Yield and Some Physiological Characteristics in Maize by Application of Bio and Chemical Fertilizers Under Drought Levels

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The effects of bio and chemical fertilizers on yield and some of physiological characteristics in maize under drought stress levels, were studied by an experiment in the research field of agricultural faculty, university of kurdistan in 2011. The experiment was arranged in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels containing optimal irrigation (irrigation at soil water potential -3 bar), moderate drought stress (irrigation at soil water potential -7 bar) and severe water stress (irrigation at soil water potential -11 bar) were allocated to main plots and four fertilizer levels including no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer and a combination of biological and chemical fertilizer (100% biological + 50% chemical) were considered as sub factor. Results showed that water deficit stress had negative effects on yield, and the fertilizer application could not prevent reduction of grain yield under severe drought stress condition. The highest grain yield was obtained under optimum irrigation and application of combinational treatment chemical fertilizer + phosphate-biofertilizer + nitroxin with an average of yield 13 ton.ha-1 that showed a 257 percent increase in comparison with control. The chlorophyll a content was decreased, but chlorophyll b content was decreased with increasing stress intensity. The results showed that catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity were increased in drought stress conditions more than optimal irrigation condition. The application of fertilizer partly mitigated the effects of drought stress and reduced antioxidant enzymes activity.
 

Keywords


Akhtar MS and Siddiqui ZA, 2009. Effects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and Rhizobium sp on the growth, nodulation, yield and root-rot disease complex of chickpea under field condition. African Journal Biotechnol,  8(15): 3489-3496.
Anjum Sh‌A, Xie X-y, Wang L-ch, Saleem MF, Man Ch and Lei W, 2011. A review. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(9): 2026-2032.
Ariano S, Bartolomeo D, Cristos X and Andras M, 2005. Antioxidant defenses in Olive trees during drought stress changes in activity of some antioxidant enzymes. Functional Plant Biology, 32: 45-53.
Arron DI, 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiology 24: 1-15.
Auge RM, 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhizae, 11: 3-42.
Bahavar N, Ebadi A, Tobeh A and Jamati Somarin SH, 2009. Effects of  nitrogen application on growth of irrigated chickea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress in hydroponics conditions. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(4): 448 – 455.
Barbara EK, Nora LE and Edith S, 2014. Compartment specific response of antioxidants to drought stress in Arabidopsis. Plant Science, 227: 133-144.
Bates LS, Waldern RP and Teave ID, 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
Blum A and Ebercon A, 1981. Cell membrane stability as a measure of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Sciences, 21: 43-47.
Bradford KJ, 1994. Water stress and the water relation of seed development, a critical review. Crop  Science, 34: 1-11.
Chance B and Maehly AC 1995. Assay of catalase and peroxidase Pp. 764-791. In: Colowick SP and Kaplan ND (eds). Methods in enzymology. Academic press New York.
Chen WP, Li PH and Chen THH, 2000. Glycinebetaine increases chilling tolerance and reduces chilling induced lipid peroxidation in Zea mays L. Plant Cell Environment, 23: 609-618.
Cakir R, 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn Field Crops Research, 89. 1–16.
Dadrasan M, Chaichi MR, Pourbabaee AA, Yazdani D and Keshavarz-Afshar R, 2016. Deficit irrigation and biological fertilizer influence on yield and trigonelline production of fenugreek. Industrial Crops and Products, 77: 156-162.
Dovlat Abadian A, Modarres sanavy SAM and Sharifi M, 2009. The effects of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salt stress conditions. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 13(47): 611-620. (In Persian)
Fariduddin Q, Varshney P, Yusuf M and Ahmad A, 2013. Polyamines: potent modulations of plant responses to stress. Journal of Plant Interactions, 8: 1-16.
Ghasemi C, Siavoshi K, Choukan R, Khavasi K and Rahmani A, 2011. Effect of biological phosphate fertilizer on grain yield and its components in corn 704 single cross (Zea mays L.) under water deficit conditions. Seed and Plant Production Journal. 27-2(2): 219-233. (In Persian).
Gnaana S and Paliwal K, 2011. Drought induced changes in growth, leaf gas exchange and biomass production in Albizia lebbeck and Cassia siamea seedlings. Journal Environmental  Biology, 32: 173-178.
Hassegawa, RH, Fonseca H, Fancelli AL, da Silva VN, Schammass EA, Reis TA and Correˆa B, 2008. Influence of macro-and micro nutrient fertilization on fungal contamination and fumonisin production in corn grains. Food Control, 19: 36-43.
Hojati M, Modarres-Sanavy A M M, Karimi M and Ghanati F, 2011. Responses of growth and antioxidant systems in Carthamus tinctorius L. under water deficit stress. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 33: 105-112.
Jabari F, Ahmadi A, Poustini K and Alizadeh H, 2006. Relationship between some antioxidant enzymes activities of and cell membrane and chlorophyll stability in dtrought- tolerant and susceptible bread wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2(37): 307-316.(In Persian).
Jiang Y and Huang B, 2001. Drought and heat stress injury to two coll-season turfgrasses in relation to antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Crop Science, 41: 436-442.
Jung S, 2004. Variation in antioxidant metabolism of young and mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to drought. Plant Science, 166: 459-466.
Kennedy IR, Choudhury MA and Kecskes ML, 2004. Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 36: 1229-1244.
Khan S, Bano A, Ud-din J and Gurmani A, 2012. Abscisic  acid and salicylic acid seed treatment as potent inducer of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44: 43-49.
Kirkham MB, 2016. Elevated carbon dioxide: impacts on soil and plant water relations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Klynger da Silva Lobato A, Maria Silva Guedes E, Jose Marques D and Ferreira de Oliveira Neto C, 2013. Silicon: A benefic element to improve tolerance in plants exposed to water deficiency, Pp. 95-113.
Luna CM, Pastori GM, Driscoll S, Groten K, Bernard S and Foyer CH, 2005. Drought controls on H2O2  accumulation, catalase (CAT) activity and CAT gene expression in wheat. Jornal of Experimental Botany, 56: 417–423.
Mahfouz SA and Sharaf-Eldin M.A, 2007. Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). International Agrophysics, 21: 361-366.
Majidian A, Ghalavand M, Haghighati A and Karimian A, 2007. Translation errorEffect of drought stress, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer at different growth stages on agronomic characteristics of corn. Proceedings of the 2th National Conference on Ecology. (In Persian).
Mak Adam JW, Nelson CJ and Sharp RE, 1992. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tallfescue. Plant Physiology, 99: 872-878.
Mirhadi MJ, 2001. Translation errorCorn. Research Organization Publication. Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Organization Publication. Pp: 214. (In Persian).
Mohamed A and Ahmed L, 2010. Response of wheat cultivars to drought and salicylic acid. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3: 01-07.
Mohammadian R, Rahimian H, Moghaddam M and Sadeghian SY, 2003. Effect of early drought stress on sugar beets chlorophyll fluorescence. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(20): 1763-1769.
Naderi T, Sohrabi Y and Heidari Gh, 2013. Translation errorEffects of biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. MSc. Thesis University of Kurdistan. (In Persian)
Ojaghloo F, Farah F, Hassanzadeh ShA and Javanshir, A, 2007. Effect of inoculation with azotobacter and barvar 2 phosphate biofertilizers on safflower yield. Journal of Agricultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch. 1(3): 5-39. (In Persian).
Omar M‌N‌A‌, Osman M‌E‌H, Kasim W‌A and Abd El-Daim L A, 2009. Improvement of salt tolerance mechanisms of barley cultivated under salt stress using Azospirillum brasilense. Pp: 133.
Patade VY, Bhargava S and Suprasanna P, 2011. Salt and drought tolerance of sugarcane under iso-osmotic salt and water stress: growth, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant defense. Journal of Plant Interactions, 6: 275-282.
Pirasteh Anousheh H, Emam Y and Jamali Ramin F, 2010. Comparative effect of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth, yield and oil percentage in different drought stress levels. Journal of Agroecology. 2(3): 492-501. (In Persian).
Poure smaeil P, Habibi D and Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, 2006. The study of using water super absorbent polymer on increasing yield and antioxidant enzyme activities in different cultivars of red bean under drought stress. MSc thesis Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. (In Persian).
Saeidi M, Moradi F, Ahmadi A, Spehri R, Najafian G and Shabani A, 2010. The effects of terminal water stress on physiological characteristics and sink-source relations in two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 12(4): 392-408.
Sanchez RA, Hall AJ, Trapani N and Cohen de hunau R, 1982. Effect of water stress on chlorophyll content, nitrogen level and photosymthesis of levels of two maize genotypes. Photosynthesis Research,
4:35-47.
Saneoka H, Moghaieb R E A, Premachandra GS, and Fujita K, 2004. Nitrogen nutrition and water stress effects on cell membrane stability and leaf water relations in Agrostis palustris Huds. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 52:131–138.
Sarmadnia Gh and Koocheki A, 1993. Crop Physiology. (Translated). publication of Jahad-e daneshgahi  of Mashhad. .(In Persian).
Sattar MA and Gaur AC, 1987. Production of auxins and gibberellins by phosphate dissolving microorganisms. Zentrabl Mikrologie 142: 393-395.
Sepehri M, 2005. Translation errorEffects of end season drought stress on the relationships between source and sink in four varieties of wheat. MSc. Thesis Islamic Azad University of Boroujerd. Pp. 1-27. (In Persian).
Tiercelin JR and Vidal A, 2006. Traite´ d’Irrigation, 2nd edition. Lavoisier edition.
Turhan H and Baser I, 2004. In vitro and In vivo water stress in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Helia, 27(40) :227- 236.
Ulger AC, Ibrikci H, Cakir B and Guzel N, 1997. Influence of nitrogen rates and row spacing on corn yield protein content, and other plant parameters. Journal Plant Nutrition, 20: 1697-1709.
Wu SC, Cao ZH, Li ZG, Cheung KC and Wong MH, 2005. Effect of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial Geoderma 125: 155-166.
Zaidi, PH, Rafique SN, Singh N and Srinivasan G, 2004. Tolerance to excess moisture in maize (Zea mays L.) under excessive soil moisture stress. Field Crops Research, 90: 189-202.