Effect of Symbiosis with Mychorrizal Fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on Yield and Yield Component of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietnium L.) in Intercropping

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Intercropping systems and the application of biofertilizers play an important role in increasing of quantity and quality of plant products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae application and different planting patterns on the yield and yield component of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in intercropping with chick pea (Cicer arietnium L.).
 
Materials and Methods: A field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2018 growing season. The first factor was consisted of different planting patterns including monoculture of chickpea, monoculture of black cumin, 1 row intercropping of chickpea + 1 black cumin (1:1), 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin (1:2) and 2 row chickpea+ 1 row black cumin (2:1) and the second factor was inoculation and non-inoculation with mychorrizal fungus.
 
Results: The results demonstrated that the seed yield of chickpea and black cumin was significantly affected by different planting patterns and mychorrizal fungus. The highest seed yield of chickpea (1203.5 kg.ha-1) was observed in the chickpea monoculture that was no significantly different with planting pattern of 2:1. Also, the highest seed yield of black cumin (823.3 kg.ha-1) was achieved in its monoculture. Application of mychorrizal fungus increased the seed yield of chickpea and black cumin by 24.62 and 18.59% in compared with non-application. In addition, the highest essential oil percentage (1.06) and essential oil yield (7.326 g.m-2) were achieved in the 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin intercropping pattern. In all intercropping patterns, the LER was higher than one, indicating the advantages of these patterns compared with monocultures. The highest LER (1.56) was obtained in the planting pattern of 1:2 with application of mychorrizal fungus. Also, in all intercropping patterns, the aggressivity values of chickpea was higher than black cumin, representing that the chickpea was the dominant in these intercropping patterns. Moreover, the highest ecological indices (AHER, ATER and LUE) and monetary indices (IA, MAI, RVT and SPI) were achieved in the ratios of 1:2 and 2:1 with application of mychorrizal fungus.
 
Conclusion: Generally, the planting pattern of 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin (1:2) with application of mychorrizal fungus not only leading to agricultural ecosystems diversity and sustainable productivity, but also effective in enhancing economic income and land use efficiency.
 
 
 

