Evaluation of Yield and Protein Content of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Intercropping with Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under Biological and Chemical Fertilizers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

     Intercropping and biofertilizer application are the important strategies for reducing the risks of agricultural production and enhancing crop yield and quality in developing sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biofertilizers in safflower/faba bean intercropping, two field experiments were carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2015 and 2016. The first factor was including four cropping systems including sole croppings of safflower and faba bean; two intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 (safflower/faba bean). The second factor was four levels of fertilizers including no fertilizer,100% chemical fertilizer (urea+ triple superphosphate), 30% and 60% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (Azoto barvar1 + Phosphate barvar 2). Results revealed that the integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers in intercropped plants (1:1) caused to increasing yield components of safflower and protein harvest index for both years. The highest oil and protein content was also attributed to plants fed by 60% chemical plus biological fertilizers. Land equivalent ratio and relative value total was above 1.00 in all treatments, and the highest amount of them were achived from intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and the combinative application of 60% chemical and biological fertilizers. Therefore, it was concluded that intercropping (safflower/faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biological fertilizers, improved growth and quality of safflower.
 

Highlights

 

Abou-Khadrah SH, Mohamed AAE, Gerges NR Diab ZM. 2000. Response of four sunflower hybrids in low nitrogen fertilizer levels of phosphor in bio-fertilizer. Journal of Agricultural Research Tanta University, 28:105-118.

Akbari P, Ghalavand A, Modares Sanavy AM, Agha Alikhani M and Shoghi Kalkhoran AM. 2011. Comparison of different nutritional levels and the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the grain yield and quality of sunflower. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences, 5 (12):1570-1576.

Akmakc CIR, Donmez F, Aydin A and Ahin FS. 2006. Growth promotion of plants by plantgrowthpromotingrhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. SoilBiology and Biochemistry, 38:1482-1487.

Bagheri H, Andalibi B and Azimi-Moghaddam R. 2012. Effect of atrazine anti transpiration application on
improving physiological traits, yield and yield components of safflower under rain fed condition. Journal of Crops Improvement, 14 (2): 1-16. (In Persian).

 

Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK and Ghose SS. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy, 24: 325-332.

Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A, Amini R and Tamari E. 2015. Evaluation of Maize (Zea mays L.) and three cultivars of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)intercropping with application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 25 (1): 99-113. (In Persian).

Farnia A and Moayedi M. 2014. Effect of Phosphate and Nitrogene Bio-fertilizers on yield, yield components, oil and protein in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3(Spl Issue V): 110-117.

Fernandez-Moya V, Martinez-Force E and Garces R. 2005. Oils from improved high stearic acid sunflower seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 5326-5330.

Jalilian J, Modarres-Sanavy S, Saberali SF and Sadat-Asilan K. 2012. Effects of the combination of beneficial microbes and nitrogen on sunflower seed yields and seed quality traits under different irrigation regimes. Field Crops Research Journal, 127: 26–34.

Jalilian J, Najafabadi A and Zardashti MR. 2017. Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch. Journal of Plant Interactions, 12 (1): 92-99.

Imran M, Ali A, Waseem M, Tahir M, Ullah A, Mohsin Sh, Ghaffari A and Rehman H. 2011. Bio-economic assessment of sunflower-mung bean intercropping system at different planting geometry. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 1: 126–136.

Kopke U, Nemecek T, 2010. Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crops Research 115: 217-233.

Krol B and Paszko T. 2017. Harvest date as a factor affecting crop yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products, 97: 242–251.

Mahfouz H and Migawer E A. 2004. Effect ofintercropping, weed control treatment and theirinteraction on yield and its attributes of chickpeaand canola. Egyptian Journal of Basic andApplied Science, 19(4): 84-101.

Malbubi A. 2007. Characteristic of Barvar-2 phosphorus biofertilizer. Technical publication Zist Fannavar SabzPublications. Tehran, Iran. 104 pp.

Manaffee W F and Kloeppes J W. 1994. Applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture. In: Soil Biota Management in Sustainable Farming Systems, Pankburst, C.E., Doube, B.M., Gupta, V.V.S.R., and Grace, P.R., eds. Pp: 23-31 CSIRO, Pub. East Melbourne, Australia.

Mirzaei A and Vazan S. 2013. Study the effect of drought stress chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on seed yield and important agronomic of safflower. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6 (13): 968-974.

Moradi R, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Nassiri Mahallati M and Lakzian A. 2009. The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel). Journal of Iranian Field Crops Research, 7(2): 635-645. (In Persian).

Narula N, Kumar V, Behl R, Deubel A, Gransee A and Merbach W. 2000. Effect of p solubilizing (Azotobacter chroococcum) on N, P, K uptake in p- responsive wheat genotypes grown under greenhouse condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163 (4): 393-398.

Naghizade M, Ramroodi M, Galavi M, Siahsar B, Heydari M and Maghsoodi AA, 2012. The effects of various phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield components of maize and grass pea intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 43 (2): 203-2015. (In Persian).

Ojaghloo F, Farahvash F, Hassan-Zadeh A and Pour-Yusef M. 2007. Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter and barvar phosphate biofertilizers on yield of safflower. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3: 25-30. (In Persian).

 

Raei Y, Bagheri Pirouz A, Shafagh Kolvanagh J, Nasrollahzadeh S and Aghaei Gharachorlou P. 2017. Effect of chemical and bio nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of soybean under intercropping with maize. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 10 (1): 90-96.

Raei Y, Shariati J and Weisany W. 2015. Effect of biological fertilizers on seed oil, yield and yield components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at different irrigation levels. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 25 (1): 65-84. (In Persian).

Rezaei-Chianeh E, Dabbagh Mohammadi NassabA, Shakiba MR, Ghassemi-Golezani K andAharizad S. 2011. Intercropping of maize (Zeamays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) atdifferent plant population densities. AfricanJournal of Agricultural Research, 7: 1786-1793.

Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Khorramdel S and Garachali P. 2015. Evaluation of relay intercropping of sunflower and faba bean on their yield and land use efficiency. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17 (1): 183-196. (In Persian).

Sakhavi Sh, Amini R, Shakiba MR and Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab A. 2017. Advantage of Faba Bean and Cumin intercropping under organic, biological and chemical fertilizer treatments. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 26 (4): 17-32.(In Persian).

Seyed Sharif R, Namvar A and Seyed Sharifi R. 2017. Grain filling and fatty acid composition of safflower fertilized with integrated nitrogen fertilizer and biofertilizers. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52: 236-243.

Shahraki M, Dahmarede M, Khamari E and Asgharzade A. 2016. Effects of azotobacter, azospirillum, and levels of manure on quantitative and qualitative traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agroecology Journal, 8 (1): 59-69. (In Persian).

Singh Rajesh K, Kumar H and Singh Amitesh K. 2010. Brassica based intercropping systems. A Review Agriculture Sciences, 31: 6-11.

Soleymanifard A and Siadat SA. 2011. Effect of inoculation with bio-fertilizer in different nitrogen levels on yield and yields components of safflower under dry land conditions. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 11: 473-477.

Sullivan, P. 2003. Applying the principle of sustainable farming. ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 16 pp.

Tohidy Nejad E, Mazaheri D and Koochehi A.  2004. Study of maize and sunflower intercropping. Pajouhesh VA Sazandgi, 64: 39-44.(In Persian).

Vandermeer J H. 1989. The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Zafaranieh M. 2015. Effect of various combinations of safflower /chickpea intercropping on yield and yield components of safflower. Agriculture Science Developments, 4: 31–34.

Keywords

References

Abou-Khadrah SH, Mohamed AAE, Gerges NR Diab ZM. 2000. Response of four sunflower hybrids in low nitrogen fertilizer levels of phosphor in bio-fertilizer. Journal of Agricultural Research Tanta University, 28:105-118.
Akbari P, Ghalavand A, Modares Sanavy AM, Agha Alikhani M and Shoghi Kalkhoran AM. 2011. Comparison of different nutritional levels and the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the grain yield and quality of sunflower. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences, 5 (12):1570-1576.
Akmakc CIR, Donmez F, Aydin A and Ahin FS. 2006. Growth promotion of plants by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38:1482-1487.
Bagheri H, Andalibi B and Azimi-Moghaddam R. 2012. Effect of atrazine anti transpiration application on
improving physiological traits, yield and yield components of safflower under rain fed condition. Journal of Crops Improvement, 14 (2): 1-16. (In Persian).
 
Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK and Ghose SS. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy, 24: 325-332.
Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A, Amini R and Tamari E. 2015. Evaluation of Maize (Zea mays L.) and three cultivars of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping with application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 25 (1): 99-113. (In Persian).
Farnia A and Moayedi M. 2014. Effect of Phosphate and Nitrogene Bio-fertilizers on yield, yield components, oil and protein in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3(Spl Issue V): 110-117.
Fernandez-Moya V, Martinez-Force E and Garces R. 2005. Oils from improved high stearic acid sunflower seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 5326-5330.
Jalilian J, Modarres-Sanavy S, Saberali SF and Sadat-Asilan K. 2012. Effects of the combination of beneficial microbes and nitrogen on sunflower seed yields and seed quality traits under different irrigation regimes. Field Crops Research Journal, 127: 26–34.
Jalilian J, Najafabadi A and Zardashti MR. 2017. Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch. Journal of Plant Interactions, 12 (1): 92-99.
Imran M, Ali A, Waseem M, Tahir M, Ullah A, Mohsin Sh, Ghaffari A and Rehman H. 2011. Bio-economic assessment of sunflower-mung bean intercropping system at different planting geometry. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 1: 126–136.
Kopke U, Nemecek T, 2010. Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crops Research 115: 217-233.
Krol B and Paszko T. 2017. Harvest date as a factor affecting crop yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products, 97: 242–251.
Mahfouz H and Migawer E A. 2004. Effect of intercropping, weed control treatment and their interaction on yield and its attributes of chickpea and canola. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 19(4): 84-101.
Malbubi A. 2007. Characteristic of Barvar-2 phosphorus biofertilizer. Technical publication Zist Fannavar Sabz Publications. Tehran, Iran. 104 pp.
Manaffee W F and Kloeppes J W. 1994. Applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture. In: Soil Biota Management in Sustainable Farming Systems, Pankburst, C.E., Doube, B.M., Gupta, V.V.S.R., and Grace, P.R., eds. Pp: 23-31 CSIRO, Pub. East Melbourne, Australia.
Mirzaei A and Vazan S. 2013. Study the effect of drought stress chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on seed yield and important agronomic of safflower. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6 (13): 968-974.
Moradi R, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Nassiri Mahallati M and Lakzian A. 2009. The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel). Journal of Iranian Field Crops Research, 7(2): 635-645. (In Persian).
Narula N, Kumar V, Behl R, Deubel A, Gransee A and Merbach W. 2000. Effect of p solubilizing (Azotobacter chroococcum) on N, P, K uptake in p- responsive wheat genotypes grown under greenhouse condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163 (4): 393-398.
Naghizade M, Ramroodi M, Galavi M, Siahsar B, Heydari M and Maghsoodi AA, 2012. The effects of various phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield components of maize and grass pea intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 43 (2): 203-2015. (In Persian).
Ojaghloo F, Farahvash F, Hassan-Zadeh A and Pour-Yusef M. 2007. Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter and barvar phosphate biofertilizers on yield of safflower. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3: 25-30. (In Persian).
 
Raei Y, Bagheri Pirouz A, Shafagh Kolvanagh J, Nasrollahzadeh S and Aghaei Gharachorlou P. 2017. Effect of chemical and bio nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of soybean under intercropping with maize. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 10 (1): 90-96.
Raei Y, Shariati J and Weisany W. 2015. Effect of biological fertilizers on seed oil, yield and yield components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at different irrigation levels. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 25 (1): 65-84. (In Persian).
Rezaei-Chianeh E, Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A, Shakiba MR, Ghassemi-Golezani K and Aharizad S. 2011. Intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at different plant population densities. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7: 1786-1793.
Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Khorramdel S and Garachali P. 2015. Evaluation of relay intercropping of sunflower and faba bean on their yield and land use efficiency. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17 (1): 183-196. (In Persian).
Sakhavi Sh, Amini R, Shakiba MR and Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab A. 2017. Advantage of Faba Bean and Cumin intercropping under organic, biological and chemical fertilizer treatments. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 26 (4): 17-32. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharif R, Namvar A and Seyed Sharifi R. 2017. Grain filling and fatty acid composition of safflower fertilized with integrated nitrogen fertilizer and biofertilizers. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52: 236-243.
Shahraki M, Dahmarede M, Khamari E and Asgharzade A. 2016. Effects of azotobacter, azospirillum, and levels of manure on quantitative and qualitative traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agroecology Journal, 8 (1): 59-69. (In Persian).
Singh Rajesh K, Kumar H and Singh Amitesh K. 2010. Brassica based intercropping systems. A Review Agriculture Sciences, 31: 6-11.
Soleymanifard A and Siadat SA. 2011. Effect of inoculation with bio-fertilizer in different nitrogen levels on yield and yields components of safflower under dry land conditions. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 11: 473-477.
Sullivan, P. 2003. Applying the principle of sustainable farming. ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 16 pp.
Tohidy Nejad E, Mazaheri D and Koochehi A.  2004. Study of maize and sunflower intercropping. Pajouhesh VA Sazandgi, 64: 39-44. (In Persian).
Vandermeer J H. 1989. The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, UK.
Zafaranieh M. 2015. Effect of various combinations of safflower /chickpea intercropping on yield and yield components of safflower. Agriculture Science Developments, 4: 31–34.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Volume 28, Issue 4
December 2018
Pages 247-260

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