The conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage methods were considered as the main plots and two planting methods of direct seeding and transplanting, and the amounts of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg.ha-1 of pure N as factorial in subplots.Results: The results showed that in most treatments, the N fertilizer and diesel fuel showed higher share percentages in rapeseed production than the other energy inputs. The treatments that did not use N fertilizer had the lowest net energy due to their low grain yield. This emphasizes the importance of using an optimal level of N fertilizer to successfully produce rapeseed. The treatments of conventional tillage with 300 kg.ha-1 of N in both planting methods had the highest energy input (>38000 MJ.ha-1) due to more consumption of diesel fuel and nitrogen.Conclusion: The treatment combination of minimum tillage at 100 kg.ha-1 of N in both planting methods due to high energy consumption efficiencies, as sustainable options could be recommended for rapeseed cultivation after rice harvesting in paddy fields of Guilan province. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20706.html AbstractObjectives: This study aims to investigate the synergistic effects of bentonite sulfur and Acidithiobacillus bacterial on improving morphological traits, grain and oil yield and water use efficiency under different irrigation regimes in safflower.Materials and methods: A split factorial experiment was conducted base on a randomized complete block design with three replications in summer of 2022 in Yasouj University. Irrigation regimes at three levels (full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the beginning of the flowering stage and the beginning of seed filling) were considered as the main factor, and bentonite sulfur (B-sulfur) at three levels (zero, 150 and 300 kg.ha-1) and Acidithiobacillus spp. at two levels (application and no-application) were considered as secondary factors.Results: Severe drought stress caused a decrease in LAI, head diameter, and plant height. It also reduced the number of side branches and the main stem diameter by 11.56 and 10.48%. Under severe stress, the highest number of full heads per plant (11.49), full seeds per head (39.3), and thousand seed weight (41.5) were obtained from the application of Acidithiobacillus + 300 kg.ha-1 of B-sulfur. In moderate stress, the application of Acidithiobacillus + 300 kg.ha-1 B-sulfur was associated with an increase of 46.54 percent in grain yield and 1.03 times oil yield.Conclusion: The integrated application of 300 kg.ha-1 of bentonite sulfur combined with Acidithiobacillus bacteria is recommended to enhance grain yield and oil yield tolerance of safflower to cut off irrigation stress from the seed-filling stage in the cold region of Dashtroom. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20707.html AbstractIntroduction and Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement of nutrient uptake and nitrogen efficiency indices in Camelina influenced by integrated nitrogen fertilizer management at different planting dates.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Eqlid region. The main factor included nitrogen fertilizers at 4 levels (100% chemical )urea(, 75% chemical + biofertilizer) Azotobacter and Azospirillum), 50% chemical + biofertilizer and no nitrogen). The secondary factor included planting date at 4 levels (September 11, September 26, April 9, and April 24).Findings: The interaction between planting date and nitrogen fertilizer was significant for all traits studied, except for phosphorus content and grain oil percentage. The highest potassium, iron, and zinc contents were obtained from the planting date of September 26 and the combined application of chemical and bio-nitrogen fertilizers, which also led to an increase in leaf and seed nitrogen content with delayed planting. The highest seed yield, oil yield, and protein yield were achieved at the planting date of September 26 with the application of 75% chemical + biofertilizer. The efficiency of nitrogen use and nitrogen uptake efficiency decreased significantly with increasing nitrogen levels.Conclusion: The planting date of 26 September and the application of a combined 75% chemical nitrogen + biofertilizer is recommended for achieving optimal oil yield of camelina in the tested region. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20708.html Objective: this study was conducted in order to study of the effects of nano particles and mycorrhiza ‎on contribution of dry matter remobilization and current photosynthesis in grain yield and some traits ‎of rye under water limitation conditionsMaterials and methods: an experimental was conducted as factorial based on RCBD with three replications at the research greenhouse of , University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2023. The experimental factors were included ‎irrigation (full irrigation, irrigation withholding at 50% of booting and ‎heading stages), application of bio fertilizers ‏ ‏‎(no application and application of mycorrhiza) and nano particle foliar application with water as control,, nano iron foliar application, , nano silicon ,, both application nano iron-silicon ).‎Findings: The results showed that irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage and no application of ‎nanoparticles and mycorrhiza increased dry matter remobilization from stem and shoot (10.4 and ‎‎12.5% respectively) and contribution of dry matter remobilization from stem and shoot in grain yield ‎‎(24.6 and 28.7%) in comparison with application of nanoparticles and mycorrhiza under the same ‎irrigation level. Also, under severe water limitation, both application nano particles and mycorrhiza ‎increased leaf area index (30.5%), current photosynthesis and the contribution of current ‎photosynthesis in grain yield (29.8 and 15.2%, respectively), and grain yield (26%) in comparison with no application of nanoparticles and ‎mycorrhiza under the same irrigation level.