Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Seed Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield, Fertilizer Use Efficiency, Rate and Effective Grain Filling Period of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Second Cropping

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

    In order to study of effects of nitrogen fertilizer and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, fertilizer use efficiency, rate and effective grain filling period of  soybean (Glycine max L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 25 km Gorgan at Golestan province in 2011. Factors were different rates of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (without nitrogen and application 25, 50 and 75 kg urea/ha) and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in five levels (without inoculation, seed inoculation with Pseudomonas putida strain 41, Pseudomonas putida strain 186, Azotobacter chroococoum strain 5 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer rates and seed inoculation with PGPR had significantly effects on grain yield, grain 100 weight, number of seeds per plant, plant height and all of grain filling parameters. Maximum of grain yield and grain filling period were obtained in application of 75 kg urea/ha × seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and Bradyrhizobium japonicum increased nitrogen use efficiency compared to no seed inoculation. Of course, the highest nitrogen use efficiency belonged to seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japonicum. Means comparison showed that maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 25 kg urea/ha×seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and minimum of it was obtained  in application of  75 kg urea /ha × no seed inoculation. It seems that in order to increasing of grain yield and the other traits (except nitrogen use efficiency) can be suggested that be applied seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum × application of 75 kg urea /ha in second cropping of soybean. 

Keywords


اکبری پ، قلاوند ا، مدرس ثانوی س ع م. 1388. اثرات سیستم­های مختلف تغذیه و باکتری­های افزاینده رشد بر فنولوژی، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان. مجله الکترونیک تولید گیاهان زراعی. جلد دوم، شماره 3. صفحه­های 119 تا 134.
امام ی، سلیمی کوچی س. و شکوفا آ. 1388. تأثیر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن دار بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه گندم (Triticum aestivum) در شرایط آبی و دیم. مجله پژوهش های زراعی ایران. جلد هفتم، شماره 1. صفحه­های 321 تا 332.
راعی ی، صدقی  م  و سیدشریفی  ر. 1387. آثار تلقیح ریزوبیوم، کاربرد اوره و وجین علف هرز بر روند رشد و سرعت پر شدن دانه در سویا.مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. جلد دوازدهم. شماره 43.  صفحه­های 81 تا 91.
طاهر خانی م، نور محمدی ق، میرهادی م ج و علیمحمدی ر. 1388. بررسی قابلیت تثبیت بیولوژیکی نیتروژن در ارقام مختلف لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris L..) با کاربرد سه نوع مایه تلقیح حاوی باکتری تثبیت کننده نیتروژن (Rhizobium phaseoli). فصلنامه دانش نوین کشاورزی پایدار. جلد پنجم. شماره 14. صفحه­های 23 تا 36.
مجیری ع. و ارزانی ا. 1382. اثر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن و تراکم بوته بر عملکرد و اجزای آن در آفتابگردان. مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. جلد هفتم،  شماره 2. صفحه­های 116 تا 124.
سیدشریفی ر. 1388. گیاهان صنعتی (چاپ دوم). انتشارات دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی و  عمیدی تبریز. 422 صفحه. 
Achakzai AKK  and Bangulzai MI. 2006. Effect of various of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of pea (Pisum  sativum L.) cultivars. Pakistan  Journal of  Botany, 32:2. 331-340.
Amany AB. 2007. Effect of plant density and urea foliar application on yield rhizobium on seed yield and components of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 30:31-37.
Anjum  MA, Sajjad  MR, Akhtar  N, Qureshi  MA, Iqbal  A, Jami  AR and Hasan M.2007. Response of cotton to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation under different levels of  nitrogen. Agriculture  Research, 45: 135-143.
Brdar MD, Marija M, Kraljevic-Balalic D and Borislav J.2008.The arameters of grain filling and yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L .Var. Durum.).  European   Journal of  Biology, 3(1):  75-82.      
Bashan Y and Holguin G.1997.Azospirillum-Plant relationships: environmental and physiological advances 1990-1996. Canadian   Journal  of  Microbiology,  43: 103-121.
Burd  GI, Dixon  DG  and Glick  BR. 2000. Plant  growth promoting rhizobacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Canadian  Journal  of  Microbiology, 33: 237-245.
Chandrasekar BR, Ambrose G and Jayabalan N.2005.Influence of biofertilizers and nitrogen source level on the growth and yield of Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb) Link. Journal of  Agricultural  Technology, 1: 2. 223 -234.
Cho DS, Jong  SK, Park YK, Son  SY.1987.Studies on the duration and rate of grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.). I.Varietal difference and effects of nitrogen. Korean. Crop Science, 32:1.103-111.
Daynard TB, Tannar JW and Duncan WG. 1971. Duration of the grain filling period and its relationship to grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Science, 11:45-48.
16.Dashti  N, Zhang  F, Rynes  H  and Smith  DL.1998. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria accelerate nodulation and increase nitrogen fixation activity by field grown soybean (Glycine max L.) under short season conditions. Plant and Soil,  200: 205-213.
Doyle  AD and  Holford  ICR. 1993. The uptake of nitrogen by wheat, its agronomic efficiency and their relationship to soil and nitrogen fertilizer. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,
44: 1245-1258.
Ellis  RH and Pieta-Filho C.1992. The development of seed quality in spring and winter cultivars of barley and wheat. Seed  Science Research, 2: 19-25.
Fageria NK  and Baligar VC. 2005. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advanced Agriculture, 88: 97-185.
Gillbert  NW and Tucker TC. 1987. Growth yield and yield components of safflower as affected by sources, rate and time of application of nitrogen. Agronomy  Journal, 59: 54-56.
James EH and Paulsen GM.2004. Nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis in wheat seedlings ass affected by mineral  nutrition. Plant   Physiology, 44:5. 636-640.
Kato T. 1999.Genetic environmental variations and association of the characters related to the grain filling processing rice cultivars. Plant  Science, 2:1. 32-36.
Kaya YK, Arisoy RZ  and Gocman  A. 2002. Variation in grain yield and quality traits of bread wheat genotypes by  zinc  genotypes by zinc fertilization. Pakistan  Journal  of Agronomy, 1:4. 142-144.
Kennedy IR, Choudhury  AT  and  Kecskes  ML. 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited. Soil Biology  and Biochemistry, 36: 1229-1244.
Kumari  SL  and  Valarmathi  G. 1998. Relationship between grain yield grain filling rate and duration  of grain filling in rice. Agronomy  Journal, 85: 210-211.
Malik MA  Cheema  MA  and  Khan  HZ. 2006. Growth and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to seed inoculation and varying phosphorus levels. Journal of Agricultural Research, 44:1. 47-53.
Manske  GB, Luttger A, Behi RK, Vlek,  PG  and Cimmit  M. 2000. Enhancement of mycorhiza (VAM) infection, nutrient efficiency and plant growth by Azotobacter chrooccum in wheat. Plant   Breeding, 13: 78-83
Marschner H. 1995. Mineral  nutrition  of  higher plants. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. USA. 112-115.
Mc Kenzie BA. and Hill GD.1995.Growth and yield of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand  Journal  of  Crop and Horticultural Science, 23: 467-474.
Micanovic D, Saric Z, Raicevic V, Jevtic S  and Lazic B. 1996. Possibility of nitrogen fixation in Pisum sativum and Triticum aestivum. Acta  Horticultural, 2:246. 823-827.
Moll RH, Kamprath EJ, and Jackson WA. 1982. Analysis and inter pretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy  Journal, 74: 262-264.
Narula N, Kumar V, Behil R, Deubel A, Gransee A and Merbach W.2000. Effect of solubilizing (Azotobacter chroococcum) on N,P,K uptake in responsive wheat genotypes grown under greenhouse condition. Journal  of  Plant Nutrition  and Soil Science, 163:4.393-398.
Raey E, Sedghi M and Seyed Sharifi R.2008.Effects of rhizobium inoculation,urea application and weed on growth and seed filling rate in Soybean. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 48:12. 81-91.
Ray JD, Heatherly LG and Fritschi FB. 2008. Influence of large amounts of nitrogen on nonirrigated and irrigated soybean. Crop  Science, 46:52-60.
Roesti  D, Gaur R,  Johri BN,  Imfeld  G, Sharma  S,  Kawaljeet  K and  Aragno M. 2006. Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bioinoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Soil  of Biology and Biochemistry, 38. 1111–1120.
Ronanini  D,  Savin R and Hall  AJ.2004. Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exposed to brif interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crop Research,  83: 79-90.
Rudresh DL, Shivaprakash MK and Prasad RD. 2005. Effect of combined application of Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacterium and Trichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea  (Cicer aritenium L.). Applied   Soil  Ecological. 28: 139-146.
Salehi  F and Bohrani MJ 2000.Sunflower summer- planting yield as affected by plant population and nitrogen application rates. Agriculture  Rersearch, 18:63-72.
Scheiner  JD,  Gutierrez-Boem  FH  and Lavado R.S.2002. Sunflower nitrogen requirement and N fertilizer  recovery in western pampas, Argentina. European  Journal of  Agronomy, 17: 73-79.
Shrivastava  UK, Rajput   RL  and Dwivedi   ML 2000.Response of soybean-mustard cropping system to sulfur and bio-fertilizers on farmer’s field. Leguminose  Research.23:277-278.
Singh CM and Quadri JS. 1984. Response of sunflower to rate and time of N fertilizer application. Research  Journal Agriculture. 2:76-78.
Sogut T. 2006. Rhizobium inoculation improves yield and nitrogen accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars better than fertilizer. NewZealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Sciense, 34: 115-120.
Syverud TD, Walsh LM, Oplinger  ES  and  Kelling KA. 1980. Foliar  fertilization of soybean (Glycine max L.). Communication   Soil Science and  Plant Nutrition, 11:637-651.
Togay  N,  Togay Y, Cimrin  K M   and Turan  M. 2008. Effect of Rhizobium inoculation, sulfur and phosphorus application on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake in chick pea (Cicer  aretinum L.).African  Journal of  Biotechnology, 7:6. 776-782.
Tsuno Y, Yamaguchi T  and  Nakano  J. 1994. Potential dry matter production and grain filling process of rice plant from the viewpoint of source-sink relationships and the role of root respiration in its relationship. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture Tottori Uni., 47: 1-10.
Varco  JJ. 1999. Nutrition and fertility requirements. Pp: 53-70. In: Heatherly, L.G., and Hodges, H.F. (Eds.) Soybean Production in the Mid-South. CRC  Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Walley  FL, Boahen SK, Hnatowich G  and  Stevenson  C.2005.Nitrogen  phosphorus fertility management for Desi and Kabuli chickpea. Canadian   Journal of   Plant  Science, 85: 73-79.
Wiersma  ORF. 1993. Early matuning soybean nodulation and performance with selected brady rhizobium japonicum strains, Agronomy   Journal, 81:449-458.
Wu  SC, Cao ZH,  Li ZG  and Cheung  KC. 2005. Effect of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and  K  solubilizers  and AM fungi on maize growth: a green house trial. Geoderma, 125: 155-166.
Yamaguchi  T,  Tsuno  Y, Nakano  J and  Miki  K. 1995. Influence of nitrogen content on grain weight at the early ripening stage and relationship between root respiration and leaf area per spikelet of rice plants. Agronomy  Journal, 33:251-258.
Zahir AZ, Abbas SA, Khalid  A and Arshad M. 2000.Substrate dependent microbial derived plant hormones for improving growth of maize seedling. Pakistan Journal of Biology Science, 3: 289-291.