Investigating the role of cover plants (grass) in improving the physiological equivalent temperature and relative humidity (study area: Tabriz University Stadium)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Academic member

2 Master Student of Landscape architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University

Abstract

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of cover plants (grass) in improving the microclimate.
Data collection methods include field analytical, and quantitative, with a comparative analysis method of proposed design options using simulation in ENVI-met software (4.4.6) and Ray-Man 3.1 in two different patterns at the same site for a period of 8 hours (10:00 to 18:00), which took place on June 30, 2020, as the hottest day of the year; The research was also validated by comparing the model's output parameter values with field measurements.
The results indicate the optimal performance of the pattern of green cover(grass) compared to the absence of it in improving thermal comfort and reducing physiological temperature. Because it has caused an increase in relative humidity of 0.06% and a decrease in the environmental comfort index (PMV) by 0.005, as well as a decrease in the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) by 0.23 degrees Celsius, the hours of 11:00, 12:00, and 18:00 contain the best performance of vegetation (grass) in terms of enhancing micro-climate conditions, whereas the hours of 14:00, 15:00, and 16:00 include the worst performance in terms of effective micro-climate alterations. The average change in physiological temperature in the most optimal and worst hours of operation is equal to 4.68 degrees Celsius, and these changes in the relative humidity index are equal to 0.45%.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Adams W.A and Gibbs R.J .1994. Natural Turf for Sport and Amenity. Science and Management, Cabi Publishing. (International)

Amazodeh Maryam.2021. Effects of Plants on the Parameters Involved in Thermal Comfort in Urban Space. A Case Study of Urban Green Wall in Tehran City. Geography and Environmental Planning, 32(3): 67-80. doi: 10.22108/gep.2021.128810.1424.

Beard J. B.1973. Cool season turfgrasses. Turfgrass. Science and Culture. Englewood Cliffs. NJ. Prentice-Hall, 54-131.‏

Berdahl P. & Bretz SE. 1997. Preliminary Survey of the Solar Reflectance of Cool Roofing Materials. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 25. No. 2. pp. 149-158.

Berkovic S, Yezioro A, & Bitan A.2012. Study of thermal comfort in courtyards in a hot arid climate. Solar Energy, 86(5): 1173-1186.‏

Bjertnæs G. H. 2005. Income taxation, tuition subsidies, and choice of occupation: implications for production efficiency.‏

Bouketta S & Bouchahm Y.2020. Numerical evaluation of urban geometry's control of wind movements in outdoor spaces during winter period. Case of Mediterranean climate. Renewable Energy, 146. 1062-1069.‏

Bourbia F & Boucheriba F.2010. Impact of street design on urban microclimate for semi-arid climate (Constantine). Renewable Energy, 35(2): 343-347.‏

Chatzidimitriou A & Yannas S.2015. Microclimate development in open urban spaces. The influence of form and materials. Energy and Buildings, 108. 156-174.‏

Chen H, Ooka R, Huang H, & Tsuchiya T. 2009. Study on mitigation measures for outdoor thermal environment on present urban blocks in Tokyo using coupled simulation. Building and Environment, 44(11): 2290-2299.‏

Comarazamy D. E, González J. E, Luvall J. C, Rickman D. L & Mulero P. J. 2010. A land–atmospheric interaction study in the coastal tropical city of San Juan. Puerto Rico. Earth Interactions, 14(16): 1-24.‏

Coronel J& Alvarez S.2001. Experimental Work and Analysis of Confined Urban Spaces. Solar Energy. 70(3): 263-273.

Dunnett N& Kingsbury N .2008. Planting green roofs and living walls. Portland, OR. Timber press.‏

El-Bardisy W.M, Fahmy M & El-Gohary GF.2016. Climatic Sensitive Landscape Design. Towards a Better Microclimate through Plantation in Public Schools. Cairo. Egypt. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216. pp. 206-216. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.029.

Escande M. V, Taravini I. R, Zold C. L, Belforte J. E & Murer M. G.2016. Loss of homeostasis in the direct pathway in a mouse model of asymptomatic Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(21): 5686-5698.‏

Eshghi A, Ghanbarzadeh H. 2008. Basics of Microkoletology and Local Climate, SOKHAN Gostar: Islamic Azad University Research Assistant

Fahmy Mohamad, Stephen Sharples & Eltrapolsi Ali.2009. Dual Stage Simulations to study the Microclimatic Effects of Trees on Thermal Comfort in a Residential Building. Eleventh International IBPSA Conference Glasgow, Scotland. July 27-30.

Groat L. N & Wang D. 2013. Architectural research methods. John Wiley & Sons.‏

Hamad  S & Ohta T. 2010. Seasonal variations in the cooling effect of urban green areas on surrounding urban areas. Urban forestry & urban greening, 9(1):15-24.‏

Hamami Mahmoudreza, Zairi Amirani & Azadeh. 2011. Investigating the effect of the size and shape of urban parks on species richness of bird’s .case study: Isfahan parks. Environment, 37(59): 55-62.

Heisler G, Walton J, Yasilonis J, Nowak D ,Pouyat R, Grant R, Grammond S, Hayde k & Bacon G. 2007. Empirical modeling and mapping of below-canopy air temperatures in Baltimore. MD and vicinity. Paper presented at the proceedings of 7th urban environment symposium. Sun Diego. Pp.10-13.

Hidayat & Wahyu Imawan.2010. The Ecological Rple of Trees and Their Interactions in Forming the Microclimate Amenity of Environment. Jurnal Bumi Lestari. Vol. 10. No. 2. Agustus. pp. 182-190.

Ho C. J, Liu W. K, Chang Y. S & Lin C. C. 2010. Natural convection heat transfer of alumina-water Nano fluid in vertical square enclosures. An experimental study. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(8): 1345-1353.‏

Hwang W. H. 2007. Estimation of the Effects of Vegetation on Local Climate Using GIS and Remote Sensing Data. Master of Science Thesis. Marshall University.

Jamei E, Rajagopalan P, Seyedmahmoudian M& Jamei Y. 2016. Review on the Impact of Urban Geometry and Pedestrian Level Greening on Outdoor Thermal Comfort, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54: 1002-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.104.

Kheirabadi F, Nour Mohammadzad H, Alizadeh S. 2017. The Role of Orientation of Urban Spaces in Citizen's Climatic Comfort (Case Study: Bandar Abbas City). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 7 (3), 15-31.

Krüger EL, Minella FO & Rasia F. 2007. Impact of Urban Geometry on Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality from Field Measurements in Curitiba, Brazil. Building and Environment, 46(3): 621-634. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.006.

Le Roux C. W, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Lau D. C, Van Gaal, L., ... & Farrell J. 2017. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes a randomized, double-blind trial. The Lancet. 389(10077): 1399-1409.‏

Leonardo Marques & Peinado Alucci. 2006. Outdoor Thermal Comfort: Comparison of Results of Empirical Field Research and Predictive Models Simulation. Windsor, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor.

Lin Tzu-Ping, Matzarakis Andreas, Hwang Ruey-Lung & Chihyen Huang.2010. Effect of Pavements Albedo on Long- Term Outdoor Thermal Comfort. BIOMET 7 Conference, Freiburg, Germany.

Lobaccaro G & Acero J. A. 2015. Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons. Urban Climate, 14, 251-267.‏

Panagopoulos T. 2008. Using microclimatic landscape design to create thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In Conferência sobre Edifícios Eficientes (Vol. 1).‏

Peterson M. N, Thurmond B, Mchale  M, Rodriguez S, Bondell H. D & Cook M.2012. Predicting native plant landscaping preferences in urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society. 5. 70-76.‏

Poplin R, Chang P. C, Alexander D, Schwartz S, Colthurst T, Ku, A., ... & DePristo M. A. 2018. A universal SNP and small-indel variant caller using deep neural networks. Nature biotechnology. 36(10): 983-987.‏

Qavidel Rahimi Y, Ahmadi M. 2013. Tabriz's climatic comfort estimation and analysis. Geography and Development, 11 (33), 173-182. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/77337/en

Rashidpour N, Saeedi Rezvani N. 2015. A comparative comparison of factors affecting the success of public space (street and park) in the minds and behavior of citizens of Ankara and Tehran, emphasizing the role of the public space planning system. Journal of Urban Studies, 4 (14), 5-18.

