ارزیابی شاخص‌های رشد، محصول تولیدی و سودمندی در کشت مخلوط گندم، سویا و ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه بوعلی همدان

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات

چکیده

اهداف: کشت مخلوط یکی از شیوه‌های اکولوژیک کشاورزی پایدار است که به‌منظور افزایش بهره‌وری و تولید محصولات زراعی اجرا می‌شود. بنابراین، با توجه به لزوم استفاده از سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار و ایجاد تنوع در سیستم‌های کشاورزی، این آزمایش با هدف بررسی رشد، محصول تولیدی از نظر کمی و کیفی و کارایی استفاده از زمین در کشت مخلوط گندم، سویا وذرت اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا در سال زراعی 99–1398 به‌صورت بلوک-های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. کشت‌های مخلوط 4w:2s (دو ردیف سویا: چهار ردیف گندم)، 4w:2s:1c (یک ردیف ذرت: دو ردیف سویا: چهار ردیف گندم)، 4w:2s:2c، 6w:3s، 6w:3s:1c، 6w:3s:2c و کشت‌های خالص هر سه گونه تیمارهای آزمایش بود. شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک، کیفیت دانه و کارایی استفاده از آب، نیتروژن و زمین ارزیابی شدند.
یافته‌ها: اثر الگو‌ی کشت بر شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول، عملکرد بیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه گندم، سویا و ذرت معنی‌دار بود. بالاترین میزان این ویژگی‌ها از کشت خالص هر سه گونه به‌دست آمد. با این وجود، ارزیابی شاخص نسبت برابری زمین حاکی از برتری تمام الگو‌های کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص داشت. به‌طوری که بیشترین میزان LER (16/2) و کارایی مصرف آب از تیمار 6w:3s:2c به‌دست آمد.
نتیجه گیری: به‌طور کلی، کشت مخلوط 6w:3s:2c علاوه ‌بر بهبود عملکرد کل و کارایی مصرف آب می‌تواند به پایداری اکوسیستم و حداکثر بهره‌وروی از زمین منجر ‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of growth indices, yield performance and advantages in intercropping of wheat, soybean and corn

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Hamzei 1
  • Mabaojt Zarei 2
1 Bu-Ali Sina University
2 دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Intercropping is an ecological way of sustainable agriculture used to increase land productivity and crops. Therefore, while considering the necessity of using sustainable agriculture systems and creating diversity in agriculture, this experiment was done with the aims of investigating of growth, yield performance in terms of quantity, and quality and resource utilization efficiency in wheat, soybean and corn intercropping system.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Bu–Ali Sina University in the 2019–2020 growing season. Intercropping treatments included 4w:2s (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean), 4w:2s:1c (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean: 1 row corn), 4w:2s:2c, 6w:3s, 6w:3s:1c, 6w:3s:2c, along with sole plot of wheat, soybean and corn. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, grain yield, biological yield, grain quality, and nitrogen, water and land use efficiency, were evaluated.
Results: The effect of different planting patterns on leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), biological yield and grain yield of wheat, soybean and corn were significant. The highest amount for these properties was achieved from sole cropping of these crops. Nevertheless, the evaluation of intercropping indices showed that all the intercropping patterns had an advantage compared to sole cropping system. So that the highest LER (2.23) and the highest water use efficiency were achieved from 6w:3s:2c treatment.
