The Effects of Urea, Vermicompost and Azocompost on Some Traits of Sweet corn Cultivars under Water Deficit Stress

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to investigate some characteristics of three sweet maize varieties under application of various fertilizers and water deficit stress at the reproductive stage, a field experiment was conducted in Tarbiat Modares University during the 2016 growing season. The experiment was performed at three replications with the Factorial Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design. Factors of irrigation regimes as irrigation after discharging 25, 40 and 55% of water used and cultivars (Basin, Passion and KSC403) in the main plot and fertilization included urea (116 kg.ha-1), azocompost (15497 kg.ha-1) and vermicompost (24223 kg.ha-1) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest ear fresh weight (236.77 g.m-2) was observed in optimum irrigation conditions. Grain yield was significantly affected only by fertilization (p≤0.05). The application of urea fertilizer increased grain yield, while the use of azocompost decreased it. The highest and lowest ear fresh weight were obtained in Passion and KSC403 cultivars, respectively. Passion cultivar in severe water stress and Basin cultivar in moderate water stress and optimum irrigation was produced the highest ear fresh weight and KSCO403 cultivar showed the lowest amount in all irrigation regimes. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and b were obtained with 1.74 and 0.47 mg.g-1 fresh weight, respectively, from optimal irrigation. Vermicompost (only 4% decrease compared to control) and urea, (about 13% more than control) respectively, under sever water stress and moderate water stress conditions, somewhat controlled the effect of water shortage in Passion cultivar and increased the ear fresh weight.
 

Keywords


Abd-Mishani S, and Shahnejat Bushehri A, 2015. Supplemental Plant Breeding, Vol. I, Common Plant Breeding. Tehran University Press, 322. (In Persian).
Abdolahei Y, Azizi K and Khorgami A, 2011. The effects plant density and cultivar on yield and yield component of corn (Zea mays L.).  Journal of Agronomy Knowledge, 3(5): 43-52.
Aghaalikhani M and Mohammadi Kh 2018. Sweet corn, agronomic and racial approaches. Tarbiat Modares University Press: Tehran. 392 p. (In Persian).
Ahmadinejad R, Najafi N, Aliasgharzad N and Oustan S, 2013. Effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and the growth characteristics of wheat. Water and Soil Science-University of Tabriz, 23(2): 177-197. (In Persian).
Aram Sh, Farbodi M and Khorshidi Benam M B, 2009. Effect of animal manure levels and planting date on yield and yield components of sweet corn in Mianeh district. Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 12: 11-1. (In Persian).
Arora A and Singh PK, 2003. Comparison of biomass productivity and nitrogen xing potential of Azolla spp. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24: 175-178.
Castrillo M and Turujillo I, 1994. Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity and chlorophyll and protein contents in two cultivares of French bean under water stress and rewatering. Photosynthetica, 30: 175-181.
Earl HJ and Davis R, 2003. Drought stress effects on maize. Agronomy Journal, 95: 688-696.
Eghball B and Barbaric KA, 2006. Manure, Compost, and Biosolids. Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 93: 720-729.
Egli DB,1998. Seed biology and the yield of grain crops. CAB International. 149.
Fageria NK, Baligar VC and Clark R, 2006. Physiology of crop production. CRC Press.
Farid N, Siadat SA, Ghalamboran MR and Moradi Telavat MR, 2017. Effect of Coated Urea Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Corn (KSC 403) under Deficit Irrigation. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 3(7): 115-128. (In Persian).
Ge T, Sui F, Bai L, Tong C and Sun N, 2012. Effects of water stress on growth, biomass partitioning, and wateruse efficiency in summer maize (Zea mays L.) throughout the growth cycle. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34: 1043-1053.
George MJ, Teixeira EL, Herreman TF and Brown HE, 2013. Understanding nitrogen and water stress mechanisms on maize crops. Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 43: 27-32.
Ghanbari A, Emaeelian Y and Babaeeyan M, 2013. The effect of livestock and chemical fertilizers on yield, grain and concentration of some nutrients in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 8(3): 23-36. (In Persian).
Ghazian Tafreshi Sh, Aynehband A, Tavakoli H, Khavari Khorasani S and Jalini M, 2012. Investigating the Characteristics of Sweet Corn Function in Normal Irrigation and Dehydration Stress Using Multivariate Statistical Methods. Journal of Environmental Stress in Crop Sciences, 5: 98-95. (In Persian).
Ghobadi R, Ghobadi M, Jalali Honarmand S, Mondani F and Farhadi B, 2015. Economic analysis of effect of water and nitrogen levels on grain yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) cv. SC 704. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 19(3): 220-238. (In Persian).
Gregersen PL and Holm PB, 2007. Transcriptome analysis of senescence in the flag leaf of wheat. Plant Biotechnology, 5: 192-206.
Haghjoo M and Bahrani A. 2014. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of maize cv. SC260. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 16(4): 292-278. (In Persian).
Hashemi-Dezfoli SA, Alami Saied Kh, Siadat SA and Komeili MR, 2001. Effect of planting date on the yield potential of 2 hybrids sweet corn in the Khuzestan weather conditions. Iranian Agricultural Scientific Journal, 32(4): 681-689. (In Persian).
Hassanzadeh R, Chavoshi S, Madani H and Asgari A, 2008. Irrigation management and manure application in order to increase water use efficiency in corn seed of Sangal Cros 704. Journal of New Findings In Agriculture, 3(7): 225-237. (In Persian).
Hong Bo S, Zongsuom L and Mingan S, 2005. Changes of anti-oxidative enzymes and MDA content under soil water deficits among 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at maturation stage. Colloides Surfaces B:Biointerfaces, 45: 7-13.
Kabirinegad SH, Abtahi A and Hodji M, 2009. Short term effects of compost fertilizer on fertigation and concentration of cadmium and iron in two calcareous soils and corn.  Proceedings of the Eleventh Iranian Soil Science Congress, Gorgan. pp 1245-1247. (In Persian).
Karimi H, Mazaheri SA and Mirabzadeh Ardakani M, 2011. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on yield and yield components of single grain cereal corn 704. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 13(4): 611-626. (In Persian).
Kirnak H, Kaya C, TAS I and Higgs D, 2001. The influence of water deficit on vegetative growth, physiology, fruit yield and quality in egg plants. Plant Physiology, 27: 34-46.
Lafond GP, 1994. Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen on yield of barley and wheat under zero- till management. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 7: 703-711.
Majidian M, Ghalavand A, Kamgar Haghighi AA and Karimian N, 2008. Effect of drought stress, nitrogen fertilizer and manure on chlorophyll meter reading, grain yield and yield components in grain maize cv. SC 704. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 10(3): 303-330. (In Persian).
Mirshekari Ahmadi A, Khorramdel S and Koocheki A, 2015. Effect of plant density on growth indices of sweet corn (Zea mays var. Saccharata) cultivars under Mashhad climatic conditions. Research in Field Crops, 3(2): 16-33. (In Persian).
Mojab Ghasrodashti A, Balouchi HR and Yadavi AR, 2011. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, forage production and some morphological traits of sweet corn (Zea mays L. sacchrata). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4(1): 115-130.
Nagarajan S, 2010. Abiotic tolerance and crop improvement. (pp. 1-11). In: A., Pareek, S. K. Sopory and H. Bohnert (Eds). Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants. Physiological, Molecular and Genomic Foundation. Springer, Dordrecht.
Nayyar H and Gupta D, 2006. Differential sensitivity of C3 and C4 plants to water deficit stress: Association with oxidative stress and antioxidants. Environment. Experiment. Botany, 58: 106-113.
Oktem A, Oktem AG and Coskun Y, 2004. Determination of sowing dates of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata Sturt.). Turkish Journal of Agronomy, 28: 83-91.
Oktem A. 2008. Effects of deficit irrigation on some yield characteristics of sweet corn. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(2): 127-131.
Olsen SR and Sommers LE, 1982. Phosphorus. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2, page. A.L., R.H. Miller and R.D. Keeney. Soil Science Society of American Journal. pp. 404.
Pabby A, Prasana R and Singh PK, 2003. Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis- from traditional agriculture to biotechnology. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 2: 26-37.
Rahmati H, 2012. Effect of Plant Density and Nitrogen Rates on Morphological characteristics Grain Maize. Journal of Basic Applied Science Research, 2(5): 4680-4683.
Rezvantalab N, Pirdashti H, Bahmanyar MA and Abbasiyan A, 2009. Evaluating effects of municipal waste compost and chemical fertilizer application on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L. cv.SC704). Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 2(1): 75-90. (In Persian).
Roberts TA, 2008. Improving nutrient use efficiency. Turkish Journal of Agriculture. 32: 177- 182.
Roy DK and Singh BP. 2006. Effect of level and time of nitrogen application with and without vermicompost on yield, yield attributes and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 51: 40-42.
Sepasi S, Klarstaqy K and Abraham H, 2012. Effects of different levels drought stress and plant density on yield and yield components of SC 704. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 3: 279-288. (In Persian).
Tabatabai SA and Dehghan Harati H, 2012. Effect of Drought Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Three Grain Sorghum Cultivars. Journal of Plant Protection Physiology, 14(5): 64-53. (In Persian).
Tisdale SL and Nelson WL, 1975. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 3rd Ed. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York, NY. Stress mechanisms on maize crops. Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 43, 27-32.
U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. L.A. Richards (ed.) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. 160 p. USDA Handb. 60, U.S. Govt. Print Office, Washington DC.
Walkley A. and Black IA. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37:29- 38.
Warren JM, Norby RJ and Wullschleger SD, 2011. Elevated CO2 enhances leaf senescence during extreme drought in a temperate forest. Tree Physiology, 31: 117-130.
Yazdani Boyuki R, Bababan Aval M, Sodaeezadeh H and Khazaee HR, 2014. The effect of different quantities of chemical and organic nitrogen on economic performance and efficiency of nutrient use of marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.) in climate of Yazd and Mashhad. Quarterly Journal of Research in Ecosystems, 1(2): 1-11. (In Persian).
Yousefzadeh S, Modarres-Sanavt SAM, Sefidkon F, Ghalavand A, Roshdi M and Safaralizadeh A, 2011. Effect of biofertilizer, azocompost and nitrogen on morphologic traits and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in two regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2): 438-459. (In Persian).