The Effect of Poultry manure and Urea on Agronomic Characters of Forage Maize Under Drought Stress Conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

     In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress, poultry litter and urea fertilizers on agronomic properties of forage maize (cv. SC704), a spilt-plot experiment arranged in randomized complete blocks design was conducted with four replications at the research station of ShahrekordUniversity in 2009. The main plots consisted of irrigation treatments at two levels, normal irrigation and irrigation stop at pollination stage for two weeks. Sub-plots were assigned to fertilizer treatments with three levels of urea fertilizer (F1=217, F2=435 and F3=652 kg ha-1), and three levels of poultry litter (F4=5.28, F5=10.57 and F6=15.86 Mg ha-1) and F0 as the control (no fertilizer) treatment.  Results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on stem and ear fresh weights, ear diameter and fresh forage yield, but not on green and yellow leaf numbers, leaf area index, tasselling and silking creation, anthesis–silking interval, plant height, stem diameter, ear length and leaf fresh weight. The effects of fertilizer treatments were significant on all the measured characters with the exception of leaf numbers. The application of nitrogen resulted in an increase in forage yield, most likely due to increased leaf area index, leaves, stem and cob weights, length and diameter of cob, stem diameter, plant height and decreased anthesis–silking interval in N-fertilized treatments. Poultry litter and urea fertilizer × drought stress interactions were observed for leaf area index, leaf and stem fresh weights. The highest fresh forage yield (101 Mg ha-1) was observed in the normal irrigation and 15.86 t ha-1of poultry litter treatments that significantly differed from other treatments. However, if a large quantity of poultry litter is unavailable, 10.57 t ha-1 of this manure that had no significant differences as compared with 652 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer, would lead to an optimum yield.