Sadr Mousavi, MS, Rahimi, A. 2008. The application of artificial neural networks in prediction of CO concentration: a case study of Tabriz. Iran J Nat Resour 61(3):681–91.Rahimi A. 2014. Modeling of Tabriz Expansion in 2031 using Land Transformation model. Journal of Urban ecology researches. 5: 99–110.

Rahimi, A., Nobar, Z. 2023 The impact of planting scenarios on agricultural productivity and thermal comfort in urban agriculture land (case study: Tabriz, Iran). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1048092.‏

Rezaei Mehran and Zabihi Hossein.2014. The effect of cover plants in urban landscape design and providing a solution for economic savings. The case example of grass. International Conference on Modern Researches in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning.Tehran.

Rezazadeh Radiyeh and Aghajan Biglo Emad .2013. Proposed model for massing in row residential plots, comparative study of two models of massing in residential blocks with thermal comfort criteria.Architecture and Urban Planning Letter. Number 7. Page 2. Residential blocks with thermal comfort criteria. Architecture and Urban Development Letter. Number 7. Page 2.

Saito Ikuo, Ishihara Osamu& Tadahisa Katayama.1990. Study of the Effect of Green Areas on the Thermal Environment in an Urban Area. Energy and Buildings, 15: 493-498.

Salata F, Golasi I, Vollaro AdL & Vollaro RDL.2015. How High Albedo and Traditional Buildings’ Materials and Vegetation Affect the Quality of Urban Microclimate. A case study, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 99, Pp. 32-49. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.010.

Schiavon S, Hoyt T& Piccioli A.2014. Web application for thermal comfort visualization and calculation according to ASHRAE Standard 55. In Building Simulation .Tsinghua University Press,‏ 7(4): 321-334.

Senanayake, I. P., Welivitiya, W. D. D. P., & Nadeeka, P. M.2013. Remote sensing based analysis of urban heat islands with vegetation cover in Colombo city, Sri Lanka using Landsat-7 ETM+ data. Urban Climate, 5, 19-35.‏

Shashua‐Bar L, Tzamir Y & Hoffman M. E.2004. Thermal effects of building geometry and spacing on the urban canopy layer microclimate in a hot‐humid climate in summer. International Journal of Climatology.A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.24 (13): 1729-1742.‏

Spangenberg J, Shinzato P, Johansson E & Duarte D.2008. Simulation of the influence of vegetation on microclimate and thermal comfort in the city of São Paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, 3(2): 1-19.‏

Stewart V. I. 2004. Sports Turf. Science, construction and maintenance. Routledge.‏

Tafizi R, Habibi A, Shibani M, Vakili Nejad R. 2022. The Role of the Crown Hall of the Crown of Urban Green Spaces on Human Biomory Comfort (Case Case: Isfahan Najwan Park). Regional Geography and Urban Preparation, 12 (42), 171-204. Doi: 10.22111/gaij.2022.6986

Taghipour M, Soltanzadeh H & Afkan KB.2015. The Role of Spatial Organization in the Typology of Shiraz (Iran) Residential Complexes, Advances in Environmental Sciences, 7(3).

Tahbaz M. 2014. Climate Knowledge; Architectural Design, Shahid Beheshti University, First Edition, Tehran.

Taleghani M, Sailor DJ, Tenpierik M & Van Den Dobbelsteen A.2014. Thermal Assessment of Heat Mitigation Strategies. The Case of Portland State University.Oregon. USA. Building and Environment. Vol. 73. Pp. 138-150.

Taosi Taghi. 2017. Investigating the role of green spaces in modulating the heat of the investigated city.Gol Mohammadi Park in Isfahan. Journal of Geographical Survey of Space, 8(29): 61-74.

Taqvai S , Tahbaz M & Motaghi Pisheh S.2014. The role of shadow in the Iranian garden, investigation of climatic comfort conditions in Jahannama garden and Delgosha garden. Iranian Architectural Studies. 4(7): 35-56. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=252362

Toudert F and Mayer H.2007. Thermal comfort in an east–west oriented street canyon in Freiburg (Germany) under hot summer conditions. Theoretical and applied climatology, 87(1): 223-237.‏

Toudert FA. 2005. Dependence of Outdoor Thermal Comfort on Street Design in Hot and Dry Climate.80.

Toy S, Yilmaz S & Yilmaz H. 2007. Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and environment, 42(3): 1315-1318.‏

Watson D & Labs K.2006 Bioclimatic Design at the Site Planning Scale, In D. Watson, A. Plattus, Time Saver for Urban Design, New York: McGrow-Hill, Chapter 4, pp. 8-1.

Zölch T, Rahman M. A, Pfleiderer E, Wagner G & Pauleit S. 2019. Designing public squares with green infrastructure to optimize human thermal comfort. Building and environment, 149. 640-654.‏

References

Adams W.A and Gibbs R.J .1994. Natural Turf for Sport and Amenity. Science and Management, Cabi Publishing. (International)
Amazodeh Maryam.2021. Effects of Plants on the Parameters Involved in Thermal Comfort in Urban Space. A Case Study of Urban Green Wall in Tehran City. Geography and Environmental Planning, 32(3): 67-80. doi: 10.22108/gep.2021.128810.1424.
Beard J. B.1973. Cool season turfgrasses. Turfgrass. Science and Culture. Englewood Cliffs. NJ. Prentice-Hall, 54-131.‏
Berdahl P. & Bretz SE. 1997. Preliminary Survey of the Solar Reflectance of Cool Roofing Materials. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 25. No. 2. pp. 149-158.
Berkovic S, Yezioro A, & Bitan A.2012. Study of thermal comfort in courtyards in a hot arid climate. Solar Energy, 86(5): 1173-1186.‏
Bjertnæs G. H. 2005. Income taxation, tuition subsidies, and choice of occupation: implications for production efficiency.‏
Bouketta S & Bouchahm Y.2020. Numerical evaluation of urban geometry's control of wind movements in outdoor spaces during winter period. Case of Mediterranean climate. Renewable Energy, 146. 1062-1069.‏
Bourbia F & Boucheriba F.2010. Impact of street design on urban microclimate for semi-arid climate (Constantine). Renewable Energy, 35(2): 343-347.‏
Chatzidimitriou A & Yannas S.2015. Microclimate development in open urban spaces. The influence of form and materials. Energy and Buildings, 108. 156-174.‏
Chen H, Ooka R, Huang H, & Tsuchiya T. 2009. Study on mitigation measures for outdoor thermal environment on present urban blocks in Tokyo using coupled simulation. Building and Environment, 44(11): 2290-2299.‏
Comarazamy D. E, González J. E, Luvall J. C, Rickman D. L & Mulero P. J. 2010. A land–atmospheric interaction study in the coastal tropical city of San Juan. Puerto Rico. Earth Interactions, 14(16): 1-24.‏
Coronel J& Alvarez S.2001. Experimental Work and Analysis of Confined Urban Spaces. Solar Energy. 70(3): 263-273.
Dunnett N& Kingsbury N .2008. Planting green roofs and living walls. Portland, OR. Timber press.‏
El-Bardisy W.M, Fahmy M & El-Gohary GF.2016. Climatic Sensitive Landscape Design. Towards a Better Microclimate through Plantation in Public Schools. Cairo. Egypt. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216. pp. 206-216. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.029.
Escande M. V, Taravini I. R, Zold C. L, Belforte J. E & Murer M. G.2016. Loss of homeostasis in the direct pathway in a mouse model of asymptomatic Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(21): 5686-5698.‏
Eshghi A, Ghanbarzadeh H. 2008. Basics of Microkoletology and Local Climate, SOKHAN Gostar: Islamic Azad University Research Assistant
Fahmy Mohamad, Stephen Sharples & Eltrapolsi Ali.2009. Dual Stage Simulations to study the Microclimatic Effects of Trees on Thermal Comfort in a Residential Building. Eleventh International IBPSA Conference Glasgow, Scotland. July 27-30.
Groat L. N & Wang D. 2013. Architectural research methods. John Wiley & Sons.‏
Hamad  S & Ohta T. 2010. Seasonal variations in the cooling effect of urban green areas on surrounding urban areas. Urban forestry & urban greening, 9(1):15-24.‏
Hamami Mahmoudreza, Zairi Amirani & Azadeh. 2011. Investigating the effect of the size and shape of urban parks on species richness of bird’s .case study: Isfahan parks. Environment, 37(59): 55-62.
Heisler G, Walton J, Yasilonis J, Nowak D ,Pouyat R, Grant R, Grammond S, Hayde k & Bacon G. 2007. Empirical modeling and mapping of below-canopy air temperatures in Baltimore. MD and vicinity. Paper presented at the proceedings of 7th urban environment symposium. Sun Diego. Pp.10-13.
Hidayat & Wahyu Imawan.2010. The Ecological Rple of Trees and Their Interactions in Forming the Microclimate Amenity of Environment. Jurnal Bumi Lestari. Vol. 10. No. 2. Agustus. pp. 182-190.
Ho C. J, Liu W. K, Chang Y. S & Lin C. C. 2010. Natural convection heat transfer of alumina-water Nano fluid in vertical square enclosures. An experimental study. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(8): 1345-1353.‏
Hwang W. H. 2007. Estimation of the Effects of Vegetation on Local Climate Using GIS and Remote Sensing Data. Master of Science Thesis. Marshall University.
Jamei E, Rajagopalan P, Seyedmahmoudian M& Jamei Y. 2016. Review on the Impact of Urban Geometry and Pedestrian Level Greening on Outdoor Thermal Comfort, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54: 1002-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.104.
Kheirabadi F, Nour Mohammadzad H, Alizadeh S. 2017. The Role of Orientation of Urban Spaces in Citizen's Climatic Comfort (Case Study: Bandar Abbas City). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 7 (3), 15-31.
Krüger EL, Minella FO & Rasia F. 2007. Impact of Urban Geometry on Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality from Field Measurements in Curitiba, Brazil. Building and Environment, 46(3): 621-634. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.006.
Le Roux C. W, Astrup A, Fujioka K, Greenway F, Lau D. C, Van Gaal, L., ... & Farrell J. 2017. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes a randomized, double-blind trial. The Lancet. 389(10077): 1399-1409.‏
Leonardo Marques & Peinado Alucci. 2006. Outdoor Thermal Comfort: Comparison of Results of Empirical Field Research and Predictive Models Simulation. Windsor, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor.
Lin Tzu-Ping, Matzarakis Andreas, Hwang Ruey-Lung & Chihyen Huang.2010. Effect of Pavements Albedo on Long- Term Outdoor Thermal Comfort. BIOMET 7 Conference, Freiburg, Germany.
Lobaccaro G & Acero J. A. 2015. Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons. Urban Climate, 14, 251-267.‏
Panagopoulos T. 2008. Using microclimatic landscape design to create thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In Conferência sobre Edifícios Eficientes (Vol. 1).‏
Peterson M. N, Thurmond B, Mchale  M, Rodriguez S, Bondell H. D & Cook M.2012. Predicting native plant landscaping preferences in urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society. 5. 70-76.‏
Poplin R, Chang P. C, Alexander D, Schwartz S, Colthurst T, Ku, A., ... & DePristo M. A. 2018. A universal SNP and small-indel variant caller using deep neural networks. Nature biotechnology. 36(10): 983-987.‏
Qavidel Rahimi Y, Ahmadi M. 2013. Tabriz's climatic comfort estimation and analysis. Geography and Development, 11 (33), 173-182. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/77337/en
Rashidpour N, Saeedi Rezvani N. 2015. A comparative comparison of factors affecting the success of public space (street and park) in the minds and behavior of citizens of Ankara and Tehran, emphasizing the role of the public space planning system. Journal of Urban Studies, 4 (14), 5-18.
Sadr Mousavi, MS, Rahimi, A. 2008. The application of artificial neural networks in prediction of CO concentration: a case study of Tabriz. Iran J Nat Resour 61(3):681–91.Rahimi A. 2014. Modeling of Tabriz Expansion in 2031 using Land Transformation model. Journal of Urban ecology researches. 5: 99–110.
Rahimi, A., Nobar, Z. 2023 The impact of planting scenarios on agricultural productivity and thermal comfort in urban agriculture land (case study: Tabriz, Iran). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1048092.‏
Rezaei Mehran and Zabihi Hossein.2014. The effect of cover plants in urban landscape design and providing a solution for economic savings. The case example of grass. International Conference on Modern Researches in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning.Tehran.
