اثرات محلول‌پاشی برگی با غلظت‌های مختلف کائولین بر ویژگی‌های گل و تشکیل میوه شش رقم تجاری زیتون در شرایط گرم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات علوم باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه،

2 پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه های نیمه گرمسیری

3 عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه

4 عضو هیئت علمی بخش زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف: وجود شرایط گرم و خشک مناطق پرورش زیتون در استان کرمانشاه باعث شده که در بیولوژی ارقام زیتون  موجود در این مناطق اخلال ایجاد شده و باعث کاهش میزان درصد تشکیل میوه و عملکرد ارقام زیتون در این مناطق گردد. بنابراین هدف این آزمایش بررسی اثرات محلول­پاشی کائولین بر ویژگی­های گل و تشکیل میوه شش رقم تجاری زیتون در شرایط مزرعه بود.
 
مواد و روش ها: پژوهش حاضر به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار وسه فاکتور (سال، غلظت­های کائولین و ارقام زیتون) در سال 1396 به مدت سه سال در شرایط مزرعه اجرا گردید که در سال 1397 و 1398 ویژگی­های گل و تشکیل میوه ثبت گردید. دو مرحله محلول­پاشی کامل درختان زیتون با کائولین در اواسط تیر و مرداد (با توجه به هوای گرم و خشک در این مدت)، در غلظت­های صفر به عنوان شاهد (محلول­پاشی با آب) و 2 و 4 درصد انجام گرفت. مواد آزمایشی این تحقیق درختان بالغ شش رقم از ارقام زیتون شامل آمفی­سیس، سویلانا، روغنی، مانزانیلا،  کنسروالیا و زرد  بودند. هر واحد آزمایشی شامل دو درخت بود.
نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که واکنش ارقام زیتون مورد مطالعه به محلول­پاشی سطوح مختلف کائولین، متفاوت بود، به­طوری­که بیشترین درصد تشکیل میوه درارقام  کنسروالیا و زرد همراه محلول­پاشی4 درصد کائولین حاصل شد و کمترین درصد تشکیل میوه در رقم روغنی و بدون محلول­پاشی کائولین حاصل شد. در تمامی ارقام مورد مطالعه محلول­پاشی کائولین باعث بهبود صفات اندازه­گیری شده، گردید
 
نتیجه گیری: با استفاده از محلول­پاشی کائولین با توجه به خاصیت انعکاس نور و کاهش بار دمایی درختان و حفظ شادابی و رطوبت درختان زیتون، در دو مرحله رشدی میوه می­توان باعث بهبود وضعیت گل­دهی و تشکیل میوه در ارقام مختلف زیتون در مناطق گرم و نیمه گرم کشورگردید.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Foliar Spraying with different Concentration of kaolin on Flowering and Fruit Set of six Commercial Olive Cultivars under Warm Climatic Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rahmatollah Gholami 1
  • AbuzarHashempour AbuzarHashempour 2
  • Issa arji Issa arji 3
  • Abolmohsen Hajiamiri 4
1 Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Post-harvest Physiology and Technology, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ramsar, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and PlantGenetics,Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Facultyof Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University,Kermanshah, Iran
4 Crops and Horticultural Research Departament , Agricultural and Natural Resourses Research and Eduaction center, Kermanshah ,iran
چکیده [English]

Abdel Ghani NA, Ghalal MA, El Sayed ME, Samia M, El Marsafawy and Omran MA. 2013. Effect of spraying kaolin and calcium carbonate on the productivity of Aggizi and Pacual olive cvs. Journal of Plant Production, 4(7): 1035-1050. DOI:10.21608/jpp.2013.73713.
Anonymous. 2020. Olive Office of the Deputy Minister of Horticulture, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture.
Borges TH, Pereira JA, Cabrera-Vique C, Lara L, Oliveira AF and Seiquer I. 2017. Characterization of Arbequina virgin olive oils produced in different regions of Brazil and Spain: Physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile. Food Chemistry, 215: 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.162.
Brito C, Dinis LT, Silva E, Goncalves A, Matos C, Rodrigues MA and Correia C. 2018. Kaolin and salicylic acid foliar application modulate yield, quality and phytochemical composition of olive pulp and oil from rainfed trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 237: 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.019.
