Response of Canola Yield Quantity and Quality to Different Methods of Fertilization in Crop Rotation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to study the effect of crop rotation and different systems of soil fertility on grain yield and quality of canola (Talayeh cultivar), an experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agricultural Research Center of Sanandaj in 2008 - 2010 growing seasons. Experimental designs were arranged in split-split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main plot consisted three crop rotation, (R1): Chickpea, Sunflower, Wheat, Canola; (R2): Green manure, Chickpea, Green manure, Wheat, Green manure, Canola; (R3): Canola, Canola, Canola. Sub plots consisted of five strategies for obtaining the basal fertilizers requirement that included (N1): farm yard manure; (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): farm yard manure + compost and (N5): farm yard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers; and control (N6). Sub-Sub plots consisted four levels of biofertilizers: (B1): Bacillus lentus and Pseudomonas putida; (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): Bacillus lentus and Pseudomonas putida & Trichoderma harzianum; and (B4): control, (without biofertilizers). Results showed that rotation, basal fertilizers, biofertilizers and interactions of them have significant effects on grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from R2N5B3 treatment, that organic and chemical fertilizers were co applied. Crop rotation, basal fertilizers, biofertilizers and interactions of them have a significant effect on leaf chlorophyll. The highest nitrogen content (38.9 mg/g) and least amount of (N/S) were obtained from N5B3 treatment. Crop rotation, basal fertilizers and biofertilizers have a significant effect on oil percent and oil yield.

Keywords


کامکار ب، و مهدوی دامغانی ع، 1387. مبانی کشاورزی پایدار. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.
محمدی خ، کلامیان س و نوری ف، 1386. استفاده از ضایعات محصولات کشاورزی به عنوان کمپوست و تاثیر آن بر عملکرد ارقام گندم. سومین همایش ملی بررسی ضایعات محصولات کشاورزی. دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. اسفند 1386. صفحات 219-224.
Ahmad A and Abdin MZ, 2000. Effect of sulphur application on lipid, RNA and fatty acid content in developing seeds of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.). Plant Science 150: 71-76.
AOAC, 1998. In K. Helrich (Ed.), Official methods of analysis (15th ed.). Methods 920.10. Arlington, VA/Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Armstrong EL, Pate JS and Unkovich MJ, 1994. Nitrogen balance of field pea crops in South Western Australia, studied using the 15N natural abundance technique. Aust. J. Plant Physiology 21: 533-549.
Asare E and Scarisbrick DH, 1995. Rate of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Field Crop Research 44 (1): 41-46.
Barker AV and Pilbeam DJ, 2007. Handbook of plant nutrition, Vrc press, Taylor and francis group.
Bhatia CR and Rabson R, 1976. Bioenergetic considerations in cereal breeding for protein improvement. Science 194: 1418- 1421.
BilsborrowPE, Evans EL and Zhano FJ, 1993. The influence of spring nitrogen on yield, yield components and glucosinolate content of autumn sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journalof Agriculture Science 10: 219-224.
Bremner JM and Mulvaney CS, 1982. Nitrogen - total. In: Page, AL (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, pp, 595-624.
Carter MR, 1993. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. Lewis Publisher.
Courtney RG and Mullen GL, 2008. Soil quality and barley growth as influenced by the land application of two compost types. Bioresource Technology 99: 2913-2918.
Christen O and Sieling K, 1995. Effect of different preceding crops and crop rotations on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L). Crop Science 174 (4): 265–271.
DaMatta FM, Loos RA and Loureiro ME, 2002. Limitations to photosynthesis in Coffea canephoraas a result of nitrogen and water availability. Journal of Plant Physiology 159: 975-981.
Ding L, Wang KJ, Jiang GM, Li LF and Li YH, 2005. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Annals of Botany 96: 925-930.
El-Komy HA, 2005. Coimmobilization of Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus megaterium for plant nutrition. Food Technology and Biotechnology 43(1): 19-27.
Elad Y, 2000. Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Protection 19: 709-714.
Erhart E and Hartl W, 2003. Mulching with compost improves growth of blue spruce in Christmas tree plantations. European Journal of Soil Biology 39(3): 149-156.
Fernando WGD, Nakkeeran S, Zhang Y and Savchuk S, 2007. Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary by Pseudomonas and Bacillus species on canola petals. Crop Protection 26: 100-107.
Gaur AC, Ostwal KP and Mathur RS, 1980. Save super phosphate by using phosphate-solubilizing cultures and rock phosphate. Kheti 32: 23-25.
Gee GW, and Bauder JW, 1979. Particle size analysis by hydrometer, a simplified method for routine textural analysis and a sensitivity test of measurement parameters. Soil Science Society of American Journal 43: 1004-1007.
Hao X, Chang C and Travis GJ, 2004. Short communication: effect of long-term cattle manure application on relations between nitrogen and oil content in canola seed. Journal of Plant Nutrition 167: 214–215.
Hatch DJ, Goodlass G and Shepherd MA, 2007. The effect of cutting, mulching and applications of farmyard manure on nitrogen fixation in a red clover grass sward. Bioresource Technology 98: 3243-3248.
Hocking PJ, Kirkegaard JA, Angus JF, Bernardi A and Mason LM, 2002. Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments III. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake by plants and on soil nitrogen extraction. Field Crops Research 79: 153-172.
Jutur PP and Reddy AR, 2007. Isolation, purification and properties of new restriction endonucleases from Bacillus badius and Bacillus lentus. Microbiological Research 162: 378-383.
Larkin RP, 2008. Relative effects of biological amendments and crop rotations on soil microbial communities and soil borne diseases of potato. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1341-1351.
Lima JD, Mosquim PR, and DaMatta FM, 1999. Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Phaseolus vulgaris as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. Photosynthetica 37: 113-121.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS and Dean LA, 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. US Dept. Agric. WashingtonDC, Circular 939.
Rajendran G, Sing F, Desai AJ and Archana V, 2008. Enhanced growth and nodulation of pigeon pea by co inoculation of Bacillus strains with Rhizobium spp. Bioresource Technology 99: 4544-4550.
Rathke GW, Christen O and Diepenbrock W, 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crops Research 94: 103–113.
Rathke GW, Christen O and Diepenbrock W, 2006. Welchen Beitrag leisten Vorfrucht und Stickstoffdu¨ngung fu¨r den Ertrag von Winterraps? (with English summary). UFOP-Schriften Heft 29, O¨ l- und Proteinp- flanzen, OIL 2005, 149-156.
Ramsey BR and Callinan APL, 1994. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on canola production in north central Victoria. Australian Journal of Exp Agriculture 34(6): 789-796.
Rosas SB, Andres GA, Rovera M and CorreaNS, 2006. Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida can influence the Rhizobia legume symbiosis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 3502-3505.
Rudresh DL, Shivaprakash MK and Prasad RD, 2005. Effect of combined application of Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea (Cicer aritenium L.). Applied Soil Ecology 28: 139-146.
SAS Institute, 2003. The SAS system for windows. Release 9.1. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.
Sahni S, Sarma BK, Singh DP, Singh HB and Singh KP, 2008. Vermicompost enhances performance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in Cicer arietinum rhizosphere against Sclerotium rolfsii. Crop Protection 27: 369-376.
Sattar MA and Gaur AC, 1987. Production of Auxins and Gibberellins by phosphate dissolving microorganisms. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol 142: 393-395.
Smith JL and Doran JW, 1996. Measurement and use of pH and electrical conductivity for soil quality analysis. In Methods for Assessing Soil Quality, SSSA special publication 49: 169-185.
Taylor AJ, Smith CJ and Wilson IB, 1991. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola. Fertility Research of Australia, 29(3): 249-260.
Tejada M, Gonzalez JL, Garcı´a-Martınez AM and Parrado J, 2008. Application of a green manure and green manure composted with beet vinasse on soil restoration: Effects on soil properties. Bioresource Technology 9: 4949-4957.
Verma M, BraSK, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY and Val´ero JR, 2007. Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochemical Engineering Journal 37: 1-20.
Wani SP, McGill WB, Haugen-Kozyra KL, Robertson JA and Thurston JJ, 1994. Improved soil quality and barley yields with fababeans, manure, forages and crop rotation on a Gray Luvisol. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74: 75-84.
Wilkinson RE, 2000. Plant environment interaction. Marcel Dekker, Inc..
Yadvinder-Singh BS, Ladha JK, Khind CS, Gupta RK, Meelu OP, Pasuquin E, 2004. Long-term effects of organic inputs on yield and soil fertility in the rice–wheat rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 68: 845-853.
Zaidi A, Saghir Khan M and Amil MD, 2003. Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy 19:15-21.
Zhao FJ, BilsborrowPE and McGrath SP, 1997. Nitrogen to sulfur ratio in rape-seed and in rapeseed protein and its use in diagnosing sulfur deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition 20: 549-558.
Zhao FG, Evans EJ, Bilsborrow PE, and Syers JK, 1998. Sulphur uptake and distribution in double and single low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant and Soil 150: 69-76.