Keywords


Agegnehu G, Ghizam A and Sinebo W, 2006. Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy, 25: 202-207.
Akbari, P, Ghalavand A, Sanavy AM and Alikhani MA. 2011. The effect of biofertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure on grain yield and seed quality of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(1): 173-184.   
Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A and Shekari F, 2017. The effect of intercropping patterns on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) dry biomass yield and essential oil content and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed yield. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 7(3):79-97.
Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A, Morshedloo MR and Maggi F, 2018. Evaluation of competition, essential oil quality and quantity of peppermint intercropped with soybean. Industrial Crops and Products, 111: 743-754.   
Amani Machiani M, Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Javanmard A, Maggi F and Morshedloo MR, 2019. Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield and quali-quantitative production of the essential oils from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) in intercropping system under humic acid application. Journal of Cleaner Production, 235: 112.122.
Balasubramanian V, and Sekayange L, 1990. Area harvests equivalency ratio for measuring efficiency in multiseason intercropping. Agronomy journal, 82(3), 519-522.
Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK and Ghose S, 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy, 24: 325- 332.
Barker S and Dennett M D, 2013. Effect of density, cultivar and irrigation on spring sown monocrops and intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 51: 108– 116.   
Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcon R and Azcon-Aguilar C, 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of experimental botany, 56(417): 1761-1778.
Baum C, El-Tohamy W and Gruda N, 2015. Increasing the productivity and product quality of vegetable crops using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review. Scientia horticulturae, 187: 131-141.
Chapagain T and Riseman A, 2014. Barley–pea intercropping: Effects on land productivity, carbon and nitrogen transformations. Field Crops Research, 166: 18–25.
Copetta A, Lingua G and Berta G, 2006. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza, 16(7): 485-494.
Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab A, Amon T and Kaul HP, 2011. Competition and yield in intercrops maize and sunflower for biogas. Industrial Crops and Products, 34: 1203-1211.
Geren H, Avcioglu R, Soya H and Kir B, 2008. Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: biomass yield and silage quality. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (22): 4100-4104.
Gheisari Zardak S, Movahhedi Dehnavi M, Salehi A and Gholamhoseini M, 2018. Effects of using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to alleviate drought stress on the physiological traits and essential oil yield of fennel. Rhizosphere, 6: 31–38.
Gholinezhad E and Rezaei Chiyaneh E, 2014. Evaluation of grain yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in intercropping with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 16(3): 236-249.
Giovannetti M, and Mosse B, 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84(3): 489-500.
Hamzei J, Seyedi M, Ahmadvand G and Abutalebian MA, 2012. The effect of additive intercropping on weed suppression, yield and yield component of chickpea and barley. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 2:43- 55 (In Persian).
Hauggard-Nielsen H, Ambus P and Jensen ES, 2001. Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea- barley intercropping. Field Crops Research, 70: 101-109.
Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Gooding M, Ambus P, Corre-Hellou G, Crozat Y, Dahlmann C, Dibet A, Fragstein P, Pristeri A, Monti M and Jensen ES, 2009. Pea–barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 113: 64–71.
Karimi K, Babai Ahari A, Weisany W, Pertot I, Vrhovsek U and Arzanlou M, 2016. Funneliformis mosseae root colonization affects Anethum graveolens essential oil composition and its efficacy against Colletotrichumnymphaeae. Industrial Crops and Products, 90: 126–134.
Kapoor R, Chaudhary V and Bhatnagar A, 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Mycorrhiza, 17(7): 581-587.
Kahrizy S and Sepehri A, 2019. Effect of Vermicompost, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars under Terminal Drought Stress. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 29(1): 67-83.
Kassam A and Brammer H, 2013. Combining sustainable agricultural production with economic and environmental benefits. Geographical Journal, 179: 11–18.
Khorramdel S, Koocheki A, Nasiri Mahallati M and Ghorbani R, 2008. Influence of biologic fertilizers on growth indices of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 6(2):285-294.
Koocheki A, Shabahang J, Khorramdel S and Amin G, 2012. Row intercropping of borage (Borago officinalis L.) with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on possible evaluating of the best strip width and assessing of its ecological characteristics. Journal of Agroecology, 4 (1): 1-11.
Koske R, and Gemma J, 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycological Research, 92(4): 486-488.
Jiang QY, Zhuo F, Long SH, Zhao HD, Yang DJ, Ye ZH and Jing YX, 2016. Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce Cd uptake and alleviate Cd toxicity of Lonicera japonica grown in Cd-added soils. Scientific Reports, 6: 21805.
Lambers H, Albornoz F, Kotula L, Laliberté E, Ranathunge K, François PT and Zemunik G, 2018. How belowground interactions contribute to the coexistence of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species in severely phosphorus-impoverished hyper diverse ecosystems. Plant Soil, 424:11–33.
Latef AAHA and Chaoxing H, 2011. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress. Scientia Horticulture, 127:228–233.
Lithourgidis AS, Vlachostergios DN, Dordas CA and Damalas CA, 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 34: 287-294.
Liu H, Song F, Liu S, Li X, Liu F and Zhu X, 2018 Arbuscular mycorrhiza improves nitrogen use efficiency in soybean grown under partial root-zone drying irrigation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 65:269–279.
Maffi M and Mucciarelli M, 2003. Essential oil yield in peppermint/soybean strip intercropping. Field Crops Research, 84: 229 – 240.
Mandal A, Patra AK, Singh D, Swarup A and Masto RE, 2007. Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource technology, 98(18): 3585-3592.
