The effect of wheat straw mulch and herbicide on weeds control, yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniclum vuglare Mill) under weather conditions of Khuzestan

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Graduate of Master of Weed Science of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan

2 Assist. Prof., Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan

3 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Bavi, Mollasani, Iran.

4 Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Agriculture faculty, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Iran

Abstract

According to the high medicinal value of fennel (Foeniclum vuglare Mill), due to its slow growth rate and weak canopy structure, application of straw mulch and herbicide can be considered in the integrated weed management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the different levels of wheat straw mulch and application of linuron herbicide on weed control, yield and yield components of fennel under weather conditions of Khuzestan.
Materials & Methods: An experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2019-2020 years. The main plot includes different dosage of linuron herbicide with formulation SC 45% (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 L/ha, equivalent to 0, 675, 1350 and 2025 g a.i/ha respectively) and the second factor was different levels of wheat straw mulch (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 t/ha).
Results: The results indicated that application different dosage of herbicide and different levels of mulch had a significant effect on total biomass of weeds compared to the non-application of mulch and herbicides. The highest grain yield was related to the application of herbicide application 3 L/ha with application mulch 9 ton/ha 80g/ m2). In the absence of mulch and herbicide, the lowest grain yield of fennel (18 g/m2) was obtained.
Conclusion: Due to the poor control efficiency of Linuron herbicide alone, the combination of herbicide with mulch can provide better weed control

Keywords

Ahmad S, Raza MAS, Saleem MF, Zahra SS, Khan IH, Ali M, Shahid AM, Iqbal R and Zaheer MS .2015. Mulching strategies for weeds control and water conservation in cotton. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8: 299–306

Asadi GA, Ghorbani R, Khorramdel S and Azizi G. 2013. Effect of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of garlic (Alluim sativum). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 23(4.1): 157-168. (In Persian).

Bahgam M, Amini RA and Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab A. 2019. Application of mulch in combination with reduced doses of Imazethapyr herbicide in integrated bean weed management (Phaseolus vulgaris. L). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 15 (1): 109-124. (In Persian).

Bajwa AA, Mahajan G and Chauhan BS. 2015. Nonconventional weed management strategies for modern agriculture. Weed Science, 63(4): 723-747.

Barros JFC, Basch G and Carvalho M. 2007. Effect of reduced doses of a post-emergence herbicide to control grass and broad-leaved weeds in no-till wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Crop Protection, 26: 1538–1545.

Bhardwaj RL. 2013. Effect of mulching on crop production under rainfed condition: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 34 (3): 188-197.

Bhullar MS, Kaur S and Kaur T and Jhala AJ. 2015. Integrated weed management in potato using straw mulch and atrazine. HortTechnology, 25(3): 335-339.

Bond W and Grundy AC. 2001 Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research. 41: 383-405.

Chauhan BS and Abugho SB .2012. Interaction of rice residue and PRE herbicides on emergence and biomass of four weed species. Weed Technology, 26: 627–632

Chauhan BS, Singh RG and Mahajan G. 2012. Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: a review. Crop Protection, 38: 57–65.

Chen Y, Strahan RE and Bracy RP .2013. Effects of mulching and pre emergence herbicide placement on yellow nutsedge controland ornamental plant quality in landscape beds. HortTechnology, 23:651–658.

Dastarani M, Gholam Alipour Alamdari E, Biabani A, Orsaji Z and Habibi M. 2018. Investigation of the effect of several herbicides on weed control and cumin yield (Cuminum cyminum. L). Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 14 (1): 83-95. (In Persian).

Devasinghe DA, Premarathne UD and Sangakkara UR. 2011. Weed Management by Rice Straw Mulching in Direct Seeded Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Tropical Agricultural Research, 22 (3): 263-272.

Dzomeku IK, GK Mahunu, Bayorbor TB and Obeng-Danso P. 2009. Effects of mulching on weed control and yield of hot pepper and tomato in the Guinea Savannah zone. Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 7: 53-61.

Ebrahimi A, Amini R and Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab A. 2019. Integrated weed management of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) using reduced rates of herbicides and straw mulch. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29 (4): 129-144. (In Persian).

Fetri M, Ghobadi ME, Ghobadi M and Mohammadi G .2015. Effects of mulch and sowing depth on yield and yield components of rain-fed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(4):  1063-1072.

Iqbal R, Raza MAS, Valipour M, Saleem MF, Zaheer MS, Ahmad S, Toleikiene M, Haider I, Aslam MU. and Nazar, MA. 2020. Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches—a review. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44: 1-16.

Jodaugiene D, Pupaliene R, Urboniene M, Pranckietis V and Pranckietis I. 2006. The impact of different types of organic mulch on weed emergence. Agronomy Research, 4:197-201

Kader MA, Singha A, Begum MA, Jewel A, Khan FH and Khan NI .2019. Mulching as water-saving technique in dry land agriculture. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43:1–6

Kasirajan S and Ngouajio M. 2012. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32:501-529.

