Evaluation of energy indicators of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivation in paddy fields influenced by tillage systems, planting method and nitrogen amounts

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Researcher, Dept. of Seed Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Rasht, Iran.

2 Dept. of Seed Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Rasht, Iran.

10.22034/saps.2025.64021.3296

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Efficient energy use is one of the key components of sustainable agriculture. Increasing the energy use efficiency requires a reduction in energy inputs without negatively affecting the crop yield. Optimal crop management can play a significant role in reducing energy consumption. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of tillage, planting method and nitrogen (N) amounts on the energy indicators of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production in paddy fields.
 
Materials and Methods: The experiment was designed as a split factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during two cropping seasons of 2016-2018. The conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage methods were considered as the main plots and two planting methods of direct seeding and transplanting, and the amounts of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg. ha-1 of pure N as factorial in subplots. For accurate analysis of the energy used and to evaluate the share of each input in the total energy consumption, the energy input was divided into direct, indirect, renewable, and non-renewable energies. Energy indices included energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (EP), specific energy (SE), and net energy (NEG).
 
Results: The results showed that the studied factors had significant effects on the grain yield of rapeseed and energy indices. In most experimental treatments, the N fertilizer and diesel fuel showed higher share percentages in rapeseed production than the other energy inputs. The treatments with no N fertilizer had the lowest net energy due to their low grain yield. This emphasizes the importance of using an optimal level of N fertilizer to successfully produce rapeseed. In all experimental treatments, non-renewable energy showed a much higher share than renewable energy. The no-tillage and minimum tillage were found to be superior to the conventional tillage due to higher EUE and EP. The treatments of conventional tillage with 300 kg. ha-1 of N in both planting methods had the highest energy input (>38000 MJ. ha-1) due to more consumption of diesel fuel and nitrogen.
 