Keywords

References

سلطانی الف و فرجی ا، 1386. رابطه آب، خاک و گیاه. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد. 
غدیری ح و مجیدیان م، 1382. تأثیر سطوح نیتروژن و قطع آبیاری در مراحل شیری و خمیری‌ شدن دانه بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارایی استفاده از آب در ذرت دانه‌ای (Zea mays L.). مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، سال7، (شماره 2)، صفحه‌های 103 تا 113.
فلاح س و تدین ع، 1388. تأثیر تراکم بوته و مقدار نیتروژن بر عملکرد، نیترات و پروتئین ذرت سیلویی. مجله الکترونیک تولید گیاهان زراعی، جلد دوم، شماره اول، صفحه‌های 105 تا 121.
فلاح س، قلاوند ا و خواجه‌پور م ر، 1386. تأثیر نحوة اختلاط کود دامی با خاک و تلفیق آن با کود شیمیایی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در خرم‌آباد لرستان. مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، سال 11، (شماره‌ 40 الف)، صفحه‌های 233 تا 243.
Araji AA, Abdo ZO and Joyce P, 2001. Efficient use of animal manure on cropland- economic analysis. Bioresource Technology 79: 179-191.
Bassetti P and Westgate ME, 1993. Water deficit affects receptivity of maize silks. Crop Science 33: 182-278.
Bitzer CC and Sims JT, 1988. Estimating the availability of nitrogen in broiler litter through laboratory and field studies. Journal of Environmental Quality 17: 47-54.
Bolanos J and Edemedes GO, 1996. The importance of the anthesis-silking interval inbreeding for drought. tolerance in tropical maize. Field Crops Research 48: 65-80.
Boyer JS and Mcpherson HG, 1998. Physiology water deficit in cereal crops. Agronomy Journal 27: 1-23.
Cakir R, 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Agronomy Journal 89: 1-16.
Cassman KG, Steiner R and Johnson AE, 1995. Long-term experiments and productivity indexes to evaluate the sustainability of cropping system. In: Agricultural Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Statistical Consideration. Payne Eds, Steiner BVR and Wiley R,UK.
Chandrakala M, 2008. Effect of  FYM and Fermented Liquid Manures on Yield and Quality of  Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). MSc thesis of soil science and agricultural chemistry, University of agricultural sciences, Dharwad.
Efeoğlu B, Ekmekçi Y and Çiçek N, 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. Agronomy Journal 75: 34-42.
Eghbal B, Ginting D and Gilly JE, 2004. Residual effects of manure and compost application on corn production and soil properties. Agronomy Journal 96: 442-447.
Gentry LE and Below FE, 1993. Maize productivity as influenced by form and availability of nitrogen. Crop Science 33: 491-497.
GrzesiakMT, Rzepka A, Hura T, Hura K and Skoczowski A, 2007. Changes in response to drought stress of triticale and maize genotypes differing in drought tolerance. Photosynthetica 45: 280-287.
Hall AJ, Vilella F, Trapani N and Chimenti C, 1997. The effects of water stress and genotype on the dynamics of pollen-shedding and silking in maize. Field Crops Research 5:349-363.
Hay RKM and Walker AJ, 1989. An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Published in the United States with John Willey and Sons. Inc, New York. 292 p.
Hirzell J and Walter I, 2008. Availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from poultry litter and conventional fertilizers in a volcanic soil cultivated with silage corn. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 68: 264-273.
Jacobs BC and Pearson CJ, 1991. Potential yield of maize determined by rates of growth and development of ears. Field Crops Research 27: 281-298.
Lawrence JR, Ketterings QM and Cherney JH, 2008. Effect of nitrogen application on yield and quality of silage corn after forage legume-grass. Agronomy Journal 100: 73-79.
Lorenz GF, Bennett JM and Loggale LB, 1987. Differences in drought resistance between two corn hybrids. II. Component analysis and growth rates. Agronomy Journal 79: 808-813.
Nesmith DS and Ritchie JT, 1992. Short - and long - term responses of corn to a pre anthesis soil water deficit. Agronomy Journal 84: 107-113.
Ouattar S, Jones RJ, Crookston RK and Kajeiou M, 1987. Effect of drought on water relations of developing maize kernels. Crop Science 27: 730-735.
Pelletier BA, Pease J and Kenyon D, 2001. Economic analysis of Virginia poultry litter transportation. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 1-64.
Prasad K and singh P, 1990. Response of promising rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) varieties to nitrogen application in North Western Hymalayan region. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60: 475-477.
Reddy BB, Reddy SN, Reddy MR, Kumer A and Swamy KB, 1987. Effect of plant population the performance of maize hybrids at different fertility levels in semi-arid environment, Indian Journal Agricultural Sciences 57: 705-709.
Reed AJ, Singletary GW, Schussler JR, Williamson DR and Christy AL, 1988. Shading effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning, kernel number and yield of maize. Crop Science 28: 819-825.
Salam AM and Sabramanian S‚ 1988. Influence of nitrogen, zinc and interaction on yield and nutrient uptake of IR 20 rice (Orysa sativa L.) in different seasons. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58: 190-193.
Scherer EE, Agostini VJ, Wildner LP, Nadal R, Sivestro M and Sorrenson WJ, 1991. Poultry manure and nitrogen for maize on small farms. Agropecuaria Catarinense 4: 8-11.
Schussler JR and Westgate ME, 1991. Maize kernel set at low water potential: II. Sensitivity to reduced assimilates at pollination. Crop Science 31: 1196-1203.
Thalooth M, Tawfik M and Magda Mohamed H, 2006. A comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mungbean plants growth under water stress conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2: 37-46.
Theodore CH and Jackson RB, 1999. Interactive effects of water stress and elevated CO2 on growth, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. Agronomy Journal 3-31.
Traore SB, Carlson RE, Pilcher CD and Rice ME, 2000. Bt and non-bt maize growth and development as affected by temperature and drought stress. Agronomy Journal 92: 1027-1035.
Uhart SA and Andrade FH, 1995. Nitrogen deficiency in maize. I. Effects on crop growth, development to dry matter partitioning, and kernel set. Crop Science 35: 1376-1383.
Westgate ME and Boyer JS, 1998. Reproduction at low silk  and pollen water potentials in maize. Corp Science 26: 951-956.
Yang CM, Fan MJ and Hsiang WM, 1993. Growth and yield responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to water deficit timing and strength. Journal of Agriculture Research of China 42: 173-186.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics