اثر گیاهان پوششی مختلف بر وزن خشک علف‌های هرز، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سویا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. گرگان

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. گرگان

3 استاد, گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.

4 استاد گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان.

5 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی- دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان- گرگان- ایران.

6 استادیار،دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف: کشت گیاهان پوششی همراه با مدیریت‌ مناسب آنها می‌تواند جایگزین مطلوبی برای روش‌های معمول کنترل علف‌های هرز در سویا باشد. یکی از مهم‌ترین نکاتی که محققان در استفاده از گیاهان پوششی بر آن تاکید دارند، انتخاب گیاه پوششی مناسب برای هر گیاه .زراعی است؛ زیرا ممکن است گیاهی از تمام جنبه‌ها مناسب باشد؛ اما اثرات دگرآسیبی بروی گیاه زراعی داشته باشد.از اینرو این پژوهش با هدف  بررسی اثر گیاهان پوششی مختلف در کنترل علف‏های هرز و عملکرد سویا رقم دی پی ایکس انجام گرفته است.
 
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در قالب طرح اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی 1398- 1396 در مزرعه دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان در استان گلستان طراحی و اجرا شد. کرت اصلی شامل بقایای هفت نوع گیاه پوششی شامل منداب (Eruca sativa)، خردل علوفه‌ای (Brassica junce)، ماشک گل خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa)، شبدر برسیم (Trifolium alexandrinum)، چاودار (Secale cereale)، جو (Hordeum vulgare) و شاهد (عدم کاشت گیاه پوششی) و و کرت فرعی شامل کنترل علف‌هرز در دو سطح وجین  یا عدم وجین دستی بود. کاشت گیاهان پوششی در اواسط آبان‌ماه در سه برابر مقدار توصیه شده انجام شد. گیاهان پوششی یک هفته پیش از کاشت سویا با علف‌کش گراماکسون (پاراکوات، ۳ لیتر در هکتار) از بین رفتند. کاشت سویا (رقم دی‌پی‌اکس) به‌صورت دستی و درون بقایای این گیاهان، با فاصله ردیف‌های ۵۰ و فاصله بوته‌های ۱۳ سانتی‌متر انجام شد.
 
یافته‌ها: در سال اول آزمایش عدم وجین علف‌های هرز سبب کاهش 42 درصدی عملکرد دانه سویا شد و عملکرد دانه را از 1908 کیلوگرم در هکتار به 1107 کیلوگرم در هکتار رساند. در سال دوم آزمایش بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه سویا در شرایط وجین علف‌های هرز در بقایای شبدر برسیم با 3279 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. همچنین عملکرد سویا در بقایای منداب و خردل علوفه­ای در هر دو شرایط وجین و عدم وجین مشابه بود؛ با وجود آنکه بقایای منداب و خردل علوفه­ای در مهار علف‌های هرز موفق بودند، به نظر می‌رسد کاهش عملکرد مشاهده شده به وجود اثرات دگرآسیبی بقایای این گیاهان بر سویا مرتبط باشد. عملکرد سویا در شرایط عدم وجین در مقایسه با تیمار وجین علف‌های هرز در بقایای جو و چاودار، شبدر برسیم و ماشک به ترتیب به میزان 13، 23، 57 و 58 درصد کاهش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که استفاده از بقایای شبدر برسیم و ماشک همراه با وجین در سویا توصیه می شود؛ همچنین استفاده از بقایای چاودار و جو در سویا در صورتی که امکان استفاده از روش­های مکمل در کنترل علف‌های هرز وجود نداشته باشد، پیشنهاد می­شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different Cover Crops on Weed Biomass, Yield and Yield components of Soybean

نویسندگان [English]

  • Meysam Badsar 1
  • Asieh Siahmarguee 2
  • Behnam Kamkar 3
  • Afshin Soltani 4
  • Ebrahim Zeinali 5
  • Parisa Alizadeh dehkordi 6
1 Ph.D Student of Crops Ecology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan.
2 2. Associated Professor, Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Recourses, Gorgan.
3 Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
4 Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan.
5 2. Associated Professor, Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Recourses, Gorgan.
6 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Cover crop cultivation, along with their proper management, can serve as a favorable alternative to conventional weed control methods in soybean. One of the most important points that researchers emphasize regarding the use of cover crops is selecting the appropriate cover crop for each agricultural crop; because a plant may be suitable in all respects, but still have allelopathic effects on the main crop. Thus this research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different cover crops on weeds control and yield of soybeans-DPX variety.
 
Materials and Methods:  The experiment was designed and conducted as a split-plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications over two cropping years (2017–2019) at the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Golestan Province. The main factor included the residual of six cover crops including Arugula (Eruca sativa), Indian mustard (Brassica junce), Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), Rye (Secale cereale), Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and control (no planting of cover crops) and the sub-factor included weed control in two levels of weeding or no weeding. The cover crops were planted in mid-November at three times the recommended rate. The cover crops were terminated one week before soybean planting using the herbicide Gramoxone (Paraquat, 3 liters per hectare). Soybeans (cultivar DPX) were manually planted into the residues of these cover crops, with a row spacing of 50 cm and a within-row plant spacing of 13 cm.
 
Results: In the first year, weedy treatment caused a 42% decrease in soybean yield and reduced the grain yield from 1908 kg/ha to 1107 kg/ha. In the second year, the highest yield of soybean was obtained in Berseem clover cover crop and weed free treatment (3279 kg. ha-1). Yield of soybean in Arugula and Indian mustard residues were similar in weedy and weed free conditions; despite the ability of Arugula and Indian mustard residues to control of weeds, it seems that the low yield of soybean in these treatments were related to the alleopatic effect of these plants' residues on soybeans. In general, yield of soybean in barley, rye, berseem clover and hairy vetch residues in weedy treatment decreased by 13, 23, 57 and 58%, respectively compared to weed free treatment,
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to use of Berseem clover and Hairy vetch residues with weeding in soybean cultivation. It is also recommended to use rye and barley residues in soybeans if it is not possible to use complementary methods in weed control.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Allelopathy
  • Brasicaceae Family
  • Cover Crops
  • Fabaceae Family
  • Weed Management

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دانش کشاورزی وتولید پایدار
دوره 36، شماره 2
1405
صفحه 1-22

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