Rezazadeh Radiyeh and Aghajan Biglo Emad .2013. Proposed model for massing in row residential plots, comparative study of two models of massing in residential blocks with thermal comfort criteria.Architecture and Urban Planning Letter. Number 7. Page 2. Residential blocks with thermal comfort criteria. Architecture and Urban Development Letter. Number 7. Page 2.
Saito Ikuo, Ishihara Osamu& Tadahisa Katayama.1990. Study of the Effect of Green Areas on the Thermal Environment in an Urban Area. Energy and Buildings, 15: 493-498.
Salata F, Golasi I, Vollaro AdL & Vollaro RDL.2015. How High Albedo and Traditional Buildings’ Materials and Vegetation Affect the Quality of Urban Microclimate. A case study, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 99, Pp. 32-49. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.010.
Schiavon S, Hoyt T& Piccioli A.2014. Web application for thermal comfort visualization and calculation according to ASHRAE Standard 55. In Building Simulation .Tsinghua University Press,‏ 7(4): 321-334.
Senanayake, I. P., Welivitiya, W. D. D. P., & Nadeeka, P. M.2013. Remote sensing based analysis of urban heat islands with vegetation cover in Colombo city, Sri Lanka using Landsat-7 ETM+ data. Urban Climate, 5, 19-35.‏
Shashua‐Bar L, Tzamir Y & Hoffman M. E.2004. Thermal effects of building geometry and spacing on the urban canopy layer microclimate in a hot‐humid climate in summer. International Journal of Climatology.A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.24 (13): 1729-1742.‏
Spangenberg J, Shinzato P, Johansson E & Duarte D.2008. Simulation of the influence of vegetation on microclimate and thermal comfort in the city of São Paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, 3(2): 1-19.‏
Stewart V. I. 2004. Sports Turf. Science, construction and maintenance. Routledge.‏
Tafizi R, Habibi A, Shibani M, Vakili Nejad R. 2022. The Role of the Crown Hall of the Crown of Urban Green Spaces on Human Biomory Comfort (Case Case: Isfahan Najwan Park). Regional Geography and Urban Preparation, 12 (42), 171-204. Doi: 10.22111/gaij.2022.6986
Taghipour M, Soltanzadeh H & Afkan KB.2015. The Role of Spatial Organization in the Typology of Shiraz (Iran) Residential Complexes, Advances in Environmental Sciences, 7(3).
Tahbaz M. 2014. Climate Knowledge; Architectural Design, Shahid Beheshti University, First Edition, Tehran.
Taleghani M, Sailor DJ, Tenpierik M & Van Den Dobbelsteen A.2014. Thermal Assessment of Heat Mitigation Strategies. The Case of Portland State University.Oregon. USA. Building and Environment. Vol. 73. Pp. 138-150.
Taosi Taghi. 2017. Investigating the role of green spaces in modulating the heat of the investigated city.Gol Mohammadi Park in Isfahan. Journal of Geographical Survey of Space, 8(29): 61-74.
Taqvai S , Tahbaz M & Motaghi Pisheh S.2014. The role of shadow in the Iranian garden, investigation of climatic comfort conditions in Jahannama garden and Delgosha garden. Iranian Architectural Studies. 4(7): 35-56. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=252362
Toudert F and Mayer H.2007. Thermal comfort in an east–west oriented street canyon in Freiburg (Germany) under hot summer conditions. Theoretical and applied climatology, 87(1): 223-237.‏
Toudert FA. 2005. Dependence of Outdoor Thermal Comfort on Street Design in Hot and Dry Climate.80.
Toy S, Yilmaz S & Yilmaz H. 2007. Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and environment, 42(3): 1315-1318.‏
Watson D & Labs K.2006 Bioclimatic Design at the Site Planning Scale, In D. Watson, A. Plattus, Time Saver for Urban Design, New York: McGrow-Hill, Chapter 4, pp. 8-1.
Zölch T, Rahman M. A, Pfleiderer E, Wagner G & Pauleit S. 2019. Designing public squares with green infrastructure to optimize human thermal comfort. Building and environment, 149. 640-654.‏
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Volume 34, Issue 1
April 2024
Pages 187-204

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