ارزیابی تنوع‌ زیستی کشاورزی در افغانستان تنوع گونه‌ای و ژنتیکی محصولات زراعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 گروه زراعت دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

5 دانشیار گروه اگرانومی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه هرات- افغانستان

10.22034/saps.2023.57598.3079

چکیده

چکیده
اهداف: این تحقیق جهت ارزیابی تنوع­ گونه­ای و تنوع ژنتیکی گیاهان زراعی در افغانستان انجام شد.
 
مواد و روش­ها: جهت انجام این تحقیق، داده­های لازم از 388 شهرستان در 34 استان از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه­ها جمع­آوری شد. برای این منظور، تمام استان­ها و نیز حداقل 10 درصد از شهرستان­های واقع در هر استان انتخاب شده و معیارهای تنوع زیستی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
 
یافته ­ها: نتایج نشان داد که از نظر غنای گونه‏ای محصولات کشاورزی، استان­های تخار، هرات، بدخشان و بغلان بترتیب با 21، 20، 19 و 19 گونه زراعی بیشترین و استان­های پکتیا و نورستان با ۹ گونه کمترین غنای گونه­ای را داشتند. بیشترین مقدار شاخص تنوع شانون غلات، حبوبات، سبزیجات و گیاهان صنعتی به­ترتیب 11/1، 53/1، 33/1 و 30/1 و کمترین مقدار به ترتیب  06/0، 09/0، 03/0 و 01/0 محاسبه شد. بیشترین شاخص یکنواختی غلات را استان نیمروز (86/0)، حبوبات را جوزجان و لغمان (95/0)، سبزیجات را خوست و لغمان (99/0) و گیاهان صنعتی را استان کندهار(99/0) دارند. در بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و غنای گونه­ای، گندم با 52 رقم(30 رقم اصلاح شده و 22 رقم بومی) بالاترین تعداد ارقام را در بین کلیه محصولات زراعی افغانستان دارد و استان هرات با 27 رقم از بیشترین غنا برخوردار می­باشد.
 
نتیجه­گیری: محصولات کشاورزی، استان­های مختلف افغانستان باتوجه به شرایط اقلیمی مختلف، دارای غنای گونه­ای متفاوتی بوده بعلاوه شاخص­های تنوع زیستی شانون و سیمپسون در اکثر استان­ها و برای محصولات کشاورزی پایین می­باشد. البته از نظر تنوع ژنتیکی گندم بیشترین تعداد ارقام را در بین کلیه محصولات زراعی داشت. بوم نظام های زراعی کشور افغانستان اغلب به روش های سنتی مدیریت می شوند و با توجه به شرایط اقتصادی فعلی این کشور کشاورزان ناچارند تولید را در نظام های کم نهاده پیش ببرند. تحت این شرایط تنوع زیستی و خدمات اکوسیستمی حاصل از آن می تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای نهاده های خارجی محسوب شود. بافته های این تحقیق با روشن کردن وضعیت تنوع گونه ای و ژنتیکی در کشور افغانستان قدم موثری در این راستا خواهد بود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Agrobiodiversity in Afghanistan Species and genetic diversity of field crops

نویسندگان [English]

  • M.Y. Jami 1
  • Alireza Koocheki 2
  • mahdi nassiri mahallati 3
  • Soroor Khorramdel 4
  • R. Nazarian 5
1 PhD student, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
4 FUM
5 Associate Professor, Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Herat University, Afghanistan
چکیده [English]

Background & Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the species and genetic diversity of agricultural ecosystems in Afghanistan.
 
Materials and Methods: In order to carryout this research, countrywide data set was collected. The required data were extracted through collected questionnaires from 388 counties in 34 provinces. For this purpose, all provinces and at least 10% of the counties located in each province were selected and biodiversity criteria (species richness, diversity and evenness) were evaluated.
 
Results: Based on the findings of this reserch, Takhar, Herat, Badakhshan, and Baghlan provinces had the highest species richness with 21, 20, 19, and 19 species, respectively, and Paktia and Nuristan provinces had the lowest richness with 9 species. The highest value of Shannon's index related to cereals, pulses, vegetables and industrial crops was 1.11, 1.53, 1.33 and 1.30, respectively, and the lowest value for these crops was 0.06, 0.09, 0.03 and 0.01 respectively. The highest species evennes index of cereals belongs to Nimroz province (0.86), pulse belongs to Jawzjan and Laghman provinces (0.95), vegetables belonges to Khost and Laghman provinces (0.99), and industrial plants belongs to Kandahar province (0.99). The study of genetic diversity and cultivar richness showed that wheat with 52 varieties (30 improved and 22 local varieties) has the highest number of cultivars among all crops in Afghanistan, and Herat province has more richness with 27 cultivars.
 
Conclusion: In terms of species richness, according to different climatic conditions, it seems that crops species in provinces of Afghanistan have different richness. In addition, Shannon and Simpson indices are low in most provinces and crops of Afghanistan.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climatic conditions
  • Shannon index
  • Species richness
  • Evennes index
  • Genetic diversity

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دانش کشاورزی وتولید پایدار
دوره 34، شماره 4
دی 1403
صفحه 27-43

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