Effect of Biofertilizers on Growth and Biochemical Characteristics of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under Different Levels of Salinity

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The effect of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum on tall fescue was studied by factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 4, 6, 8 and 12 dS.m-1 salinity and distilled water as control. Results showed that the highest and the lowest seedling emergence were observed in Azospirillum and control (without any salinity or inoculation) treatments. At tenth week, the highest values of fresh and dry clipping weights were obtained by Azospirillum plus 6 and 8dS.m-1, respectively. The highest number of leaves was observed in Azotobacter treatment without salinity and the highest chlorophyll by Azotobacter plus salinity 12 dS.m-1. At fifteenth week, the highest amount of fresh clipping weight was obtained from 4 and 0 dS/m plus Azospirillum. The highest dry clipping weight was produced by 4dS.m-1 salinity without inoculation and 12dS.m-1 plus Azotobacter. The highest number of leaves was obtained from Zzospirillum without salinity. The highest amount of phosphorus was observed in Azospirillum treatment with 0 dS.m-1 salinity. Control treatment showed the highest potassium amount. Azotobacter plus 8 dS.m-1 had the highest nitrogen amount whereas Azospirillum plus 12dS.m-1 showed the highest sodium amount. The highest proline amount was observed in 12dS.m-1 salinity without inoculation. According to the above results, inoculation of tall fescue seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum could reduce the effects of salinity stress on growth and biochemical properties of the plant, and each bacteria affected the improvement of some characteristics under stress conditions.
 

Keywords


Aldous DE and Chivers IH, 2002. Sports Turf and Amenity Grasses, a manual for use and identification. Landlinks Press. pp. 221.
Ashrafuzzaman M, Hossen FA, Razi IM, Anamul HM, Zahurul IM, Shahidullah SM and Sariah M, 2009. Efficiency of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the enhancement of rice growth. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 1247-1252.
Askary M, Mostajeran A and Amooaghaei R, 2009. Influence of the co-inoculation Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobum meliloti plus 24-D on grain yield and N P K content of Triticum aestivum (Cv Baccros and Mahdavi). American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science, 5: 296-307.
Babaloa OO, 2010. Beneficial bacteria of agricultural importance. Biotechnology Letters, 32: 1559–1570.
Baniaghil N, Arzanesh MH, ahlegha Ghorbanli M and Shahbazi M, 2013. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth parameters, antioxidant enzymes and microelements of Canola under salt stress. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 3: 17-27.
Barea JM, Pozo MJ and Azcon-Aguilar R, 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56: 1761-1775.
Baset Mia MA, Shamsuddin ZH and Mahmood M, 2012. Effects of rhizobia and plant growth promoting bacteria inoculation on germination and seedling vigor of lowland rice. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 3758-3765.
Bashan Y and de-Bashan LE, 2010. Chapter two—How the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum promotes plant growth–a critical assessment. Advances in Agronomy, 108: 77–136.
Bashan Y, de-Bashan LE, Prabhu SR and Hernandez JP, 2014. Advances in plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculant technology: formulations and practical perspectives (1998–2013). Plant Soil, 378: 1–33.
Bates LS, Waldern RP, and Tear ID, 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bayuelo-Jimenez JS, Jasso-Plata N and Ochoa I, 2012. Growth and physiological responses of Phaseolus species to salinity stress. International Journal of Agronomy. 1–13.
Boltz DF and Howell JA, 1978. Colorimetric determination of nonmetals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 197-202.
Bulgarelli D, Schlaeppi K, Spaepen S, Van Themaat EVL and Schulze-Lefert P, 2013. Structure and functions of the bacterial microbiota of plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 64: 807-838.
Chaudhary D, Narula N, Sindhu SS and Behl RK, 2013. Plant growth stimulation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by inoculation of salinity tolerant Azotobacter strains. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 19: 515–519.
Das AJ, Kumar M and Kumar R. 2013. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): an alternative of chemical fertilizer for sustainable, environment friendly agriculture. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. 1: 21-3.
Day R, 1965. Particle fractionation and particle size analysis. In: A. L. Page (Eds.), Methods of Soil Aanalysis. Part 1, PP: 545-566.
Eftekhari SA, Ardakani MR, Rejali F, Paknejad F and Hasanabadi T, 2012. Phosphorus absorption in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different phosphorus application rates and co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescence and Azospirillum lipoferum. Annals of Biological Research, 3: 2694-2702.
Fahad S, Hussain S, Bano A, Saud  S, Hassan S, Shan D, Ahmed Khan F, Khan F, Chen Y, Wu C, Tabassum MA, Chun MX, Afzal M, Jan A, Tariq Jan M and Huang J. 2015. Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22: 4907–4921.
Gagne-Bourgue F, Aliferis KA, Seguin P, Rani M, Samson R and Jabaji S, 2013. Isolation and characterization of indigenous endophytic bacteria associated with leaves of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2: 40-47.
Garrido Y, Tudela JA, Marín A, Mestre T, Martínez V and Gil MI, 2014. Physiological, phytochemical and structural changes of multileaf lettuce caused by salt stress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94: 1592-1599.
Hamayun M, Khan SA, Khan AL, Shin JH and Lee IJ, 2010. Exogenous gibberellic acid reprograms soybean to higher growth, and salt stress tolerance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 7226–7232.
Hamidi A, Ghalavand A, Dehghan Shoar M, Malakooti M and Chogan R, 2006. Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield of forage corn. Journal of Research and Production, 70: 16-22.
Hayat R, Ali S, Amara U, Khalid R and Ahmed I, 2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Annals of Microbiology, 60: 579–598.
Heydari Sharifabad H, 2001. Plant and Salinity. Iran jungle and Rangland Research Institute. p199.
Homaei M, 2002. Plant Response to Salinity. National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Publications. No, 58.
Ilangumaran G and Smith DL, 2017. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Amelioration of Salinity Stress: A Systems Biology Perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 1-14.
Jacoud C, Job D, Wadoux P and Bally R, 1999. Initiation of root growth stimulation by Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 during maize seed germination. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 45: 339-342.
Jenschke G, Brandes B, Kuhn AJ, Schoder WH, Becker JS and Godlbdd DL, 2000. The mycorrhizal fungus Paxillus in volutes magnesium to Norway spruce seedlings. Evidence from stable isotope labeling. Plant and Soil, 220: 243-246.
Kandil AA, Badawi MA, EL-Moursy SA and Abdou MA, 2004. Effect of planting dates, nitrogen levels and bio-fertilization treatments on growth attributes of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.). Basic and Applied Sciences, 5: 227-237.
Kang SM, Khan AL, Waqas M, You YH, Kim JH, Kim JG, Hamayun M and Lee IJ, 2014. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria reduce adverse effects of salinity and osmotic stress by regulating phytohormones and antioxidants in Cucumis sativus. Journal of Plant Interactions, 1: 673–682.
Kavi Kishor PB and Sreenivasulu N, 2014. Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue? Plant, Cell and Environment, 37: 300-11.
Kemin Su, Dale J, Bremer, Steven J. Keeley and Jack D, 2007.  Effects of high temperature and drought on a hybrid bluegrass compared with Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue. Crop Science Society of America,5: 2152-2161.
Khaleghnezhad V, Jabbari F, 2014. Evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed inoculation with rhizobium strains and plant promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth indices and photoassimilate partitioning under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 5: 45-56.
Khalid M, Bilal M, Hassani D, Iqbal HMN, Wang H and Huang D, 2017. Mitigation of salt stress in white clover (Trifolium repens) by Azospirillum brasilense and its inoculation effect. Botanical Studies, 58: 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-016-0160-8.
Koochaki A, Tabrizi L and Ghorbani R, 2008. Effect of biofertilizers on agronomic and quality criteria of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 6: 127-137.
Kudsen D and Peterson GA, 1982. Lithium sodium and potassium. Pp: 225-245. In: A L Page, R H Miller, R Kenny.(eds.). Methods of soil analysis. Part2: Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ED.). Agronomy 9.
Li G, Wan Sh, Zhou J, Yang Zh and Qin P, 2009. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance, pigments content, malondialdehyde and proline accumulation responses of castor bean (Ricinus commonis L.) seedlings to salt stress levels. Industrial Crops and Products, 31: 13-19.
Malakuti M, Keshavarz J, Saadat P and Khalatbarin B, 2002. Plant Nutrition under Salt Conditions. First End. Sana Publications. Department of Horticulture of Jihad-e-Agriculture Ministry, Tehran, p: 233.
Nadeem SM, Ahmad M, Zahir ZA, Javaid A and Ashraf M, 2014. The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnology Advances, 32: 429–448.
Narula N, Kumar V, Behl RK, Deubel A, Gransee A and Merbach W, 2000. Effect of P-solubilizing Azotobacter chroococcum on N, P, K uptake in P-responsive wheat genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163: 393–398.
Nasir Khan M, Siddiqui MH, Mohammad F, Masroor M, Khan A and Naeem M, 2007. Salinity induced changes in growth, enzyme activities, photosynthesis, proline accumulation and yield in linseed genotypes. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3: 685-695.
Ndona RK, Friedel JK, Spornberger A, Rinnofner T and Jezik K, 2011. Effective micro-organisms (EM): an effective plant strengthening agent for tomatoes in protected cultivation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 27: 189–204.
Olsen SR and Sommers LE, 1982. Phosphorus. P. 403-430. In A.L Page (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Agron. No. 9, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison WI, USA.
Page AL, Miller RH and Keeney DR, 1982. Methods of Soil Analysis. 2th ed. Part 2: Chemical and biological properties. Soil Science Society of America Inc. publisher.
Parvaiz A and Satyawati S, 2008. Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants. Plant, Soil and Environment, 54: 89-99.
Rokhzadi A and Toashih V, 2011. Nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5: 44-48.
Salahvarzy Y, Tehranfar A, Gzanchyan A and Aroei H, 2008. Physiomorphological changes under drought stress and rewatering in endemic and exotic turfgrasses. Journal of Horticultural Science, 22: 1-12.
Sani B, 2013. Aminol-Forte, Hyomi-Forte, Kadostim and Phosnotron amino acids influence on agronomical characteristics in Descurainia sophia under water deficit conditions. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 5: 287-290.
Shiyab S, 2011. Effects of NaCl application to hydroponic nutrient solution on macro and micro elements and protein content of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 9: 350-356.
Shiyab SM, Shatnawi MA, Shibli RA, Al Smeirat NG, Ayad J and Akash MW, 2013. Growth, nutrient acquisition and physiological responses of hydroponic grown tomato to sodium chloride salt induced stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 36: 665-676.
Stamenov D, Jarak M, Đurić S, Hajnal-Jafari T and Anđelković S, 2012. The effect of Azotobacter and Actinomycetes on the growth of english ryegrass and microbiological activity in its rhizosphere. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 44: 93-99.
Talaat NB and Shawky BT, 2013. 24-Epibrassinolide alleviates saltinduced inhibition of productivity by increasing nutrients and compatible solutes accumulation and enhancing antioxidant system in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35: 729–740.
Talaat NB, Ghoniem AE, Abdelhamid MT and Shawky BT, 2015. Effective microorganisms improve growth performance, alter nutrients acquisition and induce compatible solutes accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants subjected to salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 75: 281–295.
Upadhyay SK, Singh DP and Saikia R, 2009. Genetic diversity of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from rhizospheric soil of wheat under saline conditions. Current Microbiology, 59: 489–496.
Vessey JK, 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil, 255: 271- 586.
Wang D, Shannon MC and Grieve CM, 2001. Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crops Research, 69: 267-277.
Yousefi S, Kartoolinejad D, Bahmani M and Naghdi R, 2017. Effect of Azospirillum lipoferum and Azotobacter chroococcum on germination and early growth of hopbush shrub (Dodonaea viscosa L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 2: 107-120.
Zahir AZ, Arshad M and Frankenberger WF, 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Applications and perspectives in agriculture. Advances in Agronomy, 81: 97-168.
Zare M, Mehrabi Oladi AA and Sharaf zadeh Sh, 2006. Investigation of GA3 and Kinetin effects on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat under salinity stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 855-865.
Zhao GQ, Ma BL and Ren CZ, 2007. Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Science, 47: 123-131.
Zuccarini P, 2008. Effect of silicon on photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient uptake of Phaseolus vulgaris under NaCl stress. Biology Planta, 52: 157-160.