Conclusion: In general, 6w:3s:2c treatment can lead to the improvement of total grain yield and WUE as well as ecosystem sustainability and maximum land productivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cereals
  • land equivalent ratio
  • legume
  • polyculture
  • resource utilization efficiency
  • yield
  Amani Machiani M, Javanmard A, Morshedloo MR and Maggi F. 2018. Evaluation of yield, essential oil content and compositions of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) intercropped with faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Cleaner Production, 171: 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.062
Bedoussac L and Justes E. 2011. A comparison of commonly used indices for evaluating species interactions and intercrop efficiency: Application to durum wheat–winter pea intercrops. Field Crops Research, 124: 25–36. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.025
Blanco–Canqui H and Lal R. 2009. Crop residue removal impacts on soil productivity and environmental quality. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 28: 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680902776507
Du JD, Han TF, Gai JY, Yong TW, Sun X, Wang XC, Yang F, Liu J, Shu K, Liu WG and Yang WY. 2018. Maize–soybean strip intercropping: Achieved a balance between high productivity and sustainability. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(4): 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119 (17)61789-1
Chen P, Du Q, Liu X, Zhou L, Hussain S, Lei L, Song C, Wang X, Liu W, Yang F, Yang F, Shu, K, Liu J, Du J, Yang T. 2017. Effects of reduced nitrogen inputs on crop yield andnitrogen use efficiency in a long-term maize-soybean relaystrip intercropping system. PloS One, 12, e0184503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184503
Cong WF, Hoffland E, Li L, Six J, Sun JH, Bao XG, Zhang FS and Wopke V.D.W. 2015. Intercropping enhances soil carbon and nitrogen. Global Change Biology, 21: 1715–1726. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12738
Corre–Hellou G, Brisson N, Launay M, Fustec J and Crozat Y. 2007. Effect of root depth penetration on soil N sharing and dry matter in pea–barley intercrops given different soil N supplies. Field Crops Research, 103: 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.04.008
Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou IB and Dordas CA. 2007. Competitionindices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100: 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.008
Dolijanović Ž, Kovačević D, Oljača S and Simić M. 2009. Types of interactions in intercropping of maize and soyabean. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54: 179–187. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS0903179D
Fatemi R, Hoseini S, Moghadam H and Motasharezadeh B. 2021. Evaluation of light consumption efficiency in a mixture of maize and beans cultivation under the influence of biologic and organic fertilizers. Journal of Crops Improvement, 23(4): 712–699. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2021.308259.2452
Fuente E, Suárez S, Lenardis A and Poggio S. 2014. Intercropping sunflower and soybean in intensive farming systems: Evaluating yield advantage and effect on weed and insect assemblages. Njasw Ageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 70: 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2014.05.002
Gan Y, Malhi SS, Brandt S, Katepa–Mupondwad F and Stevenson C. 2008. Nitrogen use effi ciency and nitrogen uptake of juncea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal. 100:285–295. https://doi.org/10.2134/agrojnl2007.0229
Ghosh PK, Manna MC,  Bandyopadhyay  KK, Ajay AK,  Tripathi RH, Wanjari KM, Hati AK, Misra CL, Acharya and Subba Rao A. 2006. Interspecific interaction and nutrient use in soybean/sorghum intercropping system. Agronomy Journal, 98: 1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0328
Gong X, Dang K, Lv S, Zhao G, Tian L, Luo Y and Feng B. 2020. Interspecific root interactions and water–use efficiency of intercropped proso millet and mung bean. European Journal of Agronomy, 115: 126034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2020.126034
Hauggaard–Nielsen H, Gooding M, Ambus P, CorreHellou G, Crozat Y, Dahlmann C, Dibet A, VonFragstein P, Pristeri A, Monti M and Jensen ES. 2009. Pea–barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2–fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems. Field Crops Research, 113: 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.04.009
Hong Y, Berentsen P, Heerink N, Shi M and Werf W. 2019. The future of intercropping under growing resource scarcity and declining grain prices – A model analysis based on a case study in Northwest China. Journal of Agricultural Systems, 176: 102661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102661
Hozayn M, Zeidan MS, Abd El–Lateef EM and Abd El–Salam MS. 2007. Performance of Some Mungbean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) Genotypes under Late Sowing Condition in Egypt. Agriculture and Biotechnology Science, 3: 972–978. https://doi.org/10.15226/2572-3154/3/2/00118
Huang C, Liu Q, Li H, Li X, Zhang and Zhang F. 2018. Optimised sowing date enhances crop resilience towards size–asymmetric competition and reduces the yield difference between intercropped and sole maize. Field Crops Research, 217: 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.12.010
Iqbal N, Hussain S, Ahmed Z, Yang F, Wang X, Liu W, Yong T, Du J, Shu K, Yang W, Liu J. 2018. Comparative analysis of maize–soybean strip intercropping systems. Plant Production Science, 22(2): 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2018.1541137
Javanmard A, Amani Machiani M, Lithourgidis A, Morshedloo MR and Ostadi A. 2020. Intercropping of maize with legumes: A cleaner strategy for improving the quantity and quality of forage. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2020.100003
Khoramivafa M, Ghasemi E, Farhadi B and Najaphy A. 2013. The water use efficiency in forage maize at maize/faba bean relay intercropping in deficit irrigation and no tillage systems. Agronomy and Plant Production, 11(4): 3134–3139.
Latati M, Bargaz A, Belarbi B, Lazali M, Benlahrech S, Siham T, Kaci G and Jean JD. 2016. The intercropping common bean with maize improves the rhizobial efficiency, resource use and grain yield under low phosphorus availability. European Journal of Agronomy, 72: 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.015
Li YJ, Ma LS, Wu PT, Zhao XN, Chen XL and GAO XD. 2020. Yield, yield attributes and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) strip intercropping. Field Crops Research, 248: 107656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107656
Lithourgidis AS, Vlachostergios DN, Dordas CA and Damalas CA. 2011. Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea–cereal intercropping systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 34: 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.02.007
López–Bellido L, López–Bellido RJ and Redondo R. 2005. Nitrogen efficiency in wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Research, 94(1): 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.004
Ma LS, Wu PT, Zhao XN, Chen XL and Gao XD. 2020. Coupling evapotranspiration partitioning with water migration to identify the water consumption characteristics of wheat and maize in an intercropping system. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 290: 108034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108034
Martin–Guay MO, Paquette A, Dupras J and Rivest, D. 2018. The new green revolution: sustainable intensification of agriculture by intercropping. Science of the Total Environment, 615:767–772.
Piri I, Zendehdel B and tavassoli A. 2017. Study of agronomical and ecological parameters of additive and replacement intercropping systems of corn (Zea maize L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Journal of Agroecology, 9(3): 705–721. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v9i3.45737
Ren Y, Liuc J, Wangd Z and Zhanga S. 2016. Planting density and sowing proportions of maize–soybean intercropsaffected competitive interactions and water–use efficiencies on the Loess Plateau, China. European Journal of Agronomy, 72: 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.10.001
Sabeghynejad F, Dehmardeh M, Asghari Pour MR, Khamari E and Nezami ZS. 2018. Evaluation of tillage systems on agronomic aspect of soybean (Glycine max L.) and roselle (Hibiscus subdariffa L.) relay intercropping. Journal of Agroecology, 11 (3): 1085–1104. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i3.68442
Salari F, Khalesro S, Heidari G and Ghobari H. 2020. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative traits of safflower and chickpea in replacement and additive intercropping systems. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 51(3): 129–138. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2019.269888.654549
Seyedi M and Hamzei J. 2020. Evaluation of advantageous of sunflower–grain legume intercropping. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 13(1): 85–98. (In Persian).
Wahla IH, Ahmad R, Ehsanullah A and Jabbar A. 2009. Competitive functions of components crops in some barley based intercropping systems. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11(1): 69–72.
Wang G, Chen X, Cui Z, Yue S and Zhang F. 2014. Estimated reactive nitrogen losses for intensive maize production in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 197: 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.07.014
Wang Q, Han S, Zhang L, Zhang D, van der Werf, W, Evers JB, Sun H, Su Z and Zhang S. 2016. Density responses and spatial distribution of cotton yield and yield components in jujube (zizyphus jujube L.)/cotton (gossypiumhirsutum L.) agroforestry. European Journal of Agronomy, 79: 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.05.009
Wang X, Deng X, Pu T, Song C, Yong T, Yang F, Sun X, Liu W, Yan Y, Du J, Liu J, Sun K and Yang W. 2017. Contribution of interspecific interactions and phosphorus application to increasing soil phosphorus availability in relay intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 204: 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.020
Xiangwei GKD, Long L, Guan Z, Siming LV, Lixin T, Fei J, Yu F, Yingnan Z and Baili F. 2021. Intercropping combined with nitrogen input promotes proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) growth and resource use efficiency to increase grain yield on the Loess plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management, 243: 106434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106434
Yamane K, Ikoma A and Iijima M. 2016. Performance of double cropping and relay intercropping for black soybean production in small-scale farms. Plant Production Science, 19: 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2016.1164574
Yang F, Liao DP, Wu XL, Gao RC, Fan YF, Raza MA, Wang XC, Yong TW, Liu WG and Liu J. 2017. Effect of aboveground and belowground interactions on the intercrop yields in maize–soybean relay intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 203: 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.007
Yin W, Chai Q, Zhao C,Yu A, Fan Zh, Hu F, Fan H, Guo Y and Coulter JA. 2020. Water utilization in intercropping: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 241: 106335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106335
Zalles V, Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Stehman SV, Tyukavina A, Pickens A, Song XP, Adusei B, Okpa C and Aguilar R. 2019. Near doubling of Brazil’s intensive row crop area since. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (2):428–435.
Zhang, G, Zaibin Y and Shuting D. 2014.  Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research, 12:466–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.06.006