ارزیابی زراعی، اکولوژیکی و اقتصادی کشت مخلوط مریم‌گلی و نعناع‌فلفلی در سطوح مختلف آبیاری و با کاربرد تعدیل‌کننده‌های تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 هیأت علمی دانشگاه مراغه

2 دکتری اگروتکنولوژی-اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه

10.22034/saps.2023.54993.2974

چکیده

آزمایشی بصورت کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 36 تیمار و سه تکرار در دانشگاه مراغه در سال‌های زراعی 1398 و 1399 اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری شامل پس از 25، 50 و 75 درصد حداکثر تخلیه مجاز رطوبتی از آب در دسترس بود. فاکتور فرعی الگوهای کشت (کشت خالص نعناع‌فلفلی، کشت خالص مریم‌گلی و کشت مخلوط یک ردیف نعناع‌فلفلی+ یک ردیف مریم‌گلی) و فاکتور فرعی فرعی منابع مختلف کودی شامل عدم مصرف کود به عنوان شاهد، نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم (100 میلی‌گرم در لیتر)، قارچ میکوریزا و کاربرد تلفیقی قارچ میکوریزا + نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم بودند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد ماده خشک نعناع‌فلفلی و مریم‌گلی در تنش ملایم به ترتیب 7/28 و 27 درصد و در تنش شدید به ترتیب 1/55 و1/64 درصد کاهش یافت. بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک نعناع‌فلفلی و مریم‌گلی در کشت خالص با کاربرد تلفیقی قارچ میکوریزا+ نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم بدست آمد. همچنین بیشترین درصد اسانس نعناع‌فلفلی در کشت مخلوط با کاربرد تلفیقی قارچ میکوریزا+ نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان نسبت برابری زمین معمولی، کاهش واقعی عملکرد و شاخص‌های اقتصادی کشت مخلوط در آبیاری نرمال با کاربرد تلفیقی نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم + قارچ میکوریزا بدست آمد. علاوه بر این، بیشترین درآمد خالص دو گیاه در آبیاری نرمال در کشت مخلوط با کاربرد تلفیقی قارچ میکوریزا + نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم بدست آمد که تفاوت معنی‌داری با کاربرد تلفیقی قارچ میکوریزا + نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم در تنش ملایم و در کشت مخلوط نداشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Agronomical, ecological and economical evaluation of sage - peppermint intercropping at different irrigation levels with application of drought stress modulating

نویسندگان [English]

  • abdollah javanmard 1
  • Ali Ostadi 2
2 Ph.D. of Agrotechnology – Crop Ecology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh
چکیده [English]

a field experiment performed to evaluate the effects of peppermint and sage intercropping with application of different fertilizer resources on the dry matter yield, essential oil content, and ecological indices under drought stress.
A field experiment was carried out as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 36 treatments and three replications . The main factor was three irrigation regimes included 25 (MAD25), 50 (MAD50), and 75% (MAD75) maximum allowable depletion (MAD) percentage of the soil available water (SAW) as normal irrigation, mild and severe water stress, respectively. The sub-factor was different planting patterns included peppermint monoculture, sage monoculture, and intercropping of peppermint + sage and also sub-sub factor were application of different fertilizer sources including no‐fertilizer as control, TiO2 nanoparticles (100 mg L−1), arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) inoculation, and integrative application of AMF and TiO2 (AMF + TiO2).
The maximum essential oil content of peppermint (1.51%) and sage (1.33%) was observed in intercropping plants with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. The essential oil content of peppermint and sage increased by 13.1 and 41.2% under mild stress in compared with normal irrigation, respectively. Also, the highest LER, K, AYL,, and monetary indices were achived in mild water stress with integrative application of AMF + TiO2.
it can be concluded that the application of AMF + TiO2 in intercropping of peppermint/sage could be suggested as a sustainable strategy to increasing the quantity and quality of essential oil of both plants under drought stress conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bio-fertilizer
  • Drought stress
  • Medicinal and aromatic plants
  • Nanoparticle
  • Sustainable agriculture

مراجع

Abdollahi Arpanahi A and Feizian M. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizae alleviate mild to mild water stress and improve essential oil yield in thyme. Rhizosphere, 9: 93-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2018.10.003
Abdollahi Arpanahi A, Feizian M, Mehdipourian G and Khojasteh DN. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation improve essential oil and physiological parameters and nutritional values of Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. under normal and drought stress conditions. European Journal of Soil Biology, 100: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2020.103217
Ahmad B, Shabbir A, Jaleel H, Khan MMA and Sadiq Y. 2018. Efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in modulating photosynthesis, peltate glandular trichomes and essential oil production and quality in Mentha piperita L. Current Plant Biology, 13: 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2018.04.002
Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A, Morshedloo MR, Aghaee A and Maggi F. 2021. Funneliformis mosseae inoculation under water deficit stress improves the yield and phytochemical characteristics of thyme in intercropping with soybean. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94681-9
Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A, Morshedloo MR and Maggi F. 2018. Evaluation of competition, essential oil quality and quantity of peppermint intercropped with soybean. Industrial Crops and Products, 111: 743-754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.052
Bahreininejad B, Razmjou J and Mirza M. 2013. Influence of water stress on morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus daenensis. International Journal of Plant Production,7(1): 151-166.  https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2012.927
Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK and Ghose S. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy, 24: 325- 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2005.10.010
Bansal M. 2017. Organic farming: is it a solution to safe food?. Pp. 515-525. In: Dudeja P, Gupta RK and Minhas AS (eds.). Food safety in the 21st century. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801773-9.00043-1
Biglari T, Maleksaeidi H, Eskandari F and Jalali M. 2019. Livestock insurance as a mechanism for household resilience of livestock herders to climate change: Evidence from Iran. Land Use Policy, 87: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104043
CIMMYT. 1988. An Economics Training Manual: From Agronomic Data To Farmer Recommendations. Completely Revised Edition. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab A, Amon T and Kaul HP. 2011. Competition and yield in intercrops of maize and sunflower for biogas. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1): 1203-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.015
Emrahi R, Morshedloo MR, Ahmadi H, Javanmard A and Maggi F. 2021. Intraspecific divergence in phytochemical characteristics and drought tolerance of two carvacrol-rich Origanum vulgare subspecies: Subsp. hirtum and subsp. gracile. Industrial Crops and Products, 168: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113557
Esmaielpour B, Jalilvand P and Hadian J. 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Agroecology, 5(2): 169-177. (In persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V5I2.24496
Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou IB and Dordas CA. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100: 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.008
Fazel F, Gheysari M, Mohammadian M and Etemadi N. 2017. Effect of maximum allowable depletion on irrigation use and plant parameters  of grass under subsurface drip irrigation management. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 40(1): 155-165. (In persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/JISE.2017.12674
Fazeli-Nasab B, Sirousmehr AR and Azad H. 2018. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on essential oil quantity and quality in Thymus vulgaris under water deficit. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, 7(2): 125-133. https://doi.org/10.22092/JMPB.2018.118140
Gao F, Hong F, Liu C, Zheng L, Su M, Wu X, Yang F, Wu C and Yang P. 2006. Mechanism of nano-anatase TiO2 on promoting photosynthetic carbon reaction of spinach. Biological Trace Element Research, 111(1): 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:111:1:239
Gao S, Wang Y, Yu S, Huang Y, Liu H, Chen W and  He X. 2020. Effects of drought stress on growth, physiology and secondary metabolites of Two Adonis species in Northeast China. Scientia Horticulturae, 259: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108795
Ghaemi M, Zare Z and Nasiri Y. 2019. Effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics and essential oil production levels of Ocimum basilicum in different stages of growth and development. Developmental Biology, 11(1): 15-26. (In Persian).
Ghanbarzadeh Z, Mohsenzadeh S, Rowshan V and Moradshahi A. 2019. Evaluation of the growth, essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Dracocephalum moldavica under water deficit stress and symbiosis with Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Micrococcus yunnanensis. Scientia Horticulturae, 256: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108652
Giovannetti M and Mosse B. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84(3): 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04556.x
Gitari HI, Nyawade SO, Kamau S, Karanja NN, Gachene CK, Raza MA, Maitra S and Schulte-Geldermann E. 2020. Revisiting intercropping indices with respect to potato-legume intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 258: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107957
Gohari G, Mohammadi A, Akbari A, Panahirad S, Dadpour MR, Fotopoulos V and Kimura S. 2020. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalum moldavica. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57794-1
Golubkina N, Logvinenko L, Novitsky M, Zamana S, Sokolov S, Molchanova A, Shevchuk O, Sekara A, Tallarita A and Caruso G. 2020. Yield, essential oil and quality performances of artemisia dracunculus, hyssopus officinalis and lavandula angustifolia as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under organic management. Plants, 9: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030375
Govahi M, Ghalavand A, Nadjafi F and Sorooshzadeh A. 2017. Comparing different soil fertility systems on some physiological characteristics, yield and essential oil of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under different irrigation regimes. Agroecology, 9(2): 445-457 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V9I2.45974
Govahi M, Ghalavand A, Nadjafi F and Sorooshzadeh A. 2015. Comparing different soil fertility systems in Sage (Salvia officinalis) under water deficiency. Industrial Crops and Products, 74: 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.053
Ingle AP. 2021. Nanotechnology In Plant Growth Promotion And Protection. Maharashtra India:  John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119745884
Kamalizadeh M, Bihamta M and Zarei A. 2019. Drought stress and TiO2 nanoparticles affect the composition of different active compounds in the Moldavian dragonhead plant. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 41(2): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2814-0
Kapoor R, Anand G, Gupta P and Mandal S. 2017. Insight into the mechanisms of enhanced production of valuable terpenoids by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Phytochemistry Reviews, 16(4): 677-692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9486-9
Khosheghbal Ghorabaee F, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Enteshari S and Davarpanah SJ. 2020. Qualitative and quantitative effects of drought stress on essential oil compositions of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(2): 292-303. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/20.1001.1.23832592.1399.33.2.1.3
Kleinwächter M and Selmar D. 2015. New insights explain that drought stress enhances the quality of spice and medicinal plants: potential applications. Agronomy Sustainable Developments, 35: 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0260-3
Koske R and Gemma J. 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycological Research, 92(4): 486-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80195-9
Lithourgidis AS, Vlachostergios DN, Dordas CA and Damalas CA. 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea-cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 34: 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.02.007
Madhava KV, Raghavendra AS and Reddy KJ. 2006. Physiology And Molecular Biology Of Stress Tolerance In Plants. Springer Science & Business MediaIndia. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4225-6
Mazarie A, Mousavi-nik SM, Ghanbari A and Fahmideh L. 2019. Effect of titanium dioxide spraying on physiological characteristics of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under water stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 12(2): 539-553. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2019.1369.1304
Mazarie A, Mousavi-nik SM, Ghanbari A and Fahmideh L. 2019. Effect of different spraying concentrations of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on some physiological traits and antioxidant system activity of Sage (Salvia officinalis L). Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 11(1): 1-22. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22108/ijpb.2018.110510.1092
Mishra V, Mishra RK, Dikshit A and Pandey AC. 2014. Interactions of nanoparticles with plants: An emerging prospective in the agriculture industry. Pp. 159-180. In: Ahmad P and Rasool S (eds.).  Emerging technologies and management of crop stress tolerance. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800876-8.00008-4
Mohammadi H, Esmailpour M and Gheranpaye A. 2016. Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and water-deficit stress on morpho-physiological characteristics of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 107(2): 385-396. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.2.11
Monti M, Pellicanò A, Santonoceto C, Preiti G and Pristeri A. 2016. Yield components and nitrogen use in cereal-pea intercrops in Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 196: 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.07.017
Morshedloo MR, Craker LE, Salami A, Nazeri V, Sang H and Maggi F. 2017. Effect of prolonged water stress on essential oil content, compositions and gene expression patterns of mono-and sesquiterpene synthesis in two oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) subspecies. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 111: 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.023
Mucciarelli M, Scannerini S, Bertea C and Maffei M. 2003. In vitro and in vivo peppermint (Mentha piperita) growth promotion by nonmycorrhizal fungal colonization. New Phytologist, 158: 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00762.x
Mumivand H. 2016. Effect of drought stress on growth, effective substances and some enzyme activities in selected tarragon (Artemisia dracuculus L.) accessions. PhD. Thesis University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Nasiri Mahallati MN, Koocheki A, Mondani F, Feizi H and Amirmoradi S. 2015. Determination of optimal strip width in strip intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106: 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.099
Omidbaigi R. 2011 .Production And Processing Of Medicinal Plants (Vol.2). Razavi Ghods Astan Publication.
Ormeno E and Fernandez C. 2012. Effect of soil nutrient on production and diversity of volatile terpenoids from plants. Current Bioactive Compounds, 8(1): 71-79. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340712799828188
Peter KV. 2006. Handbook Of Herbs And Spices (Vol.3). Washington, DC: Woodhead publishing.
Phillips JM and Hayman D. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55(1): 158-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(70)80110-3
Rahimi Y, Taleei A and Ranjbar M. 2018. Long-term water deficit modulates antioxidant capacity of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 237: 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.004
Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Amirnia R, Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A, Maggi F and Morshedloo MR. 2020. Intercropping fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by PGPR inoculation: A strategy for improving yield, essential oil and fatty acid composition. Scientia Horticulturae, 261: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108951
Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Mahdavikia H, Battaglia ML, Thomason WE and Caruso G. 2021. Intercropping and fertilizer type impact seed productivity and secondary metabolites of dragon's head and fenugreek. Scientia Horticulturae, 287: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110277
Shukla A, Kumar A, Jha A, Salunkhe O and Vyas D. 2013. Soil moisture levels affect mycorrhization during early stages of development of agroforestry plants. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 49(5): 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-012-0744-8
Siddiqui MH, Al-Whaibi MH and Mohammad F. 2015. Nanotechnology And Plant Sciences. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14502-0
Silva TC, Pinto JEBP, Pacheco FV, Roza HLH, Lordêllo DMDS and Bertolucci SKV. 2018. The growth, photosynthetic pigments and essential oil composition of monocropped and intercropped lemon balm with yarrow. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 40: 1-7.  https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v40i1.35506
Singh M, Singh UB, Ram M, Yadav A and Chanotiya CS. 2013. Biomass yield, essential oil yield and quality of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) as influenced by intercropping with garlic (Allium sativum L.) under subtropical and temperate climate of India. Industrial Crops and Products, 46: 234-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.032
Shabbir A, Khan MMA, Ahmad B, Sadiq Y, Jaleel H and Uddin M. 2019. Efficacy of TiO2 nanoparticles in enhancing the photosynthesis, essential oil and khusimol biosynthesis in Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash. Photosynthetica, 57(2): 599-606. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2019.071
Sharifi-Rad J, Sureda A, Tenore GC, Daglia M, Sharifi-Rad M, Valussi M, Tundis R, Sharifi-Rad M, Loizzo MR, Ademiluyi AO and Sharifi-Rad R. 2017. Biological activities of essential oils: From plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules, 22(1): 1-55. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2019.071
Sodaeizadeh H and Mansouri F. 2014. Effects of drought stress on dry matter accumulation, nutrient concentration and soluble carbohydrate of Salvia macrosiphonas a medicinal plant. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal, 4(1): 1-9. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/20.1001.1.2008790.1393.4.1.1.0
Toksha B, Sonawale VAM, Vanarase A, Bornare D, Tonde S, Hazra C, Kundu D, Satdive A, Tayde S and Chatterjee A. 2021. Nanofertilizers: A review on synthesis and impact of their use on crop yield and environment. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 24: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101986
Vandermeer J. 1989. The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623523
Varma A, Prasad R and Tuteja N. 2018. Mycorrhiza-Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration. Springer Nature, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-68867-1
Verma RK, Chauhan A, Verma RS, Rahman L and Bisht A. 2013. Improving production potential and resources use efficiency of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) intercropped with geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit ex Ait) under different plant density. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 577-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.019
Willey RW. 1979. Intercropping its importance and research needs. Part I. Competition and yield advantage. Field Crop Abstracts, 32: 1–10.
Willey RW and Rao MR. 1980. A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops. Experimental Agriculture, 16: 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010802
Willmann M, Gerlach N, Buer B, Polatajko A, Nagy R, Koebke E, Jansa J, Flisch R and Bucher M. 2013. Mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway in maize: vital for growth and cob development on nutrient poor agricultural and greenhouse soils. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00533
Xu BC, Li FM and Shan L. 2008. Switchgrass and milkvetch intercropping under 2: 1 row-replacement in semiarid region, northwest China: Aboveground biomass and water use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy, 28(3): 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.011
Yang F, Hong F, You W, Liu C, Gao F, Wu C, and Yang P. 2006. Influence of nano-anatase TiO2 on the nitrogen metabolism of growing spinach. Biological Trace Element Research, 110(2): 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:110:2:179
Yilmaz S, Ozel A, Atak M, and Erayman M. 2015. Effects of seeding rates on competition indices of barley and vetch intercropping systems in the eastern Mediterranean. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39: 135-143. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1406-155
Zhang F, Shen J, Li L and Liu X. 2004. An overview of rhizosphere processes related with plant nutrition in major cropping systems in China. Plant Soil, 260: 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000030192.15621.20
Zolfaghari M, Tolideh S, Sedighi Dehkordi F and Mahmoodi Sourestani M. 2022.Evaluation of growth, yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under  mycorrhiza, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer treatments. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 32(1): 35-46. (In Persian). https://doi.org/20.1001.1.24764310.1401.32.1.3.8
دانش کشاورزی وتولید پایدار
دوره 34، شماره 2
مرداد 1403
صفحه 1-27

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار