تاثیر برخی گونه های قارچ تریکودرما و میکوریز بر ویژگی های رشدی و عملکرد دانه شوید (Anethum graveolens L.) در شرایط گلخانه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

2 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

کشت گیاهان دارویی و معطر همانند شوید از دیرباز دارای جایگاه ویژه‌ای بوده است. از طرفی، سیستم ‌های کشاورزی اکولوژیک و کم‌نهاده می‌توانند باعث توسعه کشاورزی پایدار و حفظ سلامت محیط‌زیست گردند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی عملکرد شوید در شرایط گلخانه‌ای با استفاده از چندین گونه از قارچ‌های میکوریز و تریکودرما و نیز مقایسه برخی خصوصیات مورفولوژیک و اجزای عملکرد دانه این گیاه انجام شد. به همین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه گروه باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز اجرا شد. برای انجام این آزمایش، ریشه دو گونه شوید محلی تبریز و رقم لانگ ایلند ماموت با مایه تلقیح تهیه شده از جدایه‌های دو گونه قارچ تریکودرما Trichoderma harzianum Na-1ac) و(T. longibrachiatum BZ4-4 و دو گونه قارچ میکوریز Glomus intraradices) و(G. versiforme  تیمار شد. نتایج به‌دست آمده از این تحقیق نشان داد که اثر قارچ بر وزن تر و خشک ساقه، وزن تر و خشک ریشه، شاخص کلروفیل، و درصد کلونیزاسیون معنی‌دار بود. همچنین اثرات رقم و قارچ بر ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد چترک در چتر، عملکرد دانه در تک بوته، و تعداد شاخه فرعی در تک بوته به صورت معنی‌دار باعث افزایش این شاخصه‌ها شد. اثرات متقابل رقم × قارچ نیز بر تعداد شاخه فرعی در تک بوته و عملکرد دانه در تک بوته معنی‌دار بود و باعث افزایش آنها گردید. همچنین نتایج مقایسه میانگین بین دو گونه قارچ میکوریز نشان داد که درصد کلونیزاسیون قارچ G.intraradices بطور معنی‌دار بیشتر از درصد کلونیزاسیون در قارچ G. versiforme  بود. حالت اندوفیتی قارچ تریکودرما و پیشرفت قارچ در بافت‌های مختلف گیاه، فقط در بخش ریشه گیاه شوید مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج مقایسه دو جنس قارچ در مورد بیشتر صفات نشان دهنده اختلاف معنی‌دار بین آنها بود و قارچ جنس Trichoderma از نظر بیشتر صفات اندازه گیری شده برتر از جنس Glomus بود. در نهایت نتایج مشخص کرد که استفاده از قارچ های تریکودرما و میکوریز در مقاسیه با شاهد می‌تواند ابزار موثری برای افزایش صفات رشدی باشد، و کاربرد قارچ تریکودرما به شکل موثرتری به عنوان یک روش طبیعی جهت بهبود رشد در گیاه شوید را ارایه نماید.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of some Trichoderma and Mycorrhizal Fungai Species on Growth Properties and Grain Yield of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) under Greenhouse Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Hatef Heris 1
  • Saied Zehtab Salamsi 1
  • Mahdi Arzanlou 2
چکیده [English]

Since many times the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic herbs has been a special place in Iran's agricultural systems. On the other hand, ecological farming and low input systems can promote sustainable agriculture and environmental health. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of several species mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma in the rhizosphere on some of the crop characteristics of dill plant, in greenhouse conditions using. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Horticulture Department, faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. For instance the roots of two Anethum graveolens (Dill) species i.e. Tabriz local A. graveolens and Long Island of Mammoth, were treated with the inoculums provided of Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma harzianum Na-1ac and T. longibrachiatum BZ4-4) and two species of Mycorrhiza fungus (Glomus intraradices and G. versiforme). The results of this study showed that the significant incrementing effect of fungi on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll index and colonization. Also, the effects of cultivars and fungi on traits such as plant height, number of umbelle in umbelete, grain yield in each plant and number of branches in each plant were significant. Interaction of cultivar and fungus were also significant on the number of branches in each plant and grain yield in each plant and increased them. Also, the results results indicated that the percentage of colonization in G.intraradices was significantly higher than in G. versiforme. The investigation of the endophytic state of Trichoderma and the progress of the fungus in various tissues of the plant were detected only in the plant root portion of the. Also the comparing result between two genera showed significant difference in most traits and Trichoderma was better than Glomus in most of the measured traits. Finally, our results indicated that the use of Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungus in comparison with the control can be an effective tool for increasing of the growth characters and the use of Trichoderma more effectively presence a natural method to improve the growth of the plant.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilaizer
  • Dill
  • Mycorrhiza
  • Medicinal Herbs
  • Trichoderma
Alexandru M, Lazar D, Ene M and Sesan TE. 2013. Influence of some Trichoderma species on photosynthesis intensity and pigments in tomatoes. Romanian Biotechnological Letters,18: 8499-8510
Aliasgharzad N. 2001. The abundance and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in saline soils of the Tabriz Plain and their inoculation effects on the improvement of salt tolerance in onion and barley. Ph.D thesis, University of Tehran, I.R of Iran.
Augé RM. 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza, 11:3-42.
Bailey BA, Lumsden RD. 1998. Direct effects of Trichoderma and Gliocladium on plant growth and resistance to pathogens, In: Harman G E, Kubicek C P (Eds.), Trichoderma and Gliocladium, vol. 2. Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 185-204.
Benitez T, Rincon AM, Limon MC and Codon AC. 2004. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, 7(4): 249-260.
Brundrett MC, Piche Y and Peterson RL. 1984. A new methods for observing the morphology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 62: 2128-2138.
Cardoso EJBN, Nogueira M and Zangaro W. 2017. Importance of Mycorrhizae in Tropical Soils. Diversity and Benefits of Microorganisms from the Tropics, 245-267pp.
Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macias-Rodriguez L, Cortes-Penagos C and Lopez-Bucio J. 2009. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, enhances biomass production and promotes lateral root growth through an auxin-dependent mechanism in arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 149(3): 1579-1592.
Das M, Jakkula V and Adholeya A. 2017. Role of mycorrhiza in phytoremediation processes: A review.  Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration, 12-20pp.
Demir S. 2004. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal of Biology, 28: 85-90.
Druege U, Baltruschat H and Franken P. 2007. Piriformospora indicapromotes adventitious rootformation in cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 112: 422-426.
Elander K, Mukherji R, 1992. Fungal biotechnology, in: Handbook of Applied Mycology, Markel Dekker, New York, p. 4.
Esmaielpour B, Jalilvand P and Hadian J. 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Agricultural Ecology,
5(2): 169-177. (In Persian).
Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N and Davis TD. 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulator and stress Protestants. Horticultural Science, 23: 55-138.
Ghassemi Golezani K and Dalil B. 2011. Seed Germination and Strength Tests, Mashhad University Press Publication. Mashhad. (In Persian).
Gholami A and Koocheki A. 2001. Mycorrhiza in Sustainable Agriculture (translation). Shahroud University. (In Persian).
Giovannetti M and Mosse B. 1980. An evalution of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84:489-500.
Giri B and Mukerji KG. 2004. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza, 14: 307-312.
Gupta ML, Prasad A, Ram M and Kumar S. 2002. Effect of the vesicul ararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology, 81(4): 77-79.
Gyaneshwar P, Naresh Kumar G and Parekh LJ. And Poole, P.S., 2002. Role of soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant and Soi, 245: 83-93.
Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I and Lorito M. 2004. Trichoderma species-opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Reviews, 2: 43-56.
Hoareau L and Dasilva EJ. 1999. Medicinal plants: A reemerging health aid.  Journal of Electronic Biotechnology, 2(2): 3-4.
Inbar J, Abramsky M, Cohen D and Chet I.1994. Plant growth enhancement and disease control by Trichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 100: 337-346.
