بررسی جریان انرژی در کشت بوم‏های گندم آبی مطالعه موردی: شهرستان ری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه زابل

2 پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

3 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهر ری

چکیده

ارزیابی روند ورود و خروج انرژی در سامانه‏های کشاورزی یکی از روش‏های تعیین سطح پایداری در این سامانه‏ها است. از این رو در تحقیق حاضر میزان انرژی‏های ورودی و خروجی و شاخص‏های مربوط به آن در کشت‏بوم‏های گندم شهرستان ری واقع در استان تهران در سال زراعی 90-1389 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق کل انرژی ورودی و خروجی به مزارع گندم این منطقه به ترتیب 6/47377 و124990 مگاژول در هکتار بود. در بین نهاده‏های مصرفی بیشترین سهم از کل انرژی ورودی به ترتیب مربوط به کود شیمیایی نیتروژن (1/31 درصد)، سوخت دیزل (9/19 درصد) و ماشین‏آلات (1/12 درصد) بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که کارایی مصرف انرژی این کشت‏بوم‏ها 63/2، انرژی خالص تولید شده 6/77611 مگاژول در هکتار و میزان بهره‏وری انرژی در آنها 11/0 می­باشد. از کل انرژی ورودی به این کشت بوم‏ها 1/62 درصد  انرژی غیر مستقیم و همچنین 2/72 درصد از کل انرژی ورودی به این سامانه‏ها مربوط به منابع تجدید ناپذیر انرژی بودند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق هر چند انرژی خالص خروجی از کشت بوم‏های گندم آبی این منطقه در مقایسه با سایر مناطق کشور از وضعیت قابل قبولی برخوردار است ولی کارایی مصرف انرژی در این مزارع چندان قابل توجه نیست. همچنین، میزان اتکا به منابع تجدید ناپذیر انرژی برای تولید گندم در این منطقه زیاد است و باید در جهت جایگزین نمودن منابع انرژی تجدید پذیر به جای منابع تجدید ناپذیر تلاش شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Energy Flow in Irrigated Wheat Agro Ecosystems. A case study: Shahr-e-Rey City

نویسندگان [English]

  • A Alipour 1
  • R Keshavarz Afshar 2
  • M Karimi Nejad 3
  • A Ghalegolab Behbahani 4
  • V Mohammadi 1
چکیده [English]

Evaluation of energy flow in agro ecosystems is considered to be a valuable technique for evaluation the sustainability level of these ecosystems. Hence, a study was conducted in 2009-10 growing season to evaluate energy input, output and energy balance indices of irrigated wheat production in Shahre -e- Rey, Iran. The total energy input and output for wheat production was found to be 47377.6 and 124990 MJ ha-1, respectively. The largest share of energy inputs was related to chemical nitrogen fertilizer followed by diesel fuel and machinery which were responsible for 31.1, 19.9 and 12.15% of the total energy input, respectively. Net energy, energy use efficiency and energy productivity of the wheat farms were calculated as 77611.6 MJ ha-1, 2.63 and 0.11 kg MJ-1, respectively. The contribution of indirect energy was 62.1% and share of non-renewable energy was 72.2% of the total energy input. Although the net energy produced in the wheat farms of the targeted area was considerably higher than those reported for the other areas of the country, but energy were not consumed quite efficient. Furthermore, the share of non renewable energy for wheat production was relatively high and efforts should be made to substitute renewable sources for some part of the non renewable sources.   

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Net energy؛ Energy productivity
  • Energy efficiency
  • Sustainable Agriculture
Alam MS, Alam MR, and Islam KK, 2005. Energy Flow in Agriculture: Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(3): 213–220.
 
Anonymous, 2009. Annual Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. Available at: http://www.maj.ir (in Persian).
 
Bartlett J, Kotrlik J, and Higgins C, 2001. Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research, Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 19 (1): 43- 50.
 
Bonny S, 1995. Quelques pistes de recherche pour une meilleure efficacite´ e´nerge´tique en agriculture. Contribution to a study for the European Commission, DGXII, April 1995.
 
Canakci M, Topakci M, Akinci I, and Ozmerzi A, 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: case study for Antalya region, Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 46: 655–666.
Demircan V, Ekinci K, Keener HM, Akbolat D, and Ekinci C, 2005. Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: A case study from Isparta province. Energy Conversion and Management 47: 1761–1769.
 
Esengun K, Gunduz O, and Erdal G, 2007. Input–output energy analysis in dry apricot production of Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 48:592–598.
 
Ghasemi Mobtaker H,  Keyhani A, Mohammadi A, Rafiee S, and Akram A, 2010. Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for barley production in Hamedan Province of Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 137: 367–37
 
Ghorbani R, Mondani F, Amirmoradi S, Feizi H, Khorramdel S, Teimouri M, Sanjani S,  Anvarkhah S, and Aghel H, 2011. A case study of energy use and economical analysis of irrigated and dryland wheat production systems. Applied Energy 88: 283–288
Gliessman SR, 2007. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. CRC Press INC, 384 pages
 Gundogmus E, 2006. Energy use on organic farming: A comparative analysis on organic versus conventional apricot production on small holding in Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 47: 3351-335.
 
Helsel ZR, and Fluck RC, 1992. Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide. Energy World Agric 6:177–210.
H¨ulsbergen KJ, Feil B, Biermann S, Rathke GW, Kalk WD, and Diepenbrock W, 2001. A method of energy balancing in crop production and its application in a long-term fertilizer trial. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment. 86: 303–321.
 
Karimi M, Rafiee S, Rajabi Pour A, Khairalipour K, and Shahin S, 2008. A Pattern to Distribute Tractor Power from the Viewpoint of Energy Case Study: Isfahan Province in Central Region of Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science. 3 (4): 526-531.
 
Khan MA, and Singh G, 1997. Energy inputs and crop production in Western Pakistan. Energy 21(1):45-53.
 
Khan S, Khan MA,and Latif N, 2010. Energy requirements and economic analysis of wheat, rice and barley production in Australia. Soil & Environment 29(1): 61 – 68.
 
Kuesters J, and Lammel J. 1999. Investigations of the energy efficiency of the production of winter wheat and sugar beet in Europe. European Journal of Agronomy 11: 35–43.
 
Mandal KG, Saha KP, Ghosh PK, Hati KM, and Bandyopadhyay KK, 2002. Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean-based crop production systems in central India. Biomass and Bioenergy 23(5): 337–345.
 
Mohammadi A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi S S, and Rafiee H. 2010. Energy inputs-yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renewable Energy 35:1071e5.
 
Mrini M, Senhaji F, and Pimentel D, 2001. Energy analysis of sugarcane production in Morocco. Environment, Development and Sustainability 3: 109–126.
 
Ozkan B, Akcaoz H, and Karadeniz F, 2004. Energy requirement and economic analysis of citrus production in Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management 45: 1821–1830
 
Pathak B S, and Bining AS, 1985. Energy use pattern and potential for energy saving in rice-wheat cultivation. Energy in Agriculture 4:271-278.
 
Pervanchon F, Bockstaller C, and Girardin P, 2002. Assessment of energy use in arable farming systems by means of an agro-ecological indicator: the energy indicator. Agriculture Systems 72: 149–172.
 
Pimentel D, and Burgess M, 1980.Energy inputs in Corn production. In Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture, eds. D. Pimentel, 67-84.CRC Press, Inc.
 
Rathke GW, and Diepenbrock W, 2006. Energy balance of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cropping as related to nitrogen supply and preceding crop. European Journal of Agronomy. 24, 35–44.
 
Schroll H, 1994. Energy-flow and ecological sustainability in Danish agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment. 51: 301–310.
 
Singh H, Singh AK, Kushwaha HL, and Singh A, 2007. Energy consumption pattern of wheat production in India. Energy 32: 1848–1854.
 
Singh JM, 2002. On farm energy use pattern in different cropping systems in Haryana, India. Master of science, International Institute of Management University of Flensburg, Germany.
 
Tzilivakis J, Warner DJ, May M, Lewis KA, and Jaggard K, 2005. An assessment of the energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the UK. Agricultural System. 85: 101–119.