Effect of Organic Amendments on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar L (.as Affected by Different Irrigation Levels

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to study the effect of salicylic acid, spermidine and methanol on yield, yield components, proline content, and essential oil quantity and quality of fennel in different levels of irrigation, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Farm Research Station of the College of Agriculture in Bardsir in 2016. The experimental treatments were deficit irrigation levels (90%, 50% and 25% of the field capacity) assigned to main plot and foliar application of salicylic acid (1 mM), spermidine (0.2 mM) and methanol (30% vol) as subplots. The results showed that increased levels of drought stress resulted in significant increase of essential oil percentage and proline content, and significant decrease of other studied traits. The highest percentage of essential oil (2.86) was assigned to irrigation at 25% of the field capacity and the lowest (1.84) in 90% of the field capacity. All the studied traits were affected by foliar application (P≤0.01), except for essential oil percentage. The interaction effect of the treatments on number of branches, number of umbel per plant, number of seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil yield and proline content were significant. In irrigation at 90% of the field capacity, the highest seed yield (1081 kg.ha-1), biological yield (5413 kg.ha-1), essential oil yield (20.65 kg. ha-1) and proline (32.87 μmol) was related to methanol foliar application. However, at levels of 50 and 25% of the field capacity irrigation, the highest amount of these traits was found in salicylic acid foliar application. In all the traits, no significant difference was observed between spermidine foliar application and control treatment at all the irrigation levels. In general, the results confirmed that methanol foliar application was beneficial for non stress conditions, and the salicylic acid foliar application could satisfactory mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on fennel.

Highlights

 

Abreu IN, Porto ALM, Marsaioli AJ and Mazzafera P. 2004. Distribution of bioactive substance from Hypercium brasilians during plant growth. Plant Science, 167: 949-954.

Adam NR, Wall GW, Brooks TJ, Lee TD, Kimball BA, Pinter PJ and Lamort RL. 1997. Changes in photosynthetic apparatus of spring wheat in respons to CO2-enrichment and nitrogen stress. In: Annual Research Report.75-77.

Armand N, Amiri H and Semaili A. 2015. Effect of methanol on morphological characteristics of bean plant under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 13: 863-854. (In Persian).

Ashraf M and Foolad MR. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206–216.

AskariE and Ehsanzadeh P. 2015. Osmoregulation-mediated differential responses of field-grown fennel genotypes to drought. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 494–508.

Bahram Nejad R and Safari M. 2014. The effect of different seed pritreatment on morphological characteristics, yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel in water stress conditions. Scientific Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 17: 29-14. (In Persian).

Bannayan M, Nadjafi F, Azizi M, Tabrizi L and Rastgoo M. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products, 27: 11-16.

Bates LS, Waldern RW and Treare LD. 1973. Rapiddeterminatation of free proline for stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.

Bettaieb I, Knioua S, Hamrouni I, Limam F and Marzouk B. 2011. Water-Deficit Impact on Fatty Acid and Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Aerial Parts. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59: 328–334.

Benson AA and Nonomura AM. 2007. The path of carbon in photosynthesis: methanol inhibition of glycolic acid accumulation. Photosynthesis Research, 34: 196.

Blum A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56: 1159–1168.

Bolot I, Guleryus M and Pirlak L. 2002. Effect of som growing media on the growth of strawberry cv. Also. Bohce, 21: 55-60.

Calamita G, Brocca L, Perrone A, Piscitelli S, Lapenna V, Melone F and Moramarco T. 2012. Electrical resistivity and TDR methods for soil moisture estimation in central Italy test-sites. Journal of Hydrology, 455: 101–112.

Cantliffe  D J, Funes J, Jovicich E, Paranjpe A, Rodriguez J and Shaw N. 2002. Media and containers for greenhouse soilless grown cucumber, melon, peppers, and strawberry. University of Florida, Horticutural Science Department. Po Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA.

Clevenger J H. 1928. Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 17: 345- 349.

Darzi MT and Haj seyedaddi MR. 2005. Study of planting date and plant density on the quality of grain and effective materrial of fennel under drought conditions. Iranian Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 31: 27-2. (In Persian).

Delavari PM, Baghizadeh A, Enteshari Sh, Kalantari KHM, Yazdanpanah A, Mousavi EA .2010. The effects of salicylic acid on some biochemical and morphological characteristic of Ocimum basilicum under salinity stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10: 4832-4845.

Dourado A. 2001. Statistic department at reading university, report strawberry cultivar trial. RHS Fruit Trial Sub Committee.

Downie AS, Miyazaki H, Bohnert P, John J, Coleman M, Parry and Haslam R. 2004. Expression profiling of the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to methanol stimulation. Phytochemistry Journals, 65: 2305–2316.

Ehyayi H, Parsa M, Kofi M and Nusayri Mahallati M. 2010. Effect of methanol solution and irrigation on yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars. Iranian Journal of Cereals Research, 2: 47-38. (In Persian).

El-Tayeb MA. 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.

Emarat Pardaz J, Hami A and Davati Kazemnia H. 2015. Effect of foliar application of metanol on Yield Components of Chitney Beans under Water stress Conditions. Special Issue for Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. (In Persian).

Farajadi Shakib M, Naderi R and Mashhadi Akbar Boujar M. 2013. Effect of spraying on spermidine on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Iranian cyclamen persicum Miller. Herbal Ecophysiology Magazine, 13: 113-96. (In Persian).

Faver KL and Gerik TJ. 2006. Foliar-applied methanol effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) gas exchange and growth. Field Crops Research, 47: 227–234.

Gershenzon J. 1984. Changes in levels of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress. Phytochemical Adaptation to Stress: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 18: 273-320.

Goldani M and Rezvani Moghadam P. 2005. The effects of drought and planting date on yield and yield components of rainfed and irrigated varieties of chickpea in Mashhad. Iranian Journal Field Crop Research, 2(2): 1-12. (In Persian).

Guenther E. 1961. The essential oils. D. von Nostrand Comp. Press, New York.

Gutierrez-Coronado M, Trejo C L, Larque-Saavedra A. 1998. Effects of salicylic acid on the growth of roots and shoots in soybean. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 563-565.

Hamada AM and Al-Hakimi AMA. 2001. Salicylic acid versus salinity drought induced stress on wheat seedlings. Rostlina Vyroba, 47: 444-450.

Hayat S and Ahmad A. 2007. Salicylic Acid: A Plant Hormone. Springer. Pp. 97-99.

Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M and Ahmad A. 2010. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 14–25.

Hossein Zadeh S R, Salimi A, Ganjali A and Ahmadpour R. 2015. Effect of methanol application on some biochemical characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activity in chickpea under drought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of Iran, 1: 30-17. (In Persian).

Kadioglu A, Saruhan N, Saglam A, Terzi R and Acet T E. 2011. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates effects of long term drought stress and delays leaf rolling by inducing antioxidant system. Plant Growth Regulators, 64: 27-37.

Kochaki A, Nasiri mahalati M and Azizi K. 2006. Effect of different irrigation intervals and density on yield and yield components of two fennel native populations. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1: 140-131. (In Persian).

Islam MA, Blake TJ, Ferit Kocacinar F and Rajasekaran L. 2003. Ambiol, spermine and aminoethoxyvinylglycine prevent water stress and protect membranes in Pinus strobus L. under drought. Trees, 17:278-284.

Izadi Z and Tedin M. 2015. Effect of salicylic acid and spermine on yield and components of grain yield of Ricinus communis L. under drought stress conditions. Journal of Environmental Tensions in Crop Science, 8 (2): 167-159. (In Persian).

Jami N, Mousavi Nik S and Naghizadeh M. 2015. Effect of drought stress and foliar application by salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella sativa in Kerman climatic conditions. Agricultural Crop Managment, 17(3): 840-827. (In Persian).

Karasensky J and jonak C. 2012. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. Experimental Botany, 63:1593-1608.

Kuznetsov VI and Shevykova N I. 1999. Proline under stress: biological role, metabolism, and regulation. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 46: 274-287.

Li Z, Zhou H, Peng Y, Zhang X, Ma X, Huang L and Yan Y. 2015. Exogenously applied spermidine improves drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass associated with changes in antioxidant defense, endogenous polyamines and phytohormones. Plant Growth Regulators, 76: 71–82.

Mardani H, Bayat H and Azizi M. 2011. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological parameters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under drought stress. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25: 320-326. (In Persian).

Misra N and Saxena P. 2009. Effect of salicylic acid on proline metabolism in lentil grown under salinity stress. Plant Science, 177:181–189.

Mirhshekari B and Farahvash F. 2011. Nitrogen irrigation and nitrogen fertilization management in fennel plant under semi-arid climates. Scientific and Research Journal of Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27: 550-541. (In Persian).

Mohtasham SF, Pouryosef M, Andalibi B, and SHekkari F. 2015. Effect of spraying and pre-treatment with salicylic acid on the yield and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress conditions. Biomedical Journal of Iranian Herbs and Medicinal Herbs Research, 31(5): 852-841. (In Persian).

Moradi R, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Nasiri Mahallati M and Nezhadali A. 2011. Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce). Spanish Journal Agricultural Research, 9(2): 546-553. (In Persian).

Mousavi S GH, Seghatoleslami MJ and Mousavi SM. 2012. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on yield and water use efficiency of fennel. Journal of Environmental Tensions in Crop Sciences, 5: 145-135. (In Persian).

Nadali A, Pak nejad F, Moradi F,  Wazan S, Soqani M and  Pazoki A. 2010. Effects of methanol spraying on relative water content, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of sugar beet leaves under water stress condition. Quarterly journal of ecophysiology of Crops, 2: 27-16. (In Persian).

Niakan M, Sadeghi S and Gorbanli M. 2011. Effect of spermidine, salinity stress on germination percentage, growth parameters, osmotic regulators, sodium and chlorine content of wheat straw. Quarterly Journal of Plant Science Research, 21(1): 89-78. (In Persian).

Nonomura AM and Benson AA. 1992. The path of carbon in photosynthesis: Improved crop yields with methanol. National Academy Science, 89: 9794-9798.

Omid Beigi R. 2007. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Fourth edition. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House. Iran, 438 pages. (In Persian).

Omid beigi R, Hassani A and Sefidkon F. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 6(2): 104-108.

Pessarakli M. 1999. Hand book of plant and crop stress. Marcel Dekker. Inc. New York, 1056 p.

Ramirez IF, Dorta V, Espinoza E, Jimenez A, Mercado and Pen a-Cortes H. 2006. Effects of foliar and root applications of methanol on the growth of Arabidopsis, tobacco and tomato plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 25: 30–44.

Rezaei Chiane A, Zahtab Salmasi S, Ghasemi Golazani K and Del Azar AS. 2012. Effect of irrigation treatments on yield and yield components of three fennel native populations. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22: 70-57. (In Persian)

Salarpour Ghorba F and Frahbakhash H. 2014. Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on physical and physiological traits of fennel. Aagricultural Crop Managment, 16: 778-765. (In Persian).

Senaratna T, Merrit D, Dixon K, Bunn E, Touchell D and Sivasithamparam K. 2003. Benzoic acid may act as the functional group in salicylic acid and derivatives in the induction of multiple stress tolerance in plants. Plant Growth Regulators, 39: 77-81.

Singh B and Usha K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulators, 39: 137-141.

Tanu A, Prakash A and Adholeya A. 2004. Effect of different organic manures/composts on the herbage and essential oil yield of Cymbopogon winterianus and their influence on the native AM population in a marginal alfisol. Bioresource Technology, 92: 311–319.

Vishkaei M, Nourmohammadi GH, Majidi A and Rabiei B .2007. Effect of methanol on peanut growth and yield. Specialty Letter to the Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13 (1): 87-102. (In Persian).

Yordanov I, Velikova V and Tsonev T. 2003. Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgharestan Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 187-206.

Yousefpour M. 2014. Effect of seasonal drought stress and harvest time on grain yield and content =of fennel essential oil. Bimonthly Scientific and Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran,
 30: 987-889. (In Persian).

Zbiec I, Karczmarczyk S and Podsiało C. 2003. Response of some cultivated plants to methanol as compared to supplemental irrigation. Electronic Journal of Polish Agriculture University, 6 (1): 1-7.

Keywords

References

Abreu IN, Porto ALM, Marsaioli AJ and Mazzafera P. 2004. Distribution of bioactive substance from Hypercium brasilians during plant growth. Plant Science, 167: 949-954.
Adam NR, Wall GW, Brooks TJ, Lee TD, Kimball BA, Pinter PJ and Lamort RL. 1997. Changes in photosynthetic apparatus of spring wheat in respons to CO2-enrichment and nitrogen stress. In: Annual Research Report.75-77.
Armand N, Amiri H and Semaili A. 2015. Effect of methanol on morphological characteristics of bean plant under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 13: 863-854. (In Persian).
Ashraf M and Foolad MR. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206–216.
Askari E and Ehsanzadeh P. 2015. Osmoregulation-mediated differential responses of field-grown fennel genotypes to drought. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 494–508.
Bahram Nejad R and Safari M. 2014. The effect of different seed pritreatment on morphological characteristics, yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel in water stress conditions. Scientific Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 17: 29-14. (In Persian).
Bannayan M, Nadjafi F, Azizi M, Tabrizi L and Rastgoo M. 2008. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products, 27: 11-16.
Bates LS, Waldern RW and Treare LD. 1973. Rapid determinatation of free proline for stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bettaieb I, Knioua S, Hamrouni I, Limam F and Marzouk B. 2011. Water-Deficit Impact on Fatty Acid and Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Aerial Parts. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59: 328–334.
Benson AA and Nonomura AM. 2007. The path of carbon in photosynthesis: methanol inhibition of glycolic acid accumulation. Photosynthesis Research, 34: 196.
Blum A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56: 1159–1168.
Bolot I, Guleryus M and Pirlak L. 2002. Effect of som growing media on the growth of strawberry cv. Also. Bohce, 21: 55-60.
Calamita G, Brocca L, Perrone A, Piscitelli S, Lapenna V, Melone F and Moramarco T. 2012. Electrical resistivity and TDR methods for soil moisture estimation in central Italy test-sites. Journal of Hydrology, 455: 101–112.
Cantliffe  D J, Funes J, Jovicich E, Paranjpe A, Rodriguez J and Shaw N. 2002. Media and containers for greenhouse soilless grown cucumber, melon, peppers, and strawberry. University of Florida, Horticutural Science Department. Po Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA.
Clevenger J H. 1928. Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 17: 345- 349.
Darzi MT and Haj seyedaddi MR. 2005. Study of planting date and plant density on the quality of grain and effective materrial of fennel under drought conditions. Iranian Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 31: 27-2. (In Persian).
Delavari PM, Baghizadeh A, Enteshari Sh, Kalantari KHM, Yazdanpanah A, Mousavi EA .2010. The effects of salicylic acid on some biochemical and morphological characteristic of Ocimum basilicum under salinity stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10: 4832-4845.
Dourado A. 2001. Statistic department at reading university, report strawberry cultivar trial. RHS Fruit Trial Sub Committee.
Downie AS, Miyazaki H, Bohnert P, John J, Coleman M, Parry and Haslam R. 2004. Expression profiling of the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to methanol stimulation. Phytochemistry Journals, 65: 2305–2316.
Ehyayi H, Parsa M, Kofi M and Nusayri Mahallati M. 2010. Effect of methanol solution and irrigation on yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars. Iranian Journal of Cereals Research, 2: 47-38. (In Persian).
El-Tayeb MA. 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 45: 215-225.
Emarat Pardaz J, Hami A and Davati Kazemnia H. 2015. Effect of foliar application of metanol on Yield Components of Chitney Beans under Water stress Conditions. Special Issue for Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. (In Persian).
Farajadi Shakib M, Naderi R and Mashhadi Akbar Boujar M. 2013. Effect of spraying on spermidine on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Iranian cyclamen persicum Miller. Herbal Ecophysiology Magazine, 13: 113-96. (In Persian).
Faver KL and Gerik TJ. 2006. Foliar-applied methanol effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) gas exchange and growth. Field Crops Research, 47: 227–234.
Gershenzon J. 1984. Changes in levels of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress. Phytochemical Adaptation to Stress: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 18: 273-320.
Goldani M and Rezvani Moghadam P. 2005. The effects of drought and planting date on yield and yield components of rainfed and irrigated varieties of chickpea in Mashhad. Iranian Journal Field Crop Research, 2(2): 1-12. (In Persian).
Guenther E. 1961. The essential oils. D. von Nostrand Comp. Press, New York.
Gutierrez-Coronado M, Trejo C L, Larque-Saavedra A. 1998. Effects of salicylic acid on the growth of roots and shoots in soybean. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 563-565.
Hamada AM and Al-Hakimi AMA. 2001. Salicylic acid versus salinity drought induced stress on wheat seedlings. Rostlina Vyroba, 47: 444-450.
Hayat S and Ahmad A. 2007. Salicylic Acid: A Plant Hormone. Springer. Pp. 97-99.
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M and Ahmad A. 2010. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68: 14–25.
Hossein Zadeh S R, Salimi A, Ganjali A and Ahmadpour R. 2015. Effect of methanol application on some biochemical characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activity in chickpea under drought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of Iran, 1: 30-17. (In Persian).
Kadioglu A, Saruhan N, Saglam A, Terzi R and Acet T E. 2011. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates effects of long term drought stress and delays leaf rolling by inducing antioxidant system. Plant Growth Regulators, 64: 27-37.
Kochaki A, Nasiri mahalati M and Azizi K. 2006. Effect of different irrigation intervals and density on yield and yield components of two fennel native populations. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1: 140-131. (In Persian).
Islam MA, Blake TJ, Ferit Kocacinar F and Rajasekaran L. 2003. Ambiol, spermine and aminoethoxyvinylglycine prevent water stress and protect membranes in Pinus strobus L. under drought. Trees, 17:278-284.
Izadi Z and Tedin M. 2015. Effect of salicylic acid and spermine on yield and components of grain yield of Ricinus communis L. under drought stress conditions. Journal of Environmental Tensions in Crop Science, 8 (2): 167-159. (In Persian).
Jami N, Mousavi Nik S and Naghizadeh M. 2015. Effect of drought stress and foliar application by salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella sativa in Kerman climatic conditions. Agricultural Crop Managment, 17(3): 840-827. (In Persian).
Karasensky J and jonak C. 2012. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. Experimental Botany, 63:1593-1608.
Kuznetsov VI and Shevykova N I. 1999. Proline under stress: biological role, metabolism, and regulation. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 46: 274-287.
Li Z, Zhou H, Peng Y, Zhang X, Ma X, Huang L and Yan Y. 2015. Exogenously applied spermidine improves drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass associated with changes in antioxidant defense, endogenous polyamines and phytohormones. Plant Growth Regulators, 76: 71–82.
Mardani H, Bayat H and Azizi M. 2011. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological parameters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under drought stress. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25: 320-326. (In Persian).
Misra N and Saxena P. 2009. Effect of salicylic acid on proline metabolism in lentil grown under salinity stress. Plant Science, 177:181–189.
Mirhshekari B and Farahvash F. 2011. Nitrogen irrigation and nitrogen fertilization management in fennel plant under semi-arid climates. Scientific and Research Journal of Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27: 550-541. (In Persian).
Mohtasham SF, Pouryosef M, Andalibi B, and SHekkari F. 2015. Effect of spraying and pre-treatment with salicylic acid on the yield and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress conditions. Biomedical Journal of Iranian Herbs and Medicinal Herbs Research, 31(5): 852-841. (In Persian).
Moradi R, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Nasiri Mahallati M and Nezhadali A. 2011. Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce). Spanish Journal Agricultural Research, 9(2): 546-553. (In Persian).
Mousavi S GH, Seghatoleslami MJ and Mousavi SM. 2012. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on yield and water use efficiency of fennel. Journal of Environmental Tensions in Crop Sciences, 5: 145-135. (In Persian).
Nadali A, Pak nejad F, Moradi F,  Wazan S, Soqani M and  Pazoki A. 2010. Effects of methanol spraying on relative water content, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of sugar beet leaves under water stress condition. Quarterly journal of ecophysiology of Crops, 2: 27-16. (In Persian).
Niakan M, Sadeghi S and Gorbanli M. 2011. Effect of spermidine, salinity stress on germination percentage, growth parameters, osmotic regulators, sodium and chlorine content of wheat straw. Quarterly Journal of Plant Science Research, 21(1): 89-78. (In Persian).
Nonomura AM and Benson AA. 1992. The path of carbon in photosynthesis: Improved crop yields with methanol. National Academy Science, 89: 9794-9798.
Omid Beigi R. 2007. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Fourth edition. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House. Iran, 438 pages. (In Persian).
Omid beigi R, Hassani A and Sefidkon F. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 6(2): 104-108.
Pessarakli M. 1999. Hand book of plant and crop stress. Marcel Dekker. Inc. New York, 1056 p.
Ramirez IF, Dorta V, Espinoza E, Jimenez A, Mercado and Pen a-Cortes H. 2006. Effects of foliar and root applications of methanol on the growth of Arabidopsis, tobacco and tomato plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 25: 30–44.
Rezaei Chiane A, Zahtab Salmasi S, Ghasemi Golazani K and Del Azar AS. 2012. Effect of irrigation treatments on yield and yield components of three fennel native populations. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22: 70-57. (In Persian)
Salarpour Ghorba F and Frahbakhash H. 2014. Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on physical and physiological traits of fennel. Aagricultural Crop Managment, 16: 778-765. (In Persian).
Senaratna T, Merrit D, Dixon K, Bunn E, Touchell D and Sivasithamparam K. 2003. Benzoic acid may act as the functional group in salicylic acid and derivatives in the induction of multiple stress tolerance in plants. Plant Growth Regulators, 39: 77-81.
Singh B and Usha K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulators, 39: 137-141.
Tanu A, Prakash A and Adholeya A. 2004. Effect of different organic manures/composts on the herbage and essential oil yield of Cymbopogon winterianus and their influence on the native AM population in a marginal alfisol. Bioresource Technology, 92: 311–319.
Vishkaei M, Nourmohammadi GH, Majidi A and Rabiei B .2007. Effect of methanol on peanut growth and yield. Specialty Letter to the Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13 (1): 87-102. (In Persian).
Yordanov I, Velikova V and Tsonev T. 2003. Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgharestan Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 187-206.
Yousefpour M. 2014. Effect of seasonal drought stress and harvest time on grain yield and content =of fennel essential oil. Bimonthly Scientific and Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran,
 30: 987-889. (In Persian).
Zbiec I, Karczmarczyk S and Podsiało C. 2003. Response of some cultivated plants to methanol as compared to supplemental irrigation. Electronic Journal of Polish Agriculture University, 6 (1): 1-7.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Volume 28, Issue 4
December 2018
Pages 105-123

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