Masoumi Zavarian A, Yousefi Rad M and Asghari M, 2015. Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Anise Plant (Pimpinella anisum) under Salt Stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(56): 139-148.
McGonigle T, Miller M, Evans D, Fairchild G, and Swan J, 1990. A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist, 115(3): 495-501.
Monti M, Pellicanò A, Santonoceto C, Preiti G and Pristeri A, 2016. Yield components and nitrogen use in cereal-pea intercrops in Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 196: 379-388.
Mozaffarian V, 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botany botanical taxonomy Latin-English-French-Germany-Persian. Koeltz Scientific Books, Germany.
Nasiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A, Mondani F, Amirmoradi SH and Feizi H, 2015. Determination of optimal strip width in strip intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106: 343-350.
Nazeri NK, Lambers H, Tibbett M and Ryan MR, 2013. Do arbuscular mycorrhizas or heterotrophic soil microbes contribute toward plant acquisition of a pulse of mineral phosphate? Plant Soil, 373: 699–710.
Ormeño E and Fernandez C, 2012. Effect of soil nutrient on production and diversity of volatile terpenoids from plants. Current Bioactive Compounds, 8(1): 71–79.
Phillips JM, and Hayman D, 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55(1): 158-161.
Rasouli-Sadaghiani M, Hassani A, Barin M, Rezaee Danesh Y and Sefidkon F, 2010. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth, essential oil production and nutrients uptake in basil. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(21): 2222-2228. (In Persian).
Rezaei-Chiyaneh E and Gholinezhad E, 2015. Agronomic characteristics of intercropping of additive series of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Agroecology, 7(3): 381-396 (In Persian).
Rezaei Chiyaneh E, Jalilian J, Ebrahimian E, Seyedi SM, 2015. Effect of biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of ajowan at different irrigation levels. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17(3): 775-788. (In Persian).
Rezaei Chiyaneh E, Khorramdel S, Movludi A and Rahimi A, 2.17. Effects of nano chelated zinc and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(1): 168-184. (In Persian).
Rostaei M, Fallah S, Lorigooinib Z and Abbasi Surki A, 2018. Crop productivity and chemical compositions of black cumin essential oil in sole crop and intercropped with soybean under contrasting fertilization. Industrial Crops & Products, 125: 622-629.
Shabahang J, Khorramdel S and Gheshm R, 2013. Evaluation of symbiosis with Mycorhizzal on yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajowan (Carum copticum L.) under different nitrogen levels. Agroecology, 5(3): 289-298.
Sharma RC, Sarkar S, Das D and Banik P, 2013. Impact assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza Azospirillum and chemical fertilizer application on soil health and ecology. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Anal, 44:1116–1126.
Singh S and Kapoor KKm 1999. Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 28(2): 139-144.
Singh M, Singh A, Singh S, Tripathi RS, Singh AK and Patra DD, 2010. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) as a green manure to improve the productivity of a menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) intercropping system. Industrial Crops and Products, 31: 289-293.
Singh M, Singh UB, Ram M, Yadav A and Chanotiya CS, 2013. Biomass yield, essential oil yield and quality of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) as influenced by intercropping with garlic (Allium sativum L.) under subtropical and temperate climate of India. Industrial Crops and Products, 46: 234-237.
Tuna C and Orak A, 2007. The role of intercropping on yield potential of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivated in pure stand and mixtures. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2: 14-19.
Urcoviche RC, Gazim ZC, Dragunski D. C., Barcellos, F. G., and Alberton, O. 2015. Plant growth and essential oil content of Mentha crispa inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different levels of phosphorus.  Industrial Crops and Products. 67, 103-107.
Vandermeer, J.H. 1989. The Ecology of Intercropping, Cambridge. University Press. 297 pp.
Verma RK, Chauhan A, Verma RS, Rahman L and Bisht A, 2013. Improving production potential and resources use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) intercropped with geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit ex Ait) under different plant density. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 577-582.
Wahbi S, Maghraoui T, Hafidi M, Sanguin H, Oufdou K and Prin Y. 2016. Enhanced transfer of biologically fixed N from faba bean to intercropped wheat through mycorrhizal symbiosis. Applied Soil Ecology, 107: 91–98.
Weisany W, Raei Y, Salmasi SZ, Sohrabi Y and Ghassemi‐Golezani K. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced changes in rhizosphere, essential oil and mineral nutrients uptake in dill/common bean intercropping system. Annals of Applied Biology, 169(3), 384-397.
Weisany W, Sohrabi Y, Siosemardeh A and Ghassemi-Golezani, K. 2016. Funneliformis mosseae fungi changed essential oil composition in Trigonella foenum graecum L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Nigella sativa L. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 29: 276-287.
Willey RW and Rao MR, 1980. A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops. Experimental Agriculture, 16:117–125.
Willey RW, 1979. Intercropping its importance and research needs: Part I. Competition and yield advantage. Field Crop Abstracts, 32:1–10.
Xu BC, Li FM and Shan L, 2008. Switch grass and milk vetch intercropping under 2:1 row replacement in semiarid region, northwest China: Aboveground biomass and water use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy, 228: 485-492.
Yang F, Huang S, Gao R, Liu W, Yong T, Wang X, Wu X and Yang W, 2014. Growth of soybean seedling in relay strip intercropping systems in relation to light quantity and red: far- red ratio. Field Crops Research, 155: 245-253.
Yilmaz S, Ozel A, Atak M and Erayman M, 2015. Effects of seeding rates on competition indices of barley and vetch intercropping systems in the eastern Mediterranean. Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry, 39: 135-143.
Zarifpour N, Naseri Poor Yazdi MT and Nassiri Mahallati M, 2014. Effect of different intercropping arrangements of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on quantity and quality characteristic of species. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12(1): 34-43 (In Farsi).
Zhang G, Yang Z and Dong S, 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research, 124: 66-73.