Kushwah YC, Dwivedi PK and Jain SS. 2013. Effect of mulching materials on growth and yield attributes and enhancing farm income through ginger cultivation under rainfed rice based production system. Vegetable Science, 40 (1): 96-98.

Kwabiah AB. 2004. Growth and yield of sweet corn cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short season environment. Scientia Horticulturae, 102(2): 147-166.

Lanini WT, McGourty GT and Thrupp LA. 2011. Weed management for organic vineyards. In: McGourty, G. (Ed.), Organic Winegrowing Manual. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Richmond, 69-82.

Laurie M, Maja M and Ngobeni H. 2015. Effect of different types of mulching and plant spacing on weed control, canopy cover and yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 5(5): 450-458.

Mahzari S and Baghestani Meybodi MA. 2014. Application of two herbicides oxyfluorfen and trifluralin in weed control and yield of Mazandir garlic (Allium sativum) cultivar. Journal of Crop Plant Eco Physiology, 29 (1): 89-71. (In Persian).

Marble SC. 2015. Herbicide and mulch interactions: A review of the literature and implications for the landscape maintenance industry. Weed Technology, 29(3: 341-349.

Mohtisham A, Ahmad R, Ahmad Z, Aslam MR .2013. Effect of different mulches techniques on weed infestation in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 13: 153-157.

Moursy, FS, Mostafa FA and Solieman NY. 2015. Polyethylene and rice straw as soil mulching: reflection of soil mulch type on soil temperature, soil borne diseases, plant growth and yield of tomato. Global Journal of Advance Research, 2: 1497-1519.

Nejatzadeh-Barandozi F. 2020. Effects of different levels of mulch and irrigation on growth traits and essential oil content of basil. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(3). 222-228

Ngouajio M and McGiffen ME .2002. Sustainable vegetable production: effects of cropping systems on weed and insect population dynamics. Acta Horticultural, 638:77–83

Pannacci E, Lattanzi B and Tei F. 2017. Non-chemical weed management strategies in minor crops: A review. Crop Protection, 96: 44–58.

Petrikovszki R, Zalai M, Tothne Bogdanyi F and Toth F. 2020. The effect of organic mulching and irrigation on weed species composition and the soil weed seed bank of tomato. Plants, 9: 66-80.

Raheem Lahmod N, Talib Alkooranee J, Gatea Alshammary AA and Rodrigo-Comino J. 2019. Effect of wheat straw as a cover crop on the chlorophyll, seed, and oilseed yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under water deficiency and weed competition. Plants, 8(11): 503. Doi: 10.3390/plants8110503.

Rahimi MR, Yousefi A, Jamshidi, K and Pouryousef M. 2015. The effect of integrated weed management on yield and yield components of fennel. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17(4):1087-1100. (In Persian).

Rahimi MR, Yousefi AR, Jamshidi, K, Puryousef M and Fotovat R. 2016. The Study Efficiency of Reduced Rate of Pendimethalin Integrated with Mulch and Hand-Weeding in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Plant Protection, 29 (4): 521-530. (In Persian).

Rair ABS, Chhina GS and Chatha HS. 2011. Response of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) to plant architecture andmulching in term of growth and rhizomes yield in Punjab. Progressive Agriculture, 2: 450-452.

Rangbaran A and Rastgo M. 2019. Evaluation the Effects of Some Pre-plant Herbicide and Plastic Mulch on Weed Flora of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Journal of Weed Research, 11 (1): 51-71.

Richardson B, Gilliam CH, Fain GB and Wehtje GR .2008. Container nursery weed control with pinebark mini-nuggets. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 26:144–148

Rodrigues BN and Almeida FLS. 2011. Guia de herbicidas. 6ª ed. Londrina: Edição dos autores. 697p

Safaei L, Zeinali H and Jabir alAnsar Z. 2008. Karyotypic study of 5 native fennels (Foeniclum vuglar Mill) populations of Iran. Bi-Quarterly. Journal of Genetic Research and Breeding of Range and Forest Plants of Iran. 16 (1): 117-125.

Seufert V, Ramankutty N and Foleym JA. 2012. Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485: 229–232.

Shafiee SS, Alizadeh H, Moghadam H and Yousefi A. 2013. Efficiency of reduced amounts of herbicides and their combination with mulch in the control of tomato weeds (Lycopersicon esculentum). Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 15(2): 99-110. (In Persian).

