Evaluation of the effect of biological, organic and chemical nutrition on some morphological traits, dry matter yield and essential oil of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty member / Department of Plant Production and Genetics / University of Maragheh

2 Ph.D Student of Agrotechnology- Crop Ecology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh

Abstract

This experiment was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor included of the application of chemical and farmyard fertilizers in four levels of control, 100 % chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% of farmyard manure and 100% farmyard manure (30 tons per hectare). The highest plant height, inflorescence length and dry matter yield were obtained with application of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure, the highest number and weight of flowering lateral stems with 100% application of farmyard manure and the highest number of lateral stems, main stem diameter and plant dry weight by applying 100% chemical fertilizer. The number of lateral and flowering stems per plant, 1000-grain weight and dry matter yield were significantly increased under Super nitro plus or Humica application compared to the control. The highest percentage of essential oil was obtained in the treatments of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (0.77%), 100% farmyard manure + Humica (0.72%) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure with the application of Humica (0.69%), with no significant difference each other, respectively. The highest essential oil yield was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% animal manure with application of Humica (1.83 g.m-2), application of 100% farmyard manure with application of Humica (1.79 g.m-2) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50 % of farmyard manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (1.74 g.m-2).

Keywords


Abedini T, Pezhman M and Abbas H. 2015. Effect of organic fertilizer and foliar application of humic acid on some quantitative and qualitative yield of Pot marigold. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, (4): 1100-1103.
Ahmadi F, Samadi A and Rahimi A. 2020. Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow-release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-11.
Alhasan AS, Abbas MK, Al-Ameri M and Al-Ameri DT. 2020. Growth and yield response of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to different rates of urea fertilizer under field conditions. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 553 (1) p. 012044.
Al-Sayed HM, Hegab SA, Youssef MA, Khalafalla MY, Almaroai YA, Ding Z and Eissa MA. 2020. Evaluation of quality and growth of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as affected by bio-fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(7): 1025-1035.
Arrobas M, Ferreira IQ, Afonso S and Rodrigues MA. 2018. Sufficiency ranges and crop nutrient removals for peppermint­ (Mentha X piperita L.) established from field and pot fertilizer experiments. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49(14): 1719-1730.
Asgari M, habibi D and brojerdi G. 2012. Effect of vermicompost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and humic acid on growth factors of Mentha piperita L., in Central Province. Iranian journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 7(4): 41-54. (In Persian)
Astuti D, Suhartanto B, Umami N and Irawan A. 2020. Effect of density between intercropped sorghum and stylosanthes on biomass production and quality under varying NPK fertilizer application rates. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 23(3): 197-205.
Ateia EM, Osman YAH and Meawad AEAH. 2009. Effect of organic fertilization on yield and active constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. unde North Sinai conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(4): 555-565.
Ayyobi H and Peyvast GA. 2014. The effects of cow manure vermicompost and municipal solid waste compost on peppermint (mentha piperita l.) in Torbat-e-jam and Rasht Regions of Iran. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 3(4): 147-153.
Bachman GR and Metzger JD. 2008. Growth of bedding plants in commercial potting substrate amended with vermicompost. Bioresource Technology, 99: 3155–3161.
Badal DS, Dwivedi AK, Kumar V, Singh S, Prakash A, Verma S and Kumar J. 2019. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and its attributing traits in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(1): 587-590.
Barzegar T, Mohammadi S and Ghahremani Z. 2020. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth, yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(8): 1189-1204.
Bashan Y and Holguin G. 1997. Azospirillum-plant relationships: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 103-121.
Bastami A, Amirnia R, Sayyed RZ and Enshasy HAE. 2021. The effect of mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of two important Satureja species. Agronomy, 11(7): 1285.
Borna F, Omidbaigi R and Sefidkon F. 2007. The effect of sowing dates on growth, yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 23 (3): 307-314. (In Persian)
Bromand Sivieri M, Heidary M. Gholami A and Ghorbani H. 2020. Effects of biofertilizers and foliar application of nano iron oxide on quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35 (6): 1017-1027. (In Persian).
Cacciari I, Lippi D, Pietrosanti T and Pietrosanti W. 1989. Phytohormone-like substances produced by single and mixed diazotrophic cultures of Azospirillum and Arthrobacter. Plant and Soil, 115: 11-153.
Garge VC, Malik S, Awasthi M, Singh SP, Chaudhary M and Kumar A. 2021. Effect of different nutrient sources on growth, flowering and quality attributes of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) cv. Pusa Arpita. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences, 9(1): 416-421.
Giannoulis KD, Evangelopoulos V, Gougoulias N and Wogiatzi E. 2020. Lavender organic cultivation yield and essential oil can be improved by using bio-stimulants. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 70(8): 648-656.
Giannoulis KD, Skoufogianni E, Bartzialis D, Solomou A and Danalatos NG. 2021. Growth and productivity of Salvia officinalis L. under mediterranean climatic conditions depends on biofertilizer, nitrogen fertilization, and sowing density. Industrial Crops and Products, 160: 113136.
Hassan SED. 2017. Plant growth-promoting activities for bacterial and fungal endophytes isolated from medicinal plant of Teucrium polium L. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(6): 687-695.
Hasanpour R, Pirdashti H, Esmaeili MA, Abbasian A. Response of yield and yield components of three sesame (Sesame indicum L.) cultivars to application of nitrogen and supernitroplus biofertilizer. Journal of Agroecology, 3(1): 9-16. (In Persian)