Brito C, Dinis LT, Meijon M, Ferreira H, Pinto G, Moutinho-Pereira J and Correia C. 2018. Salicylic acid modulates olive tree physiological and growth responses to drought and rewatering events in a dose dependent manner. Journal of Plant Physiology, 230: 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.004.
Brito C, Goncalves A, Silva E, Martins S, Pinto L, Rocha L, Arrobas M, Rodrigues MA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. 2021. Kaolin foliar spray improves olive tree performance and yield under sustained deficit irrigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 277, 109795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109795.
 Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2011. Anti-transpiration effect of kaolin on some physiological traits of four olive cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 1(1): 11-23. ‎ 20.1001.1.22518517.1390.1.1.6.9.
Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2013. Effects of foliar application of kaolin on some qualitative and quantitative fruit features of four varieties of olive. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 44(2): 161-168.
 Denaxa NK, Roussos PA, Damvakaris T and Stournaras V. 2012. Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 137: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.012.
Faissal FA, Mokhtar MS and Ahmed MK. 2011. Protecting crimson seedless grapevines growing in hot climates from sunburn. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7 (1): 135-141.
FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.
Farazmand H, Hassanzadeh H, Sirjani M, Mohammadpour K, Moshiri A, Valizadeh SH and Jafari-Nodooshan A. 2015. Effect of kaolin clay (WP 95%) on oviposition deterrency of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat and Lauterer. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology Journal, 82(2): 137-146 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/jaep.2015.100700.
Garcia-Inza GP, Hall AJ and Rousseaux MC. 2018. Proportion of oleic acid in olive oil as influenced by the dimensions of the daily temperature oscillation. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 305-312. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.030.
Ghanbarpour E, Rezaei M and Lawson SS. 2019. Reduction of cracking in pomegranate fruit after foliar application of humic acid, calcium-boron and kaolin during water stress. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61:29-37. DOI:10.1007/s10341-018-0386-6.
Gleen DM. 2012. The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops. HortScience, 47(6): 710-711. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.710.
Glenn DM and Puterka GJ. 2005. Particle films: A new technology for agriculture. Horticultural Reviews. 31: 1-44. DOI:10.1002/9780470650882.ch1.
Glenn DM, Drake S, Abbott JA, Puterka GJ and Gundrum P. 2005. Season and cultivar influence the fruit quality response of apple cultivars to particle film treatments. HortTechnology, 15(2): 249-253. DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.2.0249.
I.O.C. 2002. Methodology for the secondary characterization (agronomic, phonological, pomological and oil quality) of olive varieties held in collection. Project on conservation, characterization, collection of genetic resources in olive. International Olive Oil Council. 23p. 
Jifon JL and Syvertsen JP. 2003. Kaoline particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit leaves. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(1): 107-112. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.128.1.0107.
Karimi S, Yadollahi A, Arzani K, Imani A and Aghaalikhani M. 2015. Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica, 53(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11099-015-0070-0.
Kavand M, Arzani K, Barzegar M and Mirlatifi M. 2016. Effects of sunscreen, kaolin application, fruit thinning and supplementary irrigation on the aril browning disorder of Pomegranate cv. “Malase Torshe Saveh”. Journal of seed and seedling Improvement, 33(1): 85-112 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/sppj.2017.113760.
Khaleghi E, Arzani K, Moallemi N and Barzegar M. 2015. The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv ‘Zard’grown under warm and semi-arid region of Iran. Food Chemistry, 166: 35-41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.006.
Ma YH, Ma FW, Zhang JK, Li MJ, Wang YH and Liang D. 2008. Effects of high temperature on activities and gene expression of enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle in apple leaves. Plant Science, 175(6): 761-766. DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.07.010.
Mezghani MA, Charfi CM, Gouiaa M and Labidi F. 2012. Vegetative and reproductive behavior of some olive tree varieties (Olea europaea L.) under deficit irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Central Tunisia. Scientia Horticulturae, 146: 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.030.
Michael E, Salvucci and Steven J, Crafts-Brandner. 2004. Inhinition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis. Physiological Plantarum, 120(2) 179-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0173.
Malik, N.S.A. and Prez,J.L. 2011. The effect of high temperature interruptions during inductive period on the extent of flowering and on metabolic responses in olives (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae,  129)2): 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.028.
Rapoport HF and Gucc R. 2004. The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruit morphogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 129(1): 121-127. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.129.1.0121.
Rosati A, Metcalf SG, Buchner RP, Fulton AE and Lampinen BD. 2007. Effects of kaolin application on light adsorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies. Annals of Botany, 99(2): 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl252.
Saour G. 2005. Morphological assessment of olive seedlings treated with kaolin-based particle film and biostimulant. Advances in Horticultural Science, 19(4): 193-197.
Saour G and Makee H. 2003. Effects of kaolin particle film on olive fruit yield, oil content and quality. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(4): 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1400/14249.
Scopel E, Da Silva FAM, Corbeels M, Affholder F and Maraux F. 2004. Modelling crop residue mulching effects on water use and production of maize under semi-arid and humid tropical conditions. Agronomie, 24(6): 383-395. DOI:10.1051/agro:2004029.
Shahriari S. 2011. The study on the effect of irrigation levels and mulch application on growth indices and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Planta Medica, 77(12). DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1282331.
Singer CK and Martin CA. 2009. Effect of landscape mulches and drip irrigation on transplant establishment and growth of three North American desert native plants. Journal of Environmental and Horticulture, 27(3): 166-170.
Steinmetz Z, Wollmann C, Schaefer M, Buchmann C, David J, Troger J, Munoz K, Fror O and Schaumann GL. 2016. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? Science of the Total Environment, 550: 690-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153.
Strain HH and Svec WA. 1966. Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. Chlorophylls, 21-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3289-8.50008-4.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Olea europaea L
  • Varieties
  • Kaolin
  • Warm Climate
Abdel Ghani NA, Ghalal MA, El Sayed ME, Samia M, El Marsafawy and Omran MA. 2013. Effect of spraying kaolin and calcium carbonate on the productivity of Aggizi and Pacual olive cvs. Journal of Plant Production, 4(7): 1035-1050. DOI:10.21608/jpp.2013.73713.
Anonymous. 2020. Olive Office of the Deputy Minister of Horticulture, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture.
Borges TH, Pereira JA, Cabrera-Vique C, Lara L, Oliveira AF and Seiquer I. 2017. Characterization of Arbequina virgin olive oils produced in different regions of Brazil and Spain: Physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile. Food Chemistry, 215: 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.162.
Brito C, Dinis LT, Silva E, Goncalves A, Matos C, Rodrigues MA and Correia C. 2018. Kaolin and salicylic acid foliar application modulate yield, quality and phytochemical composition of olive pulp and oil from rainfed trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 237: 176-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.019.
Brito C, Dinis LT, Meijon M, Ferreira H, Pinto G, Moutinho-Pereira J and Correia C. 2018. Salicylic acid modulates olive tree physiological and growth responses to drought and rewatering events in a dose dependent manner. Journal of Plant Physiology, 230: 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.004.
Brito C, Goncalves A, Silva E, Martins S, Pinto L, Rocha L, Arrobas M, Rodrigues MA, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. 2021. Kaolin foliar spray improves olive tree performance and yield under sustained deficit irrigation. Scientia Horticulturae, 277, 109795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109795.
 Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2011. Anti-transpiration effect of kaolin on some physiological traits of four olive cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 1(1): 11-23. ‎ 20.1001.1.22518517.1390.1.1.6.9.
Burme L, Moallemi N and Mortazavi SMH. 2013. Effects of foliar application of kaolin on some qualitative and quantitative fruit features of four varieties of olive. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 44(2): 161-168.
 Denaxa NK, Roussos PA, Damvakaris T and Stournaras V. 2012. Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought. Scientia Horticulturae, 137: 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.012.
Faissal FA, Mokhtar MS and Ahmed MK. 2011. Protecting crimson seedless grapevines growing in hot climates from sunburn. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7 (1): 135-141.
FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E.
Farazmand H, Hassanzadeh H, Sirjani M, Mohammadpour K, Moshiri A, Valizadeh SH and Jafari-Nodooshan A. 2015. Effect of kaolin clay (WP 95%) on oviposition deterrency of pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat and Lauterer. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology Journal, 82(2): 137-146 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/jaep.2015.100700.
Garcia-Inza GP, Hall AJ and Rousseaux MC. 2018. Proportion of oleic acid in olive oil as influenced by the dimensions of the daily temperature oscillation. Scientia Horticulturae, 227: 305-312. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.030.
Ghanbarpour E, Rezaei M and Lawson SS. 2019. Reduction of cracking in pomegranate fruit after foliar application of humic acid, calcium-boron and kaolin during water stress. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61:29-37. DOI:10.1007/s10341-018-0386-6.
Gleen DM. 2012. The mechanisms of plant stress mitigation by kaolin-based particle films and applications in horticultural and agricultural crops. HortScience, 47(6): 710-711. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.710.
Glenn DM and Puterka GJ. 2005. Particle films: A new technology for agriculture. Horticultural Reviews. 31: 1-44. DOI:10.1002/9780470650882.ch1.
Glenn DM, Drake S, Abbott JA, Puterka GJ and Gundrum P. 2005. Season and cultivar influence the fruit quality response of apple cultivars to particle film treatments. HortTechnology, 15(2): 249-253. DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.2.0249.
I.O.C. 2002. Methodology for the secondary characterization (agronomic, phonological, pomological and oil quality) of olive varieties held in collection. Project on conservation, characterization, collection of genetic resources in olive. International Olive Oil Council. 23p. 
Jifon JL and Syvertsen JP. 2003. Kaoline particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit leaves. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(1): 107-112. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.128.1.0107.
Karimi S, Yadollahi A, Arzani K, Imani A and Aghaalikhani M. 2015. Gas-exchange response of almond genotypes to water stress. Photosynthetica, 53(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11099-015-0070-0.
Kavand M, Arzani K, Barzegar M and Mirlatifi M. 2016. Effects of sunscreen, kaolin application, fruit thinning and supplementary irrigation on the aril browning disorder of Pomegranate cv. “Malase Torshe Saveh”. Journal of seed and seedling Improvement, 33(1): 85-112 (In Persian with English Abstract). 10.22092/sppj.2017.113760.
Khaleghi E, Arzani K, Moallemi N and Barzegar M. 2015. The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv ‘Zard’grown under warm and semi-arid region of Iran. Food Chemistry, 166: 35-41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.006.
Ma YH, Ma FW, Zhang JK, Li MJ, Wang YH and Liang D. 2008. Effects of high temperature on activities and gene expression of enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle in apple leaves. Plant Science, 175(6): 761-766. DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.07.010.
Mezghani MA, Charfi CM, Gouiaa M and Labidi F. 2012. Vegetative and reproductive behavior of some olive tree varieties (Olea europaea L.) under deficit irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Central Tunisia. Scientia Horticulturae, 146: 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.030.
Michael E, Salvucci and Steven J, Crafts-Brandner. 2004. Inhinition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis. Physiological Plantarum, 120(2) 179-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0173.
Malik, N.S.A. and Prez,J.L. 2011. The effect of high temperature interruptions during inductive period on the extent of flowering and on metabolic responses in olives (Olea europaea L.). Scientia Horticulturae,  129)2): 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.028.
Rapoport HF and Gucc R. 2004. The effect of water deficit during early fruit development on olive fruit morphogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 129(1): 121-127. DOI:10.21273/JASHS.129.1.0121.
Rosati A, Metcalf SG, Buchner RP, Fulton AE and Lampinen BD. 2007. Effects of kaolin application on light adsorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies. Annals of Botany, 99(2): 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl252.
Saour G. 2005. Morphological assessment of olive seedlings treated with kaolin-based particle film and biostimulant. Advances in Horticultural Science, 19(4): 193-197.
Saour G and Makee H. 2003. Effects of kaolin particle film on olive fruit yield, oil content and quality. Advances in Horticultural Science, 17(4): 204-206. https://doi.org/10.1400/14249.
Scopel E, Da Silva FAM, Corbeels M, Affholder F and Maraux F. 2004. Modelling crop residue mulching effects on water use and production of maize under semi-arid and humid tropical conditions. Agronomie, 24(6): 383-395. DOI:10.1051/agro:2004029.
Shahriari S. 2011. The study on the effect of irrigation levels and mulch application on growth indices and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Planta Medica, 77(12). DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1282331.
Singer CK and Martin CA. 2009. Effect of landscape mulches and drip irrigation on transplant establishment and growth of three North American desert native plants. Journal of Environmental and Horticulture, 27(3): 166-170.
Steinmetz Z, Wollmann C, Schaefer M, Buchmann C, David J, Troger J, Munoz K, Fror O and Schaumann GL. 2016. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? Science of the Total Environment, 550: 690-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153.
Strain HH and Svec WA. 1966. Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. Chlorophylls, 21-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3289-8.50008-4.