بررسی تاثیر گیاهان پوششی تابستانه در توالی زراعی با گیاه اصلی گندم بر عملکرد آن و برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه،

2 گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه

3 استادیار پژوهش به زراعی بخش تحقیقات غلات، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

4 استاد موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، کرج،

چکیده

اهداف:  این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر کشت گیاهان پوششی تابستانه به عنوان کود سبز بر عملکرد گندم و برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در تناوب با گندم طی دو سال زراعی انجام شد. همچنین، تأثیر تیمارهای مختلف بر تغییرات ماده آلی خاک و ارتباط آن با عملکرد گندم مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت.
 
مواد و روش­ها: آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی (1399-1398 و 1400-1399) در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی کرج اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل ۱۶ گیاه پوششی بود که پس از برداشت گندم به عنوان کود سبز کشت شدند. پس از دوره رشد گیاهان پوششی، گندم کشت گردید و عملکرد آن اندازه گیری شد. همچنین، نمونه‌های خاک از هر تیمار تهیه و خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و میزان ماده آلی در آزمایشگاه تجزیه و تحلیل شد.
 
یافته ها : میزان بیوماس گیاهان پوششی تفاوت معنی‌داری داشتند. سودان گراس و ماشک بیشترین میزان بیوماس ، جو و چاودار کمترین میزان بیوماس را داشتند. در دو سال اجرای طرح تفاوت معنی­داری از نظر عملکرد دانه گندم در بین تیمارهای مختلف مشاهده نگردید. ولی در تجزیه مرکب، میانگین عملکرد گندم سال دوم نسبت به سال اول 21 درصد افزایش نشان داد. میزان کربن آلی  خاک در دوسال 0.35 درصد افزایش یافت. بیشترین افزایش میزان ماده آلی خاک متعلق به ماش(0.92 درصد) و بیشترین میزان تأثیر بر نسبت C/N به لوبیا چشم بلبلی(16 درصد) تعلق داشت. گلرنگ بیشترین تأثیر بر افزایش فسفر قابل جذب خاک(328 درصد)، ماش و شبدر برسیم بیشترین تأثیر را بر افزایش پتاسیم قابل جذب خاک(به ترتیب 146 و 133 درصد)  داشتند.
 
نتیجه گیری: گیاهان پوششی تاثیر متفاوتی بر هر یک از اجزای خاک دارند. استفاده متوالی از گیاهان پوششی به عنوان کودسبز در دوسال عملکرد کندم را افزایش داد.  تنها تولید بیوماس بالای گیاه پوششی  نمی­تواند معیار انتخاب بعنوان کود سبز باشد، بلکه باید به تأثیرات آن بر خصوصیات خاک، به ویژه کربن آلی خاک توجه شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the effects of Summer Cover Crops in sequence with the Main Crop Wheat on its Yield and some Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

نویسندگان [English]

  • yousef yousefi 1
  • Reza Amirnia 2
  • Mohammad Reza Mehrvar 3
  • alireza falah nosrat abad 4
1 Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran.
2 Dept. of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor in Agronomist of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran,
4 4. Professor of soil science, Soil and Water Research Institute, karaj,
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of summer cover crops used as green manure on wheat yield and selected soil physicochemical properties in a wheat-based rotation system over two growing seasons (2019-2021). The research also examined how different treatments influenced soil organic matter dynamics and their subsequent effects on wheat yeild.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications over two growing seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) at the Karaj Research Station. The experimental treatments included 16 cover crops that were cultivated after wheat harvest and used as green manure. Wheat was subsequently planted, and the yield of each treatment was measured after harvest. Soil samples were collected from each treatment plot and analyzed in the laboratory to determine organic matter content and physicochemical properties.
 
Results: The biomass of cover crops showed significant differences. Sudan grass and cowpea had the highest biomass, while barley and rye had the lowest. No significant differences in wheat grain yield were observed among different treatments over the two years. However, the composite analysis revealed a 21% increase in wheat yield in the second year compared to the first year. Soil organic carbon content increased by 0.35% over the two years. Mung bean and cowpea had the highest increase in soil organic matter and the highest effect on C/N ratio, respectively. Safflower had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable phosphorus in the soil, and clover and mung bean had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of absorbable potassium in soil.
 
Conclusion: Cover crops have different effects on various soil components. The consecutive use of cover crops as green manure increased yield over two years. High biomass production alone cannot be the sole criterion for selecting cover crops as green manure; attention should be paid to their effects on soil properties, especially soil organic carbon.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cover Crops
  • Green Manure
  • Organic Matter
  • Physical and Chemical
  • Soil
  • Wheat
  • Wheat Yield

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دانش کشاورزی وتولید پایدار
دوره 35، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1404
صفحه 97-112

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