Investigating the Possibility of Reducing dose of Bromoxynil+2,4-D and Nitrogen Fertilizer in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Competition with Mallow (Malva spp.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Abstract
Bachground & objective: The competitive ability of weed is one of the key elements in describing the interactions of crops with weeds and predicting crop yield loss in sustainable agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to quantify the interactve effects of nitrogen fertilizer and reduced dose of bromoxynil+2,4-D on the competition of wheat–mallow.
 
Materials & Methods: An experiment was conducted in the research field of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2016-2017 growing season. Experimental design was split block based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Experimental factors consisted of nitrogen level (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg.ha
-1
of urea fertilizer) as main plot and reduced dose of bromoxynil+2,4-D (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 time of recommended dose (1.5 L.ha
-1
)) as sub plots.
 
Results: Results showed that wheat biomass was the most in case of applying more doses of herbicide plus nitrogen fertilizer. However, it was the least without herbicide and fertilizer application. Nitrogen fertilizer (130 Kg.ha
-1
)+recommended dose of herbicide (1.5 L.ha
-1
) or 220 Kg.ha
-1
nitrogen fertilizer+50% recommended dose of herbicide and/or 300 Kg.ha
-1
nitrogen fertilizer+55% recommended dose of herbicide can be used to achieve wheat biomass about 600 (g m
-2
). Mallow biomass was greatest without herbicide application and use of 300 kg ha
-1
of urea fertilizer. Competitive ability of mallow (μ) increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer use and reached maximum with applying of 150 (kg h
-1
of urea), but the use of more than this, reduced the competitive ability of mallow.
 
Conclusion: In this study, wheat biomass was significantly reduced in competition with mallow, which was significantly higher in non-herbicide treatment than other treatments. Therefore, increasing urea consumption without mallow control will significantly reduce wheat biomass.
 
 

Keywords


Abbasi R, Alizadeh H, Mazaheri D and Rahimian Mashhadi H. 2010. Modelling interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide in jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 5(1): 55-68. (In Persian).
Ampong-Nyarko K and De Datta SK.1993. Effects of nitrogen application on growth, nitrogen use efficiency and rice-weed interaction. Weed Research, 33(3): 269-276.
Blackshaw RE and Brandt RN. 2008. Nitrogen fertilizer rate effect on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Science, 56(5): 743-747.
Blackshaw RE, Molnar LJ and Janzen, HH. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science, 52(4): 614-622.
Derakhshan A, Siadat SA and Bakhshandeh A. 2018. Modeling the interaction of herbicide doses and nitrogen fertilizer on crop and weed biomass production in multiple weed species-wheat interference. Journal of Crop Production, 11(2):169-184. (In Persian).
Dhima KV and Eleftherohorinos, IG. 2001. Influence of nitrogen on competition between winter cereals and strile oat. Weed Science, 49(1): 77-82.
Ditomaso JM. 1995. Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through the manipulation of fertilization strategies. Weed Science, 43():491–497.
Jornsgard B, Rasmussen K, Hill J and Christiansen JL. 1996. Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natural weed population. Weed Research, 36(6): 461-470.
Kim DS, Marshall EJP, Brain P and Caseley JC. 2006a. Modelling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition. Weed Research, 46(6): 492–502.
Kim DS, Marshall EJP, Caseley JC and Brain P. 2006b. Modelling interactions between herbicide dose and multiple weed species interference in crop–weed competition. Weed Research, 46(2): 175–184.
Kropff MJ and van Laar HH. 1993. Modelling Crop -Weed Interactions. CAB international, in association with the International Rice Research Institute. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
Loomis RJ and Connar DJ. 1992. Crop Ecology: Productivity and Management in Agriculture System. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Makowski RMD. 1995. Round-leaf mallow interference in spring wheat and lentil in Saskachewan. Weed Science, 43(3): 381-388.
Mohammadi V, Kambouzia J, Zand E, Soufizadeh S and Rahimi Moghaddam S. 2016. The effect of different levels of N fertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) under competition with different densities redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 47(3): 437-449. (In Persian)
Mohammaddoust-e-Chamanabad HR, Tulikov AM and Baghestani MA. 2006. Effect of long term fertilizer application and crop rotation on the infestation of fields weeds. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science and Research, 12(3): 221–234.
Mohammaddoust-e-Chamanabad HR, Mozaffari SM and Nikkhah, HR. 2018. Assessment of wheat cultivars competitiveness against weeds based on different traits and indices. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 28(2): 123-134. (In Persian).
Moon BC, Kim JW, Cho SH, Park JE, Song JS and Kim DS. 2014. Modelling the effects of herbicide dose and weed density on rice-weed competition. Weed Research, 54(5): 484–491.
Nosrati I, Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A, Amini R and Shakiba MR. 2018. Efficacy of different integrated weed managemwnt methods in rain-fed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at Kermanshah. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 28(4): 77-92. (In Persian).
Peterson J. 2003. Weed: spring barley competition for applied nitrogen in pig slurry. Weed Research, 43(1): 33- 39.
Rajcan I and Swanton CJ. 2001. Understanding maize-weed competition: resources competition, light quality and the whole plant. Field Crops Research, 71(2): 139–150.
Ritz C and Streibig JC. 2005. Bioassay analysis using R. Journal of Statistical Software, 12(1): 1-22.
Rooney JM, Clarkson DT, Highett M, Hoar JJ and Purves JV. 1990. Growth of Galium aparine L. (cleavers) and competition with Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) for N. Proceeding of EWRS Symposium: Integrated Weed Management in Cereals. June 4-6, 1990, Helsinki, Finland.
Ryan MR, Smith RG, Mortensen DA, Teasdale GR, Curran WS, Seidel R and Shumway DL. 2009. Weed–crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems. Weed Research, 49(6): 572–580.
Teyker RH, Hoelzer HD and Liebl RA. 1991. Maize and pigweed response to nitrogen supply and form. Plant and Soil, 135(2): 287–292.
Tollenar M, Nissank SP, Aguilera A, Weise SF and Swanton CJ. 1994. Effect of weed interference and soil nitrogen on four maize hybrids. Agronomy Journal, 86(4): 596-601.
Vance RR and Nevai AL. 2007. Plant population growth and competition in a light gradient a mathematical model of canopy partitioning. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 245(2): 210–219.
Wright KJ, Seavers GP, Peters NCB and Marshall MA. 1999. Influence of soil moisture on the competitive ability and seed dormancy of Sinapis arvensis in spring wheat. Weed Research, 39(4): 309-317.
Wright KJ and Wilson BJ. 1992. Effects of nitrogen on competition and seed production of Avena fatua and Galium aparine in winter wheat. Aspects of Applied Biology, 30(4): 381–386.
Yin X, Gouadrian J, Latinga EA, Vos J and Spietrz JH. 2003. A flexible sigmoid growth function of determinate growth. Annals of Botany, 91(3): 361-371.
Zand E, Baghestani MA, Nezamabadi N, Shimi P and Mousavi SK. 2017. A Guide to Chemical Control of Weeds in Iran. Jahad-e Daneshgahi Mashhad. (In Persian).
Zarinjoub H, Gharineh MH, Gherekhloo J and Elahifard E. 2018. Quatifying the effects of herbicide dose and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) density on wheat and weed biomass production. Journal of Plant Protection, 31(4): 628-638. (In Persian).