Grain Filling and Some Fatty Acids Composition of Canola (Brassica napus L.) with Application of Bio-Fertilizers and Irrigation withholding

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The effect of irrigation withholding and bio-fertilizers on grain filling components, chlorophyll content and some fatty acids composition Gacomo cultivar of canola, was studied by  factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil in 2015-2016. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels, full irrigation or control, irrigation withholding at 50% of flowering and pod formation stage, irrigation withholding at 50% of grain formation stage and application of bio fertilizers in four levels, no inoclulation, inoclulation with Nitrobacter, Psedomonas and Azospirillum. Results showed that water limitation decreased yield, number of grain per pod, number of pod per plant, rate and grain filling period, oleic acid, linolenic acid and photosynthetic pigment.­ Whereas erucic acid and palmetic acid content were increased. Means comparison showed that the highest of yield (1.62 ton.ha-1), number of grain per pod (30.66), number of pod per plant (76), grain filling period (54.42 days), chlorophyll a (23.33 mg.g-1 FW), total chlorophyll (29.83 mg.g-1 FW), oleic acid (69.24%) and linolenic acid (11.54%) were obtained in inoculation with Azospirillum and full irrigation. The highest content of erucic acid (2.89 %) and palmetic acid (4.56 %) were observed at no inoculation and irrigation withholding in grain formation stage. Also irrigation withholding in flowering and pod formation stage and grain formation stage decreased 46% and 40.4% respectively from grain yield and application of Azospirillum, Psedomonas and Nitrobacter increased grain yield 53.7%, 9.2% and 44.4% respectively in flowering and pod formation stage and 65.5%, 31% and 17.2% respectively in grain formation stage. According to the results, it seems that Azospirillum application can be suggested as the best treatment for profitable canolaproduction under full irrigation and water limitation condition.

Keywords


Alyari H, Shekari F and Shekari F, 2000. Oil Seed Crops (Agronomy and Physiology). Amidi Press, Tabriz. 182 P. (In Persian).
Angadi SV and Cut Forth HV, 2003. Yield adjustment by canola grown at different by plant population under semiarid condition. Crop Science, 43: 1357-1366.
AOAC, 1990. Method 988.05. Helrich K. (Ed.). Official methods of analysis (15th Ed.). The Association of Official Analytical Chemists Inc. 
Arnon DI, 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1): 1-15.
Asghar HN, Zahir ZA, Arshad M and Khaliq A, 2002. Relationship between invitro production of auxins by rhizobacteria and their growth-promoting activities in Brassica Juncea L. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 35: 231-237.
Bayat F, Mirlohi A and Khodambashi M, 2009. Effects of endophytic fungi on some drought tolerance mechanisms of tall fescue in a hydroponics culture. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 56: 563-570.
Bouchereau A, Clossais B N, Bensaoud A, Beport L and Renard M, 1996. Water stress effects on rapeseed quality. European Journal of Agronomy, 5: 19-30.
Bardar MD, Kraljevic-Balalic Marija M and Borislav D, 2008. The parameters of grain filling and yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Var. Durum). Central European Journal of Biology, 3(1): 75-82.
Brocklehurst P­A, Moss JP and Williams W, 1978. Effect of irradiance and water supply on grain development in wheat. AnnalsofApplied Biology, 90: 265-276.
Brooks A, Jenner CF and Aspinall D, 1982. Effect of water defficit on endosperm starch granules and on grain physiology of wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 4: 423-436.
Cheema M and Malik M, 2001. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen management of agronomic traits and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 38(3&4): 15-18.
De Costa, WAJM and Shanmugathasan KN, 2002. Physiology of yield determination of Soybean (Glycin max (L)Merr.) under different irrigation regimes in the sub-humid zone of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Research, 75: 23-35.
Desingh R and Kanagaraj G, 2007. Influence of salinity stress on photosynthesis and antioxidative systems in two cotton varieties. General and Applied Plant Physiology, 33 (3-4): 221-234.
Ellis HR and Pieta-Filho C, 1992. The development of seed quality in spring and winter cultivars of barely and wheat. Seed Science Research, 2: 19-25.
Emam Y, Ranjbar AM and Bahrani MJ, 2007. Evaluation of yield and yield components in wheat genotypes under post-anthesis drought stress. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 11(1):317-328. (In Persian).
Faraji A and Arzanesh MH, 2013. Response of two Canola genotypes to plant growth promoter bacteria (Azospirillum spp.): seed yield and its components, dry matter and harvest Index. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 29(1): 17-29. (In Persian).
Gaur AC, 2001. Effects of Azotobacterization on the yield of canola (Brassica napus L.): Laboratory experiment. Indian Society of Soil Science,40: 19-22.
German MA, Burdman S, Okon Y and Kigel J, 2000. Effects of Azospirillum brasilense on root morphology of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different water regimes. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 32: 259-264.
Gilick BE, Penrose D and Wenbo M, 2001. Bacterial promotion of plant growth. Biotechnology Advances, 19: 135-138.
Habibzadeh F, Sorooshzadeh A, Modarres Sanavy SAM and Pirdashti H, 2012. Effect of seed inoculation and foliar application of biofertilizers on some biochemical and morphological characteristics of waterlogged-canola. Journal of American Science, 8(6): 62-68.
Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh A and Javadi H, 2016. Study on the effects of inoculation with biofirtilizers (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and nitrogen application on oil, yield and yield components of spring Canola in West Azerbaijan. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 5 (18):39-50.(In Persian).
Khosravi A, Seyed Sharifi R and Imani A, 2014. Study of seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Psedomunas and nitrogen application timing on yield, fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate of sunflower. Agricultural Crop Management, 16(1): 139-155. (In Persian).
Kimber DS and McGregor DH, 2000. Brassica oil seeds: production and utilization. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB international. 447 P.
Kumar PB and Paul NK, 1997. Effect of water stress on chlorophyl, prolin and sugar accumulation in rape (Brassica campestris L.). Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 26: 83-85.
Kumari SL and Valarmathi G, 1998. Relationship between grain yield grain filling rate and duration of grain filling in rice. Madras Agricultural Journal, 85: 210-211.
Lawlor DW and Cornic G, 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25: 275-294.
Majidi MM, Jafarzadeh M, Rashidi F and Mirlohi A,2015. Effect of drought stress on yield and some physiological traits in Canola varieties. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 3(9):59-70.(In Persian).
Marius S, Octavita A, Eugen U and Vlad A, 2005. Study of a microbial inoculation on several biochemical indices in sunflower (Helianthus anuus L.). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 12(2): 11-17.
MekkiI BB, EL-Kholy MA and Mohamad EM, 1999. Oil and fatty acids contents as affected by water
deficit and potassium fertilization in two sunflower cultivars. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy, 21(1): 67-85.
Nelda R, Paz R, Masson L, Ortiz J, Gonzalez K, Tapia K and Dobaganes C, 2007. Effect of a-tocopherol, a-tocotrienol and Rosa mosqueta shell extract on the performance of antioxidant-stripped Canola oil (Brassica sp.) at high temperature. Food Chemistry, 104: 383-389.
Nosheen A, Bano A and Ullah F, 2013. The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on oil yield and biodiesel production of Canola (Brassica napus L.). Energy Sources, Part A, 35: 1574-1581.
Ohara N, Naito Y, Kasama K, Shindo T, Yoshida H, Nagata T and Okuyama H, 2009. Similar changes in clinical and pathological parameters in Wistar Kyoto rats after a 13-week dietary intake of canola oil or fatty acid composition-based interesterified canola oil mimic. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47: 157-162.
Okon Y and Kapulink Y, 1986. Development and functions of Azospirillum inoculated roots. Plant and Soil, 90: 3-16.
Ouk M, Shu F, Ken F, Jaya B, Mark C and Harry N, 2003. Routine selection for drought resistance in rain fed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Cambodia. In:Procee dings of the International Confere nce on Research on Water in Agriculture, CARDI, Cambodia. 25-29.
Panwar JDS. 1991. Effect of VAM and Azospirillum brasilenseon photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and grain yield in wheat. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 34: 357-361.
Qifuma SH, Niknam R and Turner DW, 2006. Responses of osmotic adjustment and seed yield of Brassica napus and B. juncea to soil water deficit at different growth stages. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 57: 221-226.
Rajendran G, Sing F, Desai AJ and Archana V, 2008. Enhanced growth and nodulation of pigeon pea by co-inoculation of Bacillus strains with Rhizobium spp. Bioresource Technology, 99: 4544-4550.
Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV and Vivekanandan M, 2004. Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161(11): 1189-1202.
Renarid S and McGregor L, 1976. Antithormbogenic effects of erucic acid poor rapeseed oils in the rats. Review of Crops Cross. 23: 393-396.
Roesty D, Gaur R and Johri BN, 2006. Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: 1111-1120.
Ronanini DR, Savin R and Hall AJ, 2004. Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exposed to brif interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crops Research, 83: 79-90.
Seyed Sharif, R. 2015. Oil seeds. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Press. 216 P. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi R and Namvar A, 2016. Bio fertilizers in Agronomy. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Press. 282 P. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi R, 2016. Application of biofertilizers and zinc increases yield, nodulation and unsaturated fatty acids of soybean. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 103(3): 251-258.
Shehata MM and EL-Khawas SA, 2003. Effect of two biofertilizers on growth parameters, yield characters, nitrogenous components, nucleic acids content, minerals, oil content, protein profiles and DNA banding pattern of sunflower yield. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(14): 1257-1268.
Sinaki JM, Majidi Heravan E, Shirani Rad AH, Noormohamadi G and Zarei G, 2007. The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napus L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2: 417-422.
Tambussi EA, Bartoli CG, Bettran J, Guiamet JJ and Araus JC, 2000. Oxidative damage to thylakoids proteins in water stressed leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiology, 108: 398-404.
Togay N, Togay Y, Cimrin KM and Turan M, 2008. Effect of rhizobium inoculation, sulfur and phosphorus application on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake in chick pea (Cicer aretinum L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 776-782.
Tohidi Moghadam HR, Zahedi H and Ghooshchi F, 2011. Oil quality of canola cultivars response to water stress and super absorbent polymer application. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 41(4): 579-586.
Tsuno Y, Yamaguchi T and Nakano J, 1994. Potential dry matter production and grain filling process of rice plant from the viewpoint of source-sink relationships and the role of root respiration in its relationship. Bull. Faculty of Agricultural. Tottori University, 47: 1-10.
Ullah F, Bano A and Nosheen A, 2012. Effects of plant growth regulators on growth and oil quality of Canola (Brassica napus L.) under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(6): 1873-1880.
Wu SC, Cao ZH, Li ZG and Cheung KC, 2005. Effect of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma, 125: 155-166.
Xia L, Ding X, Li J and Mei R, 1990. Mechanism of PGPR. I. Influence of PGPR on physiology, resistance, quality and yield of rapeseed. Agriculture Science in Hunan, 106: 24-26.
Yang JW, Kloepper JW and Ryu CM, 2009a. Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends in Plant Sciences, 14: 1-4.
Yasari E, Azadgoleh MR, Mozafari S and Alashti M, 2009. Enhancement of growth and nutrient uptake of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by applying mineral nutrients and biofertilizers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 12(2): 127-133.
Yasari E, Esmaeli A, Pirdashti AM and Mozafari S, 2008. Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculants as biofertilizers in canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivation. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 7(5): 490-494.
Younis ME, Gaber AM and El-Nimr M, 2001. Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris subjected to anaerobic conditions and drought. Egyptian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 23: 273-296
Zare M, 2004. Evaluation of tolerance of some soybean genotypes to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(4): 261-272. (In Persian).