Singh G, Maurya S, Lampasona MP and Catalan C. 2006. Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of (Foeniculum vulgare M) volatile oil and its acetone extract. Food Control. 17(9): 745-752

Somireddy U .2012. Effect of Herbicide–Organic Mulch Combinations on Weed Control and Herbicide Persistence. Ph.D dissertation. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/. Accessed December 24, 2014

Wilen CA and Elmore CL. 2007. Weed Management in Landscapes. Davis, CA: University of California Pest Notes No. 7441. 7 p

Wilen CA, Schuch UK and Elmore CL .1999. Mulches and sub-irrigation control weeds in container production. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 17: 174–180

Yousefi A and Amini R. 2014. Using Reduced Rates of Trifluralin and Hand Weeding in Sustainable Weed Management of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 24 (2): 95-105. (In Persian).

References

Ahmad S, Raza MAS, Saleem MF, Zahra SS, Khan IH, Ali M, Shahid AM, Iqbal R and Zaheer MS .2015. Mulching strategies for weeds control and water conservation in cotton. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8: 299–306
Asadi GA, Ghorbani R, Khorramdel S and Azizi G. 2013. Effect of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of garlic (Alluim sativum). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 23(4.1): 157-168. (In Persian).
Bahgam M, Amini RA and Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab A. 2019. Application of mulch in combination with reduced doses of Imazethapyr herbicide in integrated bean weed management (Phaseolus vulgaris. L). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 15 (1): 109-124. (In Persian).
Bajwa AA, Mahajan G and Chauhan BS. 2015. Nonconventional weed management strategies for modern agriculture. Weed Science, 63(4): 723-747.
Barros JFC, Basch G and Carvalho M. 2007. Effect of reduced doses of a post-emergence herbicide to control grass and broad-leaved weeds in no-till wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Crop Protection, 26: 1538–1545.
Bhardwaj RL. 2013. Effect of mulching on crop production under rainfed condition: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 34 (3): 188-197.
Bhullar MS, Kaur S and Kaur T and Jhala AJ. 2015. Integrated weed management in potato using straw mulch and atrazine. HortTechnology, 25(3): 335-339.
Bond W and Grundy AC. 2001 Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research. 41: 383-405.
Chauhan BS and Abugho SB .2012. Interaction of rice residue and PRE herbicides on emergence and biomass of four weed species. Weed Technology, 26: 627–632
Chauhan BS, Singh RG and Mahajan G. 2012. Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: a review. Crop Protection, 38: 57–65.
Chen Y, Strahan RE and Bracy RP .2013. Effects of mulching and pre emergence herbicide placement on yellow nutsedge controland ornamental plant quality in landscape beds. HortTechnology, 23:651–658.
Dastarani M, Gholam Alipour Alamdari E, Biabani A, Orsaji Z and Habibi M. 2018. Investigation of the effect of several herbicides on weed control and cumin yield (Cuminum cyminum. L). Iranian Journal of Weed Science. 14 (1): 83-95. (In Persian).
Devasinghe DA, Premarathne UD and Sangakkara UR. 2011. Weed Management by Rice Straw Mulching in Direct Seeded Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Tropical Agricultural Research, 22 (3): 263-272.
Dzomeku IK, GK Mahunu, Bayorbor TB and Obeng-Danso P. 2009. Effects of mulching on weed control and yield of hot pepper and tomato in the Guinea Savannah zone. Ghana Journal of Horticulture, 7: 53-61.
Ebrahimi A, Amini R and Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab A. 2019. Integrated weed management of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) using reduced rates of herbicides and straw mulch. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29 (4): 129-144. (In Persian).
Fetri M, Ghobadi ME, Ghobadi M and Mohammadi G .2015. Effects of mulch and sowing depth on yield and yield components of rain-fed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(4):  1063-1072.
Iqbal R, Raza MAS, Valipour M, Saleem MF, Zaheer MS, Ahmad S, Toleikiene M, Haider I, Aslam MU. and Nazar, MA. 2020. Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches—a review. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44: 1-16.
Jodaugiene D, Pupaliene R, Urboniene M, Pranckietis V and Pranckietis I. 2006. The impact of different types of organic mulch on weed emergence. Agronomy Research, 4:197-201
Kader MA, Singha A, Begum MA, Jewel A, Khan FH and Khan NI .2019. Mulching as water-saving technique in dry land agriculture. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43:1–6
Kasirajan S and Ngouajio M. 2012. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32:501-529.
Kushwah YC, Dwivedi PK and Jain SS. 2013. Effect of mulching materials on growth and yield attributes and enhancing farm income through ginger cultivation under rainfed rice based production system. Vegetable Science, 40 (1): 96-98.
Kwabiah AB. 2004. Growth and yield of sweet corn cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short season environment. Scientia Horticulturae, 102(2): 147-166.
