Ecophysiological Response of Mycorrhizal Dragon's Head plants to Irrigation Levels

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Abstract
         In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizae on the physiological characteristics and yield of medicinal plant ‘Dragon’s head’ under different irrigation regimes, a 2-year (2014 and 2015) split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Field of Shahid Beheshti college of Urmia. Treatments were irrigation after 40, 80, 120 and 160 mm of evaporation from pan class A as main plots and mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices, G. versiformisand control) as sub plots. The effects of irrigation and mycorrhizae on the leaf chlorophyll (a, b and total), carotenoid, superoxid dismutase and malon dialdehyde were not significant. The highest total soluble carbohydrates (110.7 µmol/g fresh weight) and yield of essential oil (2.258 kg.ha-1) were respectively obtained from irrigation after 120 and 80 mm of evaporation. The maximum number of pod per plant (19.34), 1000-seed weight (3.081 g) and seed yield (589.7 kg.ha-1) belonged to inoculated plants (G. intraradices). The greatest number of nod per pant (12.5) and stem diameter (1.16 mm) were obtained from mycorrhizal (G. intraradices) plants irrigated after 80 mm of evaporation. The highest harvest index (26.84 %) and betaine glycine (51 µmol/g fresh weight) were respectively observed in irrigation after 80 and 160 mm of evaporation in mycorrhizal plants (G. versiformis). In conclusion irrigation of for 80 mm of evaporation from pan class A due to lower water use and higher performance in mycorrhizal Dragon's head plants was recommended.
 

Keywords


Abdolahi M and Maleki Farahani S. 2015. Evaluation of seed yield, mucilage and protein of different species and ecotypes of balangu (Lallemantia spp.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(4): 677-687. (In Persian).
Abdul-Jaleel C, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Gopi R, Somasundaram R and Panneerselvam R. 2007. Pseudomonas luorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 60: 7–11.
Ahmadian Tavassoli A, and Amiri E. 2011. The interaction effect of water stress and manure on yield components, essential oil and chemical compositions of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(10): 2309-2315.
Amanzadeh Y, Khosravi dehaghi N, Ghorbani AR, Monsef-Esfahani HR and Sadat-Ebrahimi SE. 2011. Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Lallemantia iberica in flowering stage and post-flowering stage. Biological Sciences, 6(3): 114-117. (In Persian)
Azco´n-Aguilar C and Barea JM. 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens – An overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6, 457–464
Bahramparvar M, Hadad Khodaparast M and Razavi SMA. 2009. The effect of Lallemantia royleana (Balangu) seed, palmate-tuber salep and carboxymethylcellulose gums on the hysicochemical and sensory properties of typical soft ice cream. International Journal of    Dairy Technology, 62: 571-76.
Bastami A and Majidian M. 2016. Comparison between mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate biofertilizer and manure application on growth parameters and dry weight of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) medicinal plant. Journal Science and Technology Greenhouse Culture, 8: (26).23-33.
Bates LS, Waldren RP and Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for waterstress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bohnert HJ, Nelson DE and Jenson RG. 1995. Adaptations to environmental stress. Plant Cell, 7: 98-111.
Bohenert HJ and Shen B. 1999. Transformation and compatible solutes. Scientia Horticulturae, 78: 237-260.
Buisman GJH, Overeem A and Cuperus FP.1999. Synthesis of epoxidized novel fatty acids for use in paint applications. Chapter 8, TP Derksen J. & Knothe G. (Eds). Recent developments in the synthesis of fatty acid derives. The American oil chemists society. 1999- medical- 250 pages.
Chen J. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use. October, 16 – 20. Thailand. 11 pp.
Copetta A, Lingua G and Berta G. 2006. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza, 16: 485-494.
Darzi MT, Ghalavand A, Rejali F, Sephidkon F. 2007. Effects of Biofertilizers Application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(4): 276-292. (In Persian).
De Vos C, Schat H, De Waal M, Vooijs R and Ernst W. 1991. Increased to copper-induced damage of the root plasma membrane in copper tolerant Silene cucubalus. Plant Physiology. 82: 523-528.
Gharib FA, Moussa LA and Massoud ON. 2009. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10: 381–7.
Giannopolitis C and Ries S. 1977. Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurrence in higher plant. Plant Physiology 59: 309-314.
Grieve CM and Grattan SR. 1983 Rapid assay for determination of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil, 70(2): 303-307.
Gupta ML, Prasad A, Ram M and kumar S. 2002. Effect of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology, 81: 77-79.
Heidari Z, Nazarideljou MJ, Rezaie Danesh Y and Khezrinejad N. 2016. Morphophysiological and biochemical responses of zinnia elegans to different irrigation regimes in symbiosis with glomus mosseae.  International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 3(1): 19-32. 
Irigoyen JJ, Emerich DW and Sanchez-Diaz M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfafa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarun 84: 55-60.
Khoramdel S, Kouchaki, AR Nasiri Mahalati M and Ghorbani R. 2008. Application effects of biofertilizers on the growth indices of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Iranian Journal Field Crops Research, 6 (2): 285–294. (In Persian).
Lichtenthaler HK and Bustchmann C. 2001. Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Measurement UNIT F4.3 and Characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry F4.3.1-F4.3.8
Mahmoudzadeh M, Rasouli Sadaghiani MH, Asgari Lajayer H and Hasani A. 2016. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on nutrient uptake and some morphological factors in peppermint (Mentha piperita). Journal of Soil Manegment and Sustainable Production, 6(1): 161-176.
Nourzad S, Ahmadian A Moghaddam M and Daneshfar E. 2014. Effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and essential oil coriander (Corianderum Sativum) treated with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Journal of Crops Improvement, 16(2): 289-302.
Oliviera-Neto CF, Silva-Lobato AK, Goncalves-Vidigal MC, Costa RCL, SantosFilho BG, Alves GAR, Silva-Maia WJM, Cruz FJR, Neres HKB and Santos Lopes MJ. 2009. Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. Science and Technology, 7: 588-593.
Panwar J and Tarafdar JC. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal dynamics under Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb). Korth. in Thar Desert. Applied Soil Ecology, 34: 200–208.
Pirzad AR, Habibzadeh Y and Jalilian J. 2014. Seed yield variations mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) at mycorrhizal symbiosis under water stress. Research in Field Crops, 2(2): 33-43.
Razban M and Pirzad AR. 2010. Evaluate the effect of varying amounts of super absorbent under different irrigation regimes on growth and water deficit tolerance of German chamomile (Matricaria Chamonilla), as a second crop. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 21(4): 123-137. (In Persian).
Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV and Vivekanandan M, 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 1189-1202.
Setayesh mehr Z and Ganjali A. 2013. Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Anethum graveolens L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1), 27-35. (In Persian).
Shabahang J, Khorramdel S and Gheshm R. 2013. Evaluation of symbiosis with Mycorhizzal on yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajowan (Carum copticum L.) under different nitrogen levels. Journal of Agroecology, 3(5): 289-298. (In Persian)
Silva MA, Jifon JL, Silva JAG and Sharma V. 2007. Use of physiological parameters as fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19: 193-201.
Soleymani F and Pirzad A. 2015. The effect of mycorrizal fungi on malondialdehyde concentration and some metabolic processes in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) under water deficit stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 24: 15-26. (In Persian).
Strašil Z and Káš M. 2005. The effect of nitrogen fertilization, sowing rates and weather conditions on yield components of Lallemantia iberica (L.) Fisch. et Mey, Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 36 (1): 15 - 20.
Venkateshwar Rao, G.C., Manoharachary, C., Kunwari, I.K. and Rajeshwar Rao, B.R. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with some economically important spices and aromatic plants. Philippine Journal of Science, 129: 1–5.
Vendruscolo ACG, Schuster I, Pileggi M, Scapim CA, Molinari HBC Marur CJ and Vieira LGC. 2007. Stress-induced synthesis of proline confers tolerance to water deficit in transgenic wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164, 1367-1376.