‎Conclusion: , it seems that application of nano particles and mycorrhiza can be ‎suggested to increase grain yield of rye under water limitation conditions. ‎ https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20709.html In this study, 9 winter oilseed rape (WOSR) mutant lines along with six cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in six experimental field stations (Karaj, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Hamadan, Zarghan and Qazvin) during two cropping seasons. GGE biplot statistical method (genotype effect + genotype × environment interaction) was used to study stability of genotypes in the studied environments. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments (E), genotypes (G) and genotype × environment (G×E) interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. Results of genotype × environment interaction analysis using GGE-biplot method indicated that the two first and second principal components of the GGE-biplot explained 70.9% of the total seed yield variation. Based on the hypothetical ideal genotype biplot, the Talaye cultivar and Z-900-9 mutant line were better than the other genotypes for seed yield and stability and had the high general adaptation to all environments. Furthermore, the Nima and Talaye cultivars in Isfahan, Kermanshah and Karaj locations and Z-900-8 mutant line in Zarghan location were superior genotypes with the high specific adaptation. Too, the results showed that all environments had high discriminating ability so that could able to show differences between genotypes. The Hamadan, Kermanshah and Isfahan environments were the nearest environment to ideal environment that had the highest discriminating ability and representativeness. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20710.html Background and Objective: In order to investigate the synergistic effects of livestock and poultry manure on the growth and yield of green beans of the Canyon cultivar under field conditions, experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments in a farm located in the southern region of Kerman province.Methods and Materials: The experimental treatments included control, 10 tons/ha of manure, 20 tons/ha of manure, 3 tons/ha of poultry manure, 5 tons/ha of poultry manure, 10 tons/ha of poultry and livestock manure, and 20 tons/ha of poultry and livestock manure. Some of the traits evaluated included plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and total yield.Results: The results of this study showed that the application of a mixture of livestock and poultry manure increased some growth characteristics, yield and yield components at the highest level. In general, the simultaneous use of a mixture of poultry and livestock manure had positive effects on the growth and yield characteristics of green beans and can be used as an efficient method to improve the quality and yield of agricultural products.Conclusion: Therefore, according to the results obtained, the effect of a mixture of livestock and poultry manure can be recommended as a strategy for increasing green bean yield. These findings indicate that the integration of organic fertilizers into green bean cultivation practices can increase crop yield and contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture.. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20711.html Background and Objective: The present research was aimed to increase the conversion efficiency of waste materials, as well as to study the effect of adding percentages of vermi-compost and compost tea to the vermicompost bed containing solid and pure cow dung, on the compost quality. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out for five weeks with eight vermicompost treatments , each of which had a certain combination of solid cow dung (%C), vermicompost (%V) and compost tea, in the form of a split-plot design based on a completely randomized design in three replications for worm biomass and the number of cocoons, In addition, macronutrients and micronutrients, C/N ratio, EC, and pH were measured at the end of the fifth week. Results: The results showed that during the compost production process, by adding 30% vermicompost to solid cow dung, worm biomass, cocoon number, pH, C/N, and N increased. But adding compost tea had a negative effect on the dependent variables, except for EC and K. The highest negative effect was observed in the combination of 10% compost tea with 90% solid cow dung. No significant changes in P were observed in different treatments. Conclusion: The results indicated the positive effect of adding 30% of vermicompost to raw materials on worm biomass, cocoon number, and some macro and micronutrients present in the resulting vermicompost, and the negative effect of adding compost tea to raw materials on these variables. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20712.html The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of cover crop on weed growth in different planting systems of sugar beet. This study was carried out as a strip split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting patterns (in two levels including single-row and double-row planting sugar beet) and type of cover crops (including barley, triticale, clover and oil radish ), the main factor and the time of removal of the cover crop (at two times of 4 and 8 leaves of sugar beet) was a secondary factor. The results showed that the two-row planting arrangement led to a decrease in weed growth and an increase of 7.27 tons per hectare in tuber performance and 840 kg/hectare in sugar yield compared to the one-row planting arrangement. Among the cover plant species, barley had the highest dry weight of the cover plant, the lowest frequency and dry weight of weeds, the highest tuber yield (38.71 tons/ha) and sugar yield (6.90 tons/ha). The removal time at the eight-leaf stage of sugar beet had the highest percentage of coverage and dry weight of the cover crop, the lowest frequency and dry weight of weeds, and the highest tuber yield (37.45 tons/ha) and sugar yield (6.77 tons/ha).It was concluded that it is possible to obtain a higher yield by planting two rows of sugar beet and using barley cover plant and removing it at the eight-leaf stage of sugar beet https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20973.html Background and Objective: The selection of high-yielding and stable cultivars for each region, particularly under water-deficit conditions, is crucial for sustainable forage production. This study aimed to assess the drought tolerance of different alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars and ecotypes based on yield performance under limited irrigation conditions.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research station of the East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, located in Khosrowshah, over three cropping years (2015–2017). The main plots consisted of three irrigation levels: irrigation termination after the first, second, and third harvests. The subplots included seven genotypes: three synthetic cultivars (Synthetic A, Synthetic B, and Azar) and four ecotypes (Joshan, Satlu, Khajeh, and the local control ecotype of Khosrowshah).Results: Combined variance analysis indicated significant differences between years and stress levels for all morphological traits. The number of stems per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, fresh stem weight, and dry stem weight significantly decreased under severe drought stress conditions. Based on drought tolerance indices, the Synthetic A and Synthetic B cultivars, along with the Joshan ecotype, were identified as drought-tolerant genotypes.Conclusion: Overall, the indices MP, GMP, STI, and HM can be effectively used for drought tolerance screening and for identifying superior genotypes under both stressed and non-stressed field conditions in alfalfa. The results identified the Joshan ecotype as the most drought-tolerant ecotype in this study. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20998.html Background & Objective: Due to Iran's economic vulnerability resulting from oil dependency, the development of non-oil exports, especially agricultural products, is vital for sustainable economic growth. This study aims to design a strategic model for developing agricultural exports in East Azerbaijan Province.Methods & Materials: This applied and descriptive-analytical research was conducted using recent statistical data and methods including the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), and strategic models such as ANSOFF and SOAR. The statistical population included major agricultural products of the province and potential target markets. Data were collected from official sources and expert interviews.Results: Findings categorized agricultural products into three groups: products with sustainable advantage (e.g., apricot, grape, apple), unsustainable advantage (e.g., watermelon, almond), and no advantage (e.g., lentil, bean). Key export destinations identified were Russia, Germany, India, China, the UAE, and Turkey. The HHI index indicated more opportunities in less concentrated markets. Major obstacles were inadequate packaging infrastructure, weak marketing, and logistics problems.Conclusion: The proposed model emphasizes maintaining sustainable advantages, strengthening unsustainable advantages, and restructuring products without advantage. Recommendations include establishing a relative advantage monitoring system, export incentives, improving transport, and expanding border warehouses. These strategies can boost exports, foreign exchange income, employment, and food security. The main limitation was limited access to precise export data. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21001.html Background and Objective: The purpose of the study was to look into the effect of green roof plant bed depth, plant height, and leaf area index on thermal behavior in Tabriz city residential structures.Materials and Methods: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach using the DesignBuilder energy simulation software (version 7) to analyze the influence of vegetation-related parameters on building energy consumption. A one-story residential building with an area of 88 m² in Tabriz was selected as the base model. Simulation scenarios were developed for three levels of each variable: plant height (20, 40, and 60 cm), substrate depth (10, 15, and 20 cm), and leaf area index (2.0, 2.7, and 3.4). The plant species selected for this study is Vinca.Results: The numerical analysis indicated that a leaf area index of 2.0 resulted in superior energy savings compared to the other values. Among the plant height scenarios, the 20 cm height led to the lowest annual energy consumption and demonstrated the most effective thermal performance. Regarding substrate depth, a 20 cm depth was identified as the optimal condition for minimizing total annual energy use.Conclusion: Based on the findings, in the cold and dry climate of Tabriz, selecting plant species with shorter height, lower leaf area index, and greater substrate depth on green roofs can significantly enhance building energy performance. These results underscore the importance of climate-responsive green roof design in promoting energy efficiency and supporting urban sustainability goals. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21002.html Objectives: Biofertilizers have positive effects on soil and plants. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to assess the impact of seed size and vermicompost on grain yield and physiological quality of cowpea seeds.Materials & Methods: In 2017, an experiment was carried out as split plots based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. The vermicompost fertilizer levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 tons per hectare) were located in main plots, and seed sizes (large, mixed, and small, with 100 seeds weighing 18.08, 15.29, and 14.91 g, respectively) were allocated to sub-plots.Results: Germination percentage decreased with increasing seed size. The lowest electrical conductivity was found in small seeds and the highest in large seeds. The application of vermicompost reduced the electrical conductivity of plant seeds produced from large seeds. Increasing seed size decreased the viability of seeds produced under non-vermicompost conditions. All levels of vermicompost increased seedling dry weight of plant seeds from different seed sizes (3.76 grams with 6 tons per hectare of vermicompost).Conclusion: utilization of vermicompost, especially 4 tons per hectare, increased grain yield per unit area of plants from large and mixed seed sizes. Seedling dry weight had the highest positive correlation with grain yield. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21003.html Planting date of potato not only plays an important role in weed management through affecting competition, the control methods effectiveness, and economic considerations, but also can help farmers optimize their planting programs to increase crop yield and reduce weed-related challenges. This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the 2018-2019 crop season at the Razi University agricultural research farms. The factors were included as the planting date at 4 levels including: November 10, March 10, April 10 and May 10 and the second factor included two potato cultivars, Sante and Marfona. The results showed that the effect of sowing date on weed density (P≤0.01) and biomass (P≤0.05) was significant, The results also showed that the weed competition ability of Sante cultivar was higher than Marfona cultivar relatevely The results also showed that the accumulation of autumn and spring rains and the presence of different types of weeds that germinate in autumn resulted in the higher biomass weight (2975.6 g/m2) and weed density (77.8 plants/m2) in the November sowing date probably. However, the purchase price of seed tubers in November is much cheaper than the price of seed tubers in spring, and saving water will indirectly reduce fuel and labor costs in autumn planting. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21004.html Background and Objective: This study aimed to investigate marigold plants' antioxidant and physiological properties in response to foliar application of biostimulants under various fertilizers. Materials and methods: The study took place at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Urmia, utilizing a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Modifier biostimulant treatments (i.e., CON: control, SUC: sucrose, SEW: seaweed, and HUM: humic acid) were considered as the first factor and fertilization including (i.e., CON: control, VER: vermicompost, UWC: urban waste compost, NPK: chemical fertilization, VER+NPK, UWC+NPK, and VER+UWC+NPK) were considered as the second factor.Results: The results of this study indicated that applying a combination of VER, UWC, and NPK, along with foliar spraying of the HUM, led to the highest levels of total phenols, flavonoids, catalase, soluble sugars, and anthocyanins. Additionally, when combined with SEW, the mentioned treatment resulted in the maximum chlorophylla and b content. The results indicated that the application of SUC, SEW, and HUM increased the percentage of essential oil by 2.88%, 3.25%, and 37.50%, respectively, compared to the control group. Additionally, the extent of these increases for the treatments VER, UVC, NPK, VER + NPK, UWC + NPK, and VER + UWC + NPK, compared to the control, were 46.32%, 49.15%, 23.16%, 67.79%, 22.99%, and 60.45%, respectively.Conclusion: The application of NPK chemical fertilizer combined with foliar spray and organic fertilizer treatments was superior to its separate application in essential oil yield and other quantitative and qualitative characteristics. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21005.html AbstractObjectives: The aim of this research is to improve grain yield and weed control in pinto beans through buckwheat intercropping and the application of mycorrhiza.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a two-factor factorial base on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2023. The first factor included cropping systems (pure pinto beans without weed control (Weedy), pure pinto beans with weed control (weedfree), and pure buckwheat without weed control, additive intercropping of pinto beans with 30, 60 and 90% buckwheat density without weed control) and the second factor included the application and non-application of mycorrhiza biofertilizer. Morphological traits, yield components and yield of both plants, weed density and biomass, and land equivalent ratio were evaluated.Results: The highest plant height (121cm) , leaf area index (1.98) and grain yield (3732 Kg.ha-1) of pinto bean were obtained from weedfree pure cultivation, followed by intercropping of pinto bean + 60% buckwheat density without weed control. Increasing the density of buckwheat with pinto bean reduced weed biomass (from 57 to 91%) and density (from 60 to 80%) in pinto bean flowering stage. The use of mycorrhizal fungi also increased the studied traits of pinto bean and buckwheat and reduced weed biomass and density. The land equivalent ratio in all intercropping patterns was higher than one.Conclusion: Based on the results, it suggesies that the intercropping of 60% buckwheat density with pinto bean and inoculation with mycorrhiza can improve weed control and sustainable production of pinto bean. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21006.html Background and Objective: Increasing the soil moisture holding capacity is one of the ways to reduce the damage of drought stress on fruit trees.Materials and Methods: In this research, the effect of adding two soil amendants on the yield and fruit quality of drought-stressed grapevines was investigated during the 2022 and 2023 in the research vineyard of Malayer University, Hamadan. The experiment is factorial based on a randomized block design and treatments include four levels of amendants (control; zeolite 12 kg; sheep manure 15 kg; zeolite + sheep manure, respectively, 12 and 15 kg vine-1) and two levels of irrigation regime (conventional irrigation with a cycle of 7 days and drought stress with irrigation once every 21 days). Results: The results showed that increasing the irrigation cycle led to a significant decrease in cluster diameter, fruitset, cluster weight, yield vine-1, total phenol and antioxidant capacity, as well as an increase in total flavonoids, soluble solids and fruit pH. The application of soil amendants moderated the negative effects of drought stress on yield and fruit quality of grapes. The application of zeolite and sheep manure caused an increase in berry diameter, cluster length and diameter, fruit formation, berry and cluster weight, yield, total phenols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity as well as titratable acidity, and a decrease in total flavonoids and soluble solids of fruit. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21007.html The application of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has shown potential to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and improve plant performance. This study aimed to evaluate the combined application of biochar and AMF on the phytochemical traits and yield of lavender under varying levels of drought stress.This experiment was conducted in the spring and summer of 2023 in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran. The factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The factors included drought stress at three levels (90% of field capacity as the control, 60% of field capacity as moderate drought stress, and 30% of field capacity as severe drought stress) and four fertilizer treatments (control without fertilizer, biochar, AMF inoculation, and combined application of biochar + AMF).The combined application of biochar and AMF significantly increased soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, ascorbic acid, and relative water content compared to severe drought stress without fertilizer. Under moderate drought stress, the combined treatment improved essential oil content by 57%, anthocyanin content by 284%, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and polyphenol oxidase, compared to the control.The simultaneous application of biochar and AMF is a promising and sustainable strategy to enhance phytochemical and functional traits, offering a practical solution to mitigate the impacts of drought stress on medicinal plants such as lavender in arid and semi-arid regions. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21008.html One of the major problems in fruit production is the reduction of yield and quality. Benzyl adenine plays an important role in regulating the growth of plants. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of different concentrations of benzyl adenine on thinning rate and the qualitative and antioxidant characteristics of fruit in greengage.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 5 benzyl adenine treatments (60, 90, 120 and 150 mg/L) in 4 replications. The solution were applied two weeks after the full bloom on the selected trees. Then, the thinning percentage and fruit quality parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, vitamin C, diameter, length, volume, weight, firmness, flavonoids, phenols, and total antioxidant capacity of the fruit were evaluated at the commercial harvest.Results: The results showed that the application of benzyl adenine had different effects on the quality and antioxidant properties of greengage fruits. In all traits excepton flavonoids and total phenols, the effects of treatment were significant at the level. The highest percentage of fruit drop and antioxidant capacity were observed at a concentration of 150 mg/L. Conclusion: In general, benzyl adenine has a significant effect on thinning and improving the quality and antioxidant characteristics of Golestan cultivar fruits. The use of a 150 mg/L concentration of benzyl adenine provided the best results in antioxidant capacity and fruit quality improving. This study could offer a new approach for enhancing greengage production and increasing its quality in agriculture. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21009.html Background & Objective: This research was carried out in order to achieve the most suitable combination of cultivation in terms of spatial arrangement and to investigate its effect on the growth and yield and yield components of fenugreek and evaluation indices in mixed cultivation of fenugreek and dill.Methods & Materials: The experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications in research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Tabriz. Different cultivation patterns including the pure cultivation pattern of fenugreek and six patterns of mixed cultivation of these two plants including three patterns of increasing ratio (1:20, 1:40 and 1:60) and three different patterns of replacement ratio (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) was considered.Results: The results showed that the treatments 1:2 and 1:3 had the highest number of fertile branches, number of seeds per plant, number of plants in the main and secondary branches, seed weight per plant and yield. The highest concentration of fenugreek dry matter was obtained in treatments of 1:2 and 1:3, and the highest growth rate of the crop plant and the relative growth rate were obtained from pure cultivation of fenugreek. Conclusion: Finally, the results show that dill is a suitable plant for mixed cultivation with fenugreek. So that replacement mixed cultivation of 1:2 and 1:3 as well as in additive mixed cultivation of 1:20 and 1:60 has improved fenugreek yield and can bring the most economic benefit to the farmer. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21010.html Introduction and Objectives: The interaction of genotype and environment complicates breeding for high-yielding and stable varieties in arid regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield stability of 60 diverse wheat genotypes from CIMMYT, including selected lines, landraces, and non-adapted germplasm, to identify drought-adapted genotypes. In this study, the Cumulative Main Effects Model and Multiple Interaction (AMMI) and stability indices (ASV, STI, GMP) were used to select suitable genotypes for breeding programs in semi-arid regions.Materials and Methods: Wheat genotypes were tested in two semi-arid environments in East Azerbaijan, under fully irrigated (25% soil moisture) and drought stress (12% soil moisture) conditions. Grain yield was measured after harvest at 12% moisture. AMMI analysis was performed with one principal component, which covered 85% of the GEI variance, along with stability indices in R software.Results: Genotype 19 had the highest yield (510.31 g/m2, ASV = 6.43) and genotype 32 had the highest stability (ASV = 0.30). Genotypes 19, 3 and 13 showed a yield-stability balance (yield 450.85-510.31 g/m2, ASV = 6.01-6.43). Among the genotypes studied, genotypes 8, 59, 33, 58, 46, 15, 14, 7, 30 and 25 showed the highest stability. Conclusion: The AMMI model and stability indices identified genotypes with high yield and stability for drought-prone areas. Genotypes 19, 3, and 13 and the stable group (8, 59, 33, 58, 46, 15, 14, 7, 30, and 25) are recommended for breeding programs in semi-arid regions. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21011.html Considering the reduction in crop yields under drought stress and its effect on plant physiological characteristics, the use of mulch has been introduced as a non-chemical method to increase crop yield. Also, intercropping of corn and mung bean, due to less competition with weeds and optimal water consumption, leads to increased production efficiency and soil moisture conservation under drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Ilam Research Farm during 2014. The main plots included irrigation levels at three levels (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity), subplots included mulch at two levels (application and non-application of mulch), and subplots included planting patterns at four levels (100% incremental mixed cropping of corn + 50% mung bean, 50% replacement mixed cropping of corn + 50% mung bean, pure corn cropping and pure mung bean cropping). The results of this study showed that the highest yield of corn (10274 kg/ha) and mung bean (1372.67 kg/ha) was obtained in 100% irrigation with mulch application and 100% irrigation with mulch application in pure cropping pattern, respectively. The highest land equivalence ratio (1.48) was achieved in incremental intercropping with 50% irrigation and mulch application. The results of this study showed that in terms of land equivalence ratio, intercropping of corn and mung bean indicates the usefulness of implementing intercropping patterns in increasing resource productivity and improving components, yield, and photosynthetic characteristics of the two species. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21012.html Background and Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and different levels of chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) an oilseed crop. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Fields of Baye-Kala Agricultural Research Station. The treatments included two levels of chemical fertilizer (100 and 75% of chemical fertilizer consumption based on the soil test results as optimal and reduced levels of fertilizer, respectively) and four inoculation treatments with PGPR (separate inoculation of Ensifer sp., Bacillus megaterium, a co-inoculation and a control (non-inoculation)). Results: According to the results the simple effect of chemical fertilizer and the interaction between chemical fertilizer and bacterial inoculation were not significant on all the studied traits, while most of the traits were significantly affected by the simple effect of bacterial inoculation. The separate inoculation of Ensifer sp., B. megaterium and co-inoculation increased the plant height (8.64-15.1%), the number of branches per plant (35.4-101.4%), the number of capsules per plant (27.2-81.7%), biological yield (13.1-25.1%), grain yield (27.0-45.1%), harvest index (11.7-14.8%), oil percentage in grain (11.4-19.8%) and oil yield (43.4-74.3%) as compared with the control conditions (non-inoculation).Conclusion: The application of PGPR in a combined form (the best inoculation treatment) reduced the chemical fertilizers consumption without a significant reduction in camelina yield, which is indicating the importance of these rhizobacteria for achieving sustainable agricultural goals. https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21013.html Garden thyme is an aromatic and perennial medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. In order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of wood vinegar and mycorrhiza on some morphological-physiological characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L., a factorial experiment in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications, during the crop years 1400-1402 It was carried out in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of takestan The experimental factors include the first factor in four levels of mycorrhizal fungi (control و seed and soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae, Glomus.etunicatum and Glomus. intraradices) and the second factor in four levels of wood vinegar (control, foliar spraying 5, 10 and 15 per thousand).The highest amount of dry matter, chlorophyll a, b, total, nitrogen, and potassium of the root was obtained from 10% wood vinegar foliar spraying. the highest plant fresh weight and relative water content were obtained from the interaction effect of wood vinegar treatments (10 per thousand) and G. mosseae mycorrhizal inoculation. that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, especially G. mosseae, as well as 10% wood vinegar foliar spraying were the most effective on the investigated traits in this experimentthat the application of G. mosseae mycorrhiza compared to the non-inoculation treatment caused a 215 and 170 percent increase in root nitrogen and potassium, respectively, and the application of G. mosseae mycorrhiza with foliar spraying of wood vinegar (10 per thousand) caused an approximately 7fold increase in root phosphorus compared to the control treatment https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21191.html the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of ‎selenium and silicon ‎application on nodulation, quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean in different ‎‎intensities drought stress.‎experiment was carried out as factorial based on R CBD ‎with three replications in 2024. ‎Facors experimental were included irrigation (full irrigation as control, irrigation ‎withholding at flowering stage and irrigation ‎withholding at pod formation and grain ‎filling stage, , silicon and ‎selenium foliar application (foliar application with water as ‎control, 5 mg.L-1 selenium, 50 mg.L-1 ‎silicon, both foliar application selenium and ‎silicon).‎‎ Means comparision showed that severe water limitation decreased protein and oil ‎content, whereas ‎both application of silicon and selenium increased proline content ‎‎(23%) and protein and oil content (13.4 and 9 ‎‎%, respectively), in comparison with no ‎foliar application of these elements. Also, maximum of the number and ‎weight nodules ‎per plant (52.41 and 0.425 g per plant, respectively) were obtained at both application of ‎silicon ‎and selenium. Under ‎severe water limitation condition, both application of ‎selenium and silicon increased relative water content ‎‎(25%), total cholorophyll content ‎‎(89%), grain filling period (18%), the and ‎grain yield (34%) in comparison with no ‎application of these elements in the same level of irrigation levels.‎Based on the results of this study, application of selenium and silicon were able to ‎increase ‎grain yield of soybean under severe and moderate water limitation by improving ‎nudulation, grain filling components and some traits such as relative water content, ‎total ‎cholorophyll and proline content.‎ https://sustainagriculture.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21220.html The present research was conducted in order to investigate the role of cover crops in improving soil health in soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during growth seasons of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Ardabil. The studied factors include the date of planting cover crops in two levels (at the same time and three weeks after soybean planting), their planting density in two levels (recommended and triple recommended) and the type of cover crop in 12 levels (including autumn barley, oats, autumn rye, autumn wheat, berseem clover, Persian clover, crismon clover, yellow sweet clover, red clover, annual alfalfa, bitter vetch and hairy vetch). two control treatments were considered in the form of pure soybean cultivation (without cover crop cultivation) along with spraying and without spraying against weeds next to each replication. The combined analysis of variance of the data showed that in addition to the main effect of the experimental treatments, the interaction effect between them on the studied traits was significant. The use of cover crops improved soil health in soybeans. The highest values of earthworm number and weight, basal respiration, microbial population, urease and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, phosphorus, nitrogen percentage, grain yield and the lowest soil carbon to nitrogen ratio were obtained in hairy vetch. Therefore, it is recommended to use cover crops, especially hairy vetch, to achieve sustainable agricultural goals and improve soil health in these areas.