تأثیر تراکم و زمان نسبی ظهور علف‌هرز اویارسلام زرد (Cyperus esculenthus L.) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج (Oryza sativa L.) رقم هاشمی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

2 دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری

3 زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف: علف­هرز اویارسلام زرد یکی از جگن­های چند­ساله بوده و به‌دلیل رشد رویشی زیاد و تولید ساقه زیر­زمینی، پیاز، بذر و غده به­عنوان یکی از خطرناک­ترین علف­های­هرز در جهان شناخته می‌شود. این علف‌هرز با توان رقابتی بالا در اراضی شالیزاری موجب کاهش عملکرد برنج می­شود. در همین راستا، پژوهش حاضر به­منظور ارزیابی اثر تراکم و زمان نسبی ظهور این علف­هرز بر رشد و عملکرد برنج رقم هاشمی طراحی و اجرا شد.
 
مواد و روش­ها: این آزمایش در سال 1402 در قالب فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تراکم علف­هرز اویارسلام زرد در چهار سطح (صفر، 15، 30 و 45 بوته در متر­مربع) و زمان نسبی ظهور علف­هرز در سه سطح (هم­زمان، یک و دو هفته بعد از نشاکاری) دو عامل آزمایش بودند. برای اعمال تراکم علف های هرز، گیاهچه‌های اویارسلام زرد بر اساس میزان تراکم و زمان نسبی ظهور علف­هرز در تاریخ­های مشخص‌شده به صورت تصادفی و تک‌بوته در کرت‌های آزمایش نشاکاری شدند. در مرحله برداشت صفات مرتبط با عملکرد برنج مانند تعداد پنجه، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد شلتوک و شاخص برداشت اندازه‌گیری شدند.
 
یافته­ها: نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس داده­ها نشان داد که زمان نسبی ظهور و تراکم علف­هرز اویارسلام زرد بر تمام صفات مورد بررسی معنی­دار گردید. هم­چنین بر­هم­کنش زمان نسبی و تراکم علف­هرز اویارسلام زرد از نظر عملکرد شلتوک، تعداد کل دانه در خوشه و تعداد دانه پر در خوشه در سطح احتمال پنج درصد و از نظر عملکرد بیولوژیک در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی­دار بود. عملکرد شلتوک در همزمان با نشاکاری، یک و دو هفته پس از نشاکاری علف­هرز اویارسلام زرد و در تراکم­های 15، 30 و 45 بوته در مترمربع در مقایسه با شاهد به­ترتیب 90/29، 89/32 و 83/49، 23/32، 22/35، 18/47، 97/9، 61/15 و 61/17 درصد کاهش یافت. هم­چنین کشت همزمان نشاکاری با تراکم صفر بوته عملکرد بیولوژیک بالاتری در مقایسه با کشت همزمان با تراکم 45 بوته (4850  در مقابل 2880 کیلوگرم در هکتار) داشت.
 
نتیجه­گیری: با افزایش زمان نسبی ظهور اویارسلام زرد، از شدت تأثیر تراکم آن کاسته شد، به­طوری­که سبز­شدن در دو هفته پس از نشاکاری، تأثیر تراکم اویارسلام زرد بر اغلب اجزای عملکرد غیر­معنی­دار بود. به­طورکلی نتایج آزمایش نشان­دهنده حساسیت شدید عملکرد شلتوک به تداخل همزمان اویارسلام زرد حتی در تراکم­های کم بود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of density and relative time of appearance of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) on the yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ʼHashemiʼ)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hemmatollah Pirdashti 1
  • Mohammad Abesta 1
  • Rahmat Abbasi 2
  • nematollah sedaghat 3
1 Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
3 Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad of Iran
چکیده [English]

Background & Objectives: Yellow nutsedge (YN) is one of the perennial weeds. Due to its extensive vegetative growth and production of underground stems (rhizomes), bulbs, seeds, and tubers, it is recognized as one of the most noxious weeds worldwide. This weed possesses a highly competitive ability in paddy fields, leading to a reduction in rice yield. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of density and relative time of emergence of YN on the growth and yield of Hashemi variety of rice.
 
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in 2023 in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design in three replications. The density of YN at four levels (zero, 15, 30, and 45 plants per m-2) and the relative time of weed emergence at three levels (at the same time, one and two weeks after planting) were the two experimental factors. To establish the desired weed densities, YN seedlings were randomly transplanted as single plants into the experimental plots based on specific density levels and relative emergence times. At the harvest stage, rice yield-related traits such as tiller number (TN), 1000-grain weight (TGW), biological yield (BY), paddy yield (PY), and harvest index (HI) were measured.
 
Results: Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the relative emergence time and density of YN had a significant effect on all measured traits. Furthermore, the interaction between relative emergence time and weed density was significant for PY, total number of grains per panicle, and number of filled grains per panicle at the 5% probability level, and for BY at the 1% probability level. PY at the same time as transplanting, one and two weeks after transplanting of YN weed and at densities of 15, 30, and 45 plants per square meter compared to the control were reduced by 29.90, 32.89, 49.83, 32.23, 35.22, 47.18, 9.97, 15.61 and 17.61%, respectively. In the same conditions, Also, simultaneous planting with on weed competition had a higher biological yield compared to simultaneous planting with a density of 45 plants (4850 kg ha-1 vs. 2880 kg ha-1).
 
Conclusion: With the increase in the relative time of the emergence of the YN, the intensity of the effect of its density decreased, so that two weeks after planting, the effect of the YN density on most of the yield components was insignificant. In general, the results showed the extreme sensitivity of PY to the simultaneous interference of YN even at low concentrations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Competition
  • Plant Height
  • Paddy
  • Grain Number
  • Weeds
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