James B, Rodel D, Lorettu U, Reynaldo E and Tariq H. 2008. Effect of vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungiinoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna Spectabilis. Pakistan Journal ofBotany, 40(5): 2217-2224.
Joshee N, Mentreddy SR and Yadav K. 2007. Mycorrhizal fungi and growth and development of micropropagated Scutellaria integrifolia plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 25: 169-177.
Kapoor R, Giri B and Mukerji G. 2001.Mycorrhization of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) to enhance the concentration and quality of essential oil. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(4): 339-342.
Kapoor R, Giri B and Mukerji KG. 2002. Glomus macrocarpum: a potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 18(5): 459-463.
Khalvati MA, Mzafar A and Schmidhalter U. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular-mycorrhizal hypha and its signification for leaf growth, water relations and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biology Stuttgart, 7(6): 706-712.
Khavazi K and Malakouti, M.J. 2002. Necessity for the production of biofertilizers in Iran: a compilation of Ministry of Agriculture. Karaj, Iran. pp. 589. (In Persian)
Kormanik PP and McGraw AC. 1982. Quantification of vesicular-arbusculare mycorrhiza in plant roots. In: N. C. Schneck (ed.) Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research. American Phytopathological Society, pp. 37-45.
Mishra KK, Dwivedi S and Pandre PK. 2014. Evaluation of Fungal Bio-agents on plant growth and M. incognita infestation on chick pea. Chemistry and Materials Research, 6 (3).
Moradi R. 2009. Effect of biological and inorganic fertilizers on yield, yield components and essence of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). MSc. thesis of Agroecology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian).
Mukerji KG and Chamola BP. 2003. Compendium of mycorrhizal research. A.P.H. Publisher. New Delhi.
p. 310.
Nagaraju A, Sudisha J, Murthy SM and Ito SI. 2012. Seed priming with Trichoderma harzianum isolates enhances plant growth and induces resistance against Plasmopara halstedii, an incitant of sunflower downy mildew disease. Australian Plant Pathology, 41: 609-620.
Okhovvat M and Karampour F. 1996. Effect of some isolates of antagonistic fungion the control of chickpea black root rot caused by Fusarium solani under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27 (2): 37 – 45.(In Persian).
Ousley MA, Lynch JM and Whipps JM. 1994. Potential of Trichodermaspp. as consistent plant growth stimulators. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 17: 85-90.
Phuwiwat W and Soytong K. 1999. Growth and yield response of Chinese radish to application of Trichodermaharzianum. Thammasat international journal of science and technology, 4(1): 68-71.
Powell CL and Bagyaraj DJ. 1986. VA mycorrhiza. CRC Press. Inc. Bocaraton, Florida.
Rajapaskse S and Jr. Miller JC. 1994. Intraspesific variability for VA mycorrhizal symbiosis in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L] walp) In: Gabelman, HW. Loughman BC (eds). Genetic aspect of plant mineral nutrition. Nij haff Dordrecht pp: 523-536.
Sylvia DM. 1999. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. In: Methods of soil Analysis, part 2, Microbiological and Biochemical properties. Soil Science Socity of America, no. 5. Madison, WI.
Taekim J, Park IH, HahumYI and Hun YuS.  2001. Crown and root rot of greenhouse tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum.  Plant Pathology, 17: 299-294.
Tasang A and Maum MA. 1999. Mycorrhizal fungi increase salt tolerance of Strophostyles helvola in coastalforedunes. University of Waterloo, Canada, Plant Ecology, 144: 159-166.
Toussaint JP, Smith FA and Smith SE. 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can induce the production of phytochemicals in sweet basil irrespective of phosphorus nutrition. Mycorrhiza, 17(4): 291-297.
Watanabe N. 1993. Promoting effect of Trichoderma spp. on seed germination and plant growth in vegetables. Memoirs of the Institute of Siences and Technology, 32: 9-17.
Windham MT, Elad Y and Baker R. 1986. A mechanism for increased plant growth induced by Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology, 76: 518-552.