Lanini WT, McGourty GT and Thrupp LA. 2011. Weed management for organic vineyards. In: McGourty, G. (Ed.), Organic Winegrowing Manual. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Richmond, 69-82.
Laurie M, Maja M and Ngobeni H. 2015. Effect of different types of mulching and plant spacing on weed control, canopy cover and yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 5(5): 450-458.
Mahzari S and Baghestani Meybodi MA. 2014. Application of two herbicides oxyfluorfen and trifluralin in weed control and yield of Mazandir garlic (Allium sativum) cultivar. Journal of Crop Plant Eco Physiology, 29 (1): 89-71. (In Persian).
Marble SC. 2015. Herbicide and mulch interactions: A review of the literature and implications for the landscape maintenance industry. Weed Technology, 29(3: 341-349.
Mohtisham A, Ahmad R, Ahmad Z, Aslam MR .2013. Effect of different mulches techniques on weed infestation in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 13: 153-157.
Moursy, FS, Mostafa FA and Solieman NY. 2015. Polyethylene and rice straw as soil mulching: reflection of soil mulch type on soil temperature, soil borne diseases, plant growth and yield of tomato. Global Journal of Advance Research, 2: 1497-1519.
Nejatzadeh-Barandozi F. 2020. Effects of different levels of mulch and irrigation on growth traits and essential oil content of basil. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(3). 222-228
Ngouajio M and McGiffen ME .2002. Sustainable vegetable production: effects of cropping systems on weed and insect population dynamics. Acta Horticultural, 638:77–83
Pannacci E, Lattanzi B and Tei F. 2017. Non-chemical weed management strategies in minor crops: A review. Crop Protection, 96: 44–58.
Petrikovszki R, Zalai M, Tothne Bogdanyi F and Toth F. 2020. The effect of organic mulching and irrigation on weed species composition and the soil weed seed bank of tomato. Plants, 9: 66-80.
Raheem Lahmod N, Talib Alkooranee J, Gatea Alshammary AA and Rodrigo-Comino J. 2019. Effect of wheat straw as a cover crop on the chlorophyll, seed, and oilseed yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under water deficiency and weed competition. Plants, 8(11): 503. Doi: 10.3390/plants8110503.
Rahimi MR, Yousefi A, Jamshidi, K and Pouryousef M. 2015. The effect of integrated weed management on yield and yield components of fennel. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17(4):1087-1100. (In Persian).
Rahimi MR, Yousefi AR, Jamshidi, K, Puryousef M and Fotovat R. 2016. The Study Efficiency of Reduced Rate of Pendimethalin Integrated with Mulch and Hand-Weeding in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Plant Protection, 29 (4): 521-530. (In Persian).
Rair ABS, Chhina GS and Chatha HS. 2011. Response of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) to plant architecture andmulching in term of growth and rhizomes yield in Punjab. Progressive Agriculture, 2: 450-452.
Rangbaran A and Rastgo M. 2019. Evaluation the Effects of Some Pre-plant Herbicide and Plastic Mulch on Weed Flora of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Journal of Weed Research, 11 (1): 51-71.
Richardson B, Gilliam CH, Fain GB and Wehtje GR .2008. Container nursery weed control with pinebark mini-nuggets. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 26:144–148
Rodrigues BN and Almeida FLS. 2011. Guia de herbicidas. 6ª ed. Londrina: Edição dos autores. 697p
Safaei L, Zeinali H and Jabir alAnsar Z. 2008. Karyotypic study of 5 native fennels (Foeniclum vuglar Mill) populations of Iran. Bi-Quarterly. Journal of Genetic Research and Breeding of Range and Forest Plants of Iran. 16 (1): 117-125.
Seufert V, Ramankutty N and Foleym JA. 2012. Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485: 229–232.
Shafiee SS, Alizadeh H, Moghadam H and Yousefi A. 2013. Efficiency of reduced amounts of herbicides and their combination with mulch in the control of tomato weeds (Lycopersicon esculentum). Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture), 15(2): 99-110. (In Persian).
Singh G, Maurya S, Lampasona MP and Catalan C. 2006. Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of (Foeniculum vulgare M) volatile oil and its acetone extract. Food Control. 17(9): 745-752
Somireddy U .2012. Effect of Herbicide–Organic Mulch Combinations on Weed Control and Herbicide Persistence. Ph.D dissertation. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/. Accessed December 24, 2014
Wilen CA and Elmore CL. 2007. Weed Management in Landscapes. Davis, CA: University of California Pest Notes No. 7441. 7 p
Wilen CA, Schuch UK and Elmore CL .1999. Mulches and sub-irrigation control weeds in container production. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 17: 174–180
Yousefi A and Amini R. 2014. Using Reduced Rates of Trifluralin and Hand Weeding in Sustainable Weed Management of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 24 (2): 95-105. (In Persian).
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Volume 33, Issue 1
April 2023
Pages 305-317

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