Heidarzadeh A, Modarres-Sanavy SAM and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. 2021.Changes in yield and essential oil compositions of Dracocephalum kotschyi. L Boiss in response to azocompost, vermicompost, nitroxin, and urea under water deficit stress. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1-18.
Hoseini Mazinani M and Hadipour A. 2014. Increasing quantitative and qualitative yield of calendula officinalis L. by using Bio-Fertilizer. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13 (50): 83-91
Hosseinzadeh MH, Ghalavand A, Boojar MMA, Modarres-Sanavy SAM and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. 2021. Application of manure and biofertilizer to improve soil properties and increase grain yield, essential oil and ω3 of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress. Soil and Tillage Research, (205): 104633.
Javan Gholiloo M, Yarnia M, Ghorttapeh AH, Farahvash F and Daneshian AM. 2019. Evaluating effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative traits of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(13): 1417-1429.
Kader MA, Mian MH and Hoque MS. 2002. Effects of Azotobacter inoculant on the yield nitrogen uptake by wheat. Journal of Biological Science, 2(4): 250-261.
Kapoor R, Giri B and Mukerji KG. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology, 93: 307-311.
Khalediyan N, Weisany W and Schenk, PM. 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobacteria improve growth, nutritional status and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum and Satureja hortensis.L Industrial Crops and Products, (160): 113163.
Koocheki A, Tabrizi L and Ghorbani R. 2008. Evaluation of biofertilizers effects on growth characteristics, yield and qualitative characteristics of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research, (6): 127-137. (In Persian)
Kwon SJ, Kim HR, Roy SKو Kim HJ, Boo HO, Woo S. H and Kim HH. 2019. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on growth characteristics of two species of bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum). Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 22(5): 481-487.
Liava V, Karkanis A and Tsiropoulos N. 2021. Yield and silymarin content in milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) fruits affected by the nitrogen fertilizers. Industrial Crops and Products, (171): 113955.
Liu Q, Xu H and Yi H. 2021. Impact of fertilizer on crop yield and C: N: P stoichiometry in arid and semi-arid soil. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8): 4341.
Miceli C, Moncada A, Vetrano F, Iapichino, G, D’Anna F and Miceli A. 2020. Effect of agronomic practices on yield and quality of borage at harvest and during storage as minimally-processed produce. Agronomy, 10(2): 242.
Mohamed Y, Mohamed I, Elsadek M, Ali M and Ghatas Y. 2021. Improving growth, productivity, and chemical composition of Trachyspermum ammi L. by using organic and chemical fertilization in the presence of boron. Industrial Crops and Products, 169: 113637.
Moradzadeh S, Moghaddam SS, Rahimi A, Pourakbar L and Sayyed RZ. 2021. Combined bio-chemical fertilizers ameliorate agro-biochemical attributes of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1-16.
Nasiri Y, Baghban Akbari P, Nouraeen M and Amini R. 2020. Evaluation of farmyard and vermicompost application and spray of ascorbic acid and humic substances on dragonhead production (Dracocephalam moldavica L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29(4): 81-101. (In Persian)
Nejatzadeh F. 2020. Effect of biofertilizer and magnesium sulfate on the components of essential oil of (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, (27): 101671.
Omidbaigi R. 2010. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Astane Ghodse Razavi Press. Mashhad, Iran. 423 pp. (In Persian).
Rezvani Moghadam P and Seyedi SM. 2015. The role of organic fertilizers and biological phosphorus and potassium uptake by nigella (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Horticultural Science (Agricultural Science and Technology), 28(1): 43-53.
 Rezvani Moghaddam P, Mohammadabadi AA and Moradi R. 2010. The effect of application of chemical and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in different plant densities. Journal of Agroecology, 2 (2): 256-265. (In Persian).
Sajadi Nik R and Yadavy AR. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and nitroxin on growth, phonological stages and grain yield. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, (6): 73-99. (In Persian)
Sakr MT, Ibrahim HM, ElAwady AE and Abo ElMakarem AA. 2019. Effect of humic acid, seaweed extract and essential oils as antioxidants on pre-and post-harvest quality of red radish plants. Horticulture International Journal, (3): 129-138.  
Seidi Z, Fateh E and Aynehband A. 2021. Changes in secondary metabolite and biologically active compounds of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) upon organic and conventional production systems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, (413): 215-222.
Sharafi GA, Changizi M, Rafiee M, Gomarian M and Khagani S. 2019. Investigating the effect of drought stress and vermicompost biofertilizer on morphological and biochemical characteristics of (Thymus vulgaris .L). Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 10(3): 137-145.
Singer WJ, Sally SD and Meek DW. 2007. Tillage and compost effects on corn growth, nutrient accumulation, and grain yield. Agronomy Journal 99:80–87.
Singh M, Singh A, Singh S, Tripathi RS, Singh A.K and Patra DD. 2010. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) as a green manure to improve the productivity of a menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) intercropping system. Industrial crops and products, 31(2): 289-293.
Skubij N and Dzida K. 2019. Essential oil composition of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) cv. Saturn depending on nitrogen nutrition and plant development phases in raw material cultivated for industrial use. Industrial Crops and Products, (135): 260-270.
Vande Broek A. 1999. Auxins upregulate expression of the indole -3- pyruvate de- carboxylase gene in Azospirillum brasilense. Journal of Bacteriology, 181: 1338-1342.
Wali AM, Shamseldin A, Radwan F I, Abd El Lateef E M and Zaki NM. 2018. Response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars to humic acid, mineral and biofertilization under calcareous soil conditions. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(1): 71-82.
Yousefzadeh S, Daryai F, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Hazrati S, Yousefzadeh T and Mohammadi K. 2018. Morphological, essential oil and biochemical variation of Dracocephalum moldavica L. populations. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 10: 59-66.
Youssef A S M. 2020. Response of caraway (Carum carvi L.) plant to bio-fertilizers in substitution of chemical fertilization. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8(6): 45-54.