Conclusion: The treatment combination of minimum tillage at 100 kg. ha-1 of N in both planting methods due to high energy consumption efficiencies, as sustainable options could be recommended for rapeseed cultivation after rice harvesting in paddy fields of Guilan province.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Alluvione F, Moretti B, Sacco D and Grignani C. 2011. EUE (energy use efficiency) of cropping systems for a sustainable agriculture. Energy, 36(7): 4468e81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.075
Almasi M. 2012. Energy efficiency management textbook. Science and Research Unit of Tehran. (In Persian with English Abstract).  
Akcaoz H, Ozcatalbas O and Kizilay H. 2009. Analysis of energy use for pomegranate production in Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 7(2): 475-480.
Amiri Z, Asgharipour MR, Campbell DE and Armin M. 2019. A sustainability analysis of two rapeseed farming ecosystems in Khorramabad, Iran, based on emergy and economic analyses. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266: 1051-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.091
Azarpour E. 2012. Evaluation energy balance of canola production under rain fed farming in north of Iran. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 7(4): 285-288.
Canakci M, Topakci M, Akinci I and Ozmerzi A. 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: case study for Antalya region, Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management, 46(4): 655-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.04.008
Elsoragaby S, Yahya A, Mahadi MR, Nawi NM and Mairghany M. 2019. Energy utilization in major crop cultivation. Energy, 173: 1285-1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.142
Fridrihsone A, Romagnoli F and Cabulis U. 2020. Environmental life cycle assessment of rapeseed and rapeseed oil produced in Northern Europe: A Latvian case study. Sustainability, 12(14): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145699
Ghorbanzadeh M, Babaeian M, Kheirkhah M, Ghorbanzadeh M and jafarian M. 2021. Environmental hazards and energy flow in rapeseed agroecosystem Case study: North Khorasan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 31(4): 325-339. (In Persian with English Abstract).  https://doi.org/10.22034/saps.2021.44566.2637
Hosseinzadeh MH, Esfahani M, Rabiee M and Rabiei B. 2008. Effect of row spacing on light interception, grain yield and growth indices of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars as second crop following rice. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 10(3): 281-302. (In Persian with English Abstract).
Jafari R, Niknejad Y and Fallah H. 2015. Assess the energy efficiency of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production in the Mazandaran province: A case study of Amol city. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 7(1): 1131-1136.
Karimi M, Rajabi Pour A, Tabatabaeefar A and Borghei A. 2008. Energy analysis of sugarcane production in plant farms a case study in Debel Khazai Agro-industry in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science, 4(2): 165-171.
Kazemi H, Hassanpour Bourkheili S, Kamkar B, Soltani A, Gharanjic K and Nazari NM. 2016. Estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and energy use efficiency (EUE) analysis in rainfed canola production (case study: Golestan province, Iran). Energy, 116(1): 694-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.10.010
Khodaei Joghan A, Taki M and Matoorian H. 2022. Evaluating energy productivity, greenhouse gas emission, global warming potential and sustainability index of Wheat and Rapeseed agroecosystems in Khorramshahr. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 32(1): 309-324. (In Persian with English Abstract).  https://doi.org/10.22034/saps.2021.44507.2634
Kitani O. 1999. Energy and Biomass Engineering. CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering. ASAE Publication, New York.
Kizilaslan H. 2009. Input–output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Applied Energy, 86: 1354-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.009
Koondhar MA, Udemba EN, Cheng Y, Khan ZA, Batool M and Kong R. 2021. Asymmetric causality among carbon emission from agriculture, energy consumption, fertilizer, and cereal food production – A nonlinear analysis for Pakistan. Sustainable Energy Technol Assess, 45: 101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2021.101099
Kusek G, Huseyin Ozturk H and Akdemir S. 2016. An assessment of energy use of different cultivation methods for sustainable rapeseed production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112(4): 2772-2783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.015
Marousek J, Haskova S, Marouskova A, Myskova K, Vaníckova R, Vachal J, Vochozca M, Zeman R and Zak J. 2015. Financial and biotechnological assessment of new oil extraction technology. Energy Sources, 37(16): 1723-1728. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1048391
Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M and Caetano N. 2019. Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries. Energies, 12(6): 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12060964
Mohammadzadeh A, Damghani AM, Vafabakhsh J and Deihimfard R. 2017. Assessing energy efficiencies, economy, and global warming potential (GWP) effects of major crop production systems in Iran: a case study in East Azerbaijan province. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24: 16971-16984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9253-5
Motamed MK, Ghorbani piralidehi F and Rahimnejad balagafshe Z. 2022. Analysis of Factors Affecting the Adoption of Canola Cultivation (Second Crop) in the Paddy Fields of Guilan Province. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 17(2): 1-10. (In Persian with English Abstract).
Mousavi-Avval SH, Rafiee Sh, Jafari A and Mohammadi A. 2011. Improving energy use efficiency of canola production using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, Energy, 36(5): 2765-2772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.02.016
Mousavi-Avval SH, Rafiee Sh, Sharifi M, Hosseinpour S and Shah A. 2017. Combined application of life cycle assessment and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for modeling energy and environmental emissions of oilseed production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78: 807-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.002
Poisson E, Trouverie J, Brunel-Muguet S, Akmouche Y, Pontet C, Pinochet X and Avice JC. 2019. Seed yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape are impacted by sulfur fertilization and its interactions with nitrogen fertilization. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00458
Qasemi-Kordkheili P, Taki M, Kazemi N and Hemmati A. 2013. Energy input-output and economic analysis for soybean production in Mazandaran province of Iran. Elixir Agriculture, 56: 13246-13251.
Rabiee M, Majidian M, Alizadeh MR and Kavoosi M. 2021. Effect of tillage system, planting method and nitrogen fertilizer rate on agronomic characteristics and seed yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cv. Dalgan in Guilan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 22(4): 335-349. (In Persian with English Abstract).  http://doi.org/10.52547/abj.22.4.335
Raman H, Uppal RK and Raman R. 2019. Genetic solutions to improve resilience of canola to climate change. Pp. 75–131. In: Kole C (eds). Genomic designing of climate-smart oilseed crops. Springer International Publishing. Germany.
Ramedani Z, Omid M, Fahimi F and Mirzaee F. 2012. A comparative study on energy inputs and yield of canola production under different environmental conditions. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8(3): 811-824.
Sedighkia M and Abdoli A. 2022. Balancing environmental impacts and economic benefits of agriculture under the climate change through an integrated optimization system. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 13: 1053-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-022-00482-9
Taheri Garavand A, Asakereh A and Haghani K. 2010. Energy elevation and economic analysis of canola production in Iran a case study: Mazandaran province. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2): 236-242.
Unakitan G, Hurma H and Yilmaz F. 2010. An analysis of energy use efficiency of canola production in Turkey. Energy, 35(9): 3623-3627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.005
Venturi P and Venturi G. 2003. Analysis of energy comparison for crops in European agricultural systems. Biomass & Bioenergy, 25(3): 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00015-1
Wang Y, Lu J, Li X, Li J, Liu P, Xu W and Yang Y. 2011. Study on nitrogen fertilizer effect and optimum fertilizer rate for transplanting and direct seeding rapeseed. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 44(21): 4406-4414. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.21.009
Zakidizaji N and Monjezi H. 2012. Energy and economic analysis of canola production in Iran a case study: Khuzestan province. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4(3): 227-23
Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production
Volume 37, Issue 3
October 2027
Pages 215-230

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics