عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد تحت تاثیر سطوح آبیاری و کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 1- دانشجوی اسبق دکتری اگرواکولوژی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد

2 استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد

3 2- استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد

4 3- دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد

چکیده

با هدف ارزیابی تاثیر کودهای مختلف شیمیایی و زیستی و رژیم­های آبی روی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) آزمایشی در سال­های­ زراعی 1392 و 93 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد بصورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل سه سطح آبیاری( 100%، 75% و 50% تامین نیاز آبی کنجد) و فاکتور فرعی شامل هشت تیمار کود شیمیایی و زیستی (نیتروژن، فسفر، نیتروژن+فسفر، نیتروکسین، بیوفسفر، نیتروکسین+بیوفسفر، بیوسولفور و شاهد) بود. نتایج نشان داد در سطح آبیاری 100% بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد بذر در کپسول،  وزن هزار دانه و تعداد کپسول در بوته مربوط به تیمارهای نیتروژن+فسفر و نیتروژن بود.  بطور کلی، در شرایط تامین 50% نیاز آبی، کودهای زیستی بخصوص نیتروکسین و نیتروکسین+بیوفسفر سبب بهبود ارتفاع گیاه، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد به میزان مشابه و یا حتی بهتر از کودهای شیمیایی شدند.  عملکرد دانه با اجزای عملکرد شامل تعداد دانه در کپسول، تعداد کپسول در بوته و وزن هزار دانه همبستگی معنی­دار را  نشان داد. در شرایط بدون تنش (آبیاری 100%) بیشترین عملکرد دانه در سال­های 1392 و 1393 به ترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای نیتروژن+فسفر (14/3 تن در هکتار) و نیتروژن (99/2 تن در هکتار) بود. در شرایط تنش (آبیاری 50%) حداکثر عملکرد دانه (42/2 و 31/2 تن در هکتار) در سال­های 1392 و 1393 به ترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای نیتروکسین و بیوسولفور بود.  میتوان نتیجه گرفت در شرایط تنش رطوبتی کاربرد کودهای زیستی یک راه حل مطلوب است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Yield and Yield Components of Sesame Influenced by Chemical and Biological Fertilizers and Irrigation Levels

نویسندگان [English]

  • P Rezaee 1
  • A Kochaki 2
  • M Nasiri 3
  • M jahan 4
چکیده [English]

        In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers and irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)a field experiment was performed using a split plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2013 and 2014. Main plots were three levels of irrigation (%100, %75 and %50 of sesame water requirement) and sub plots were eight different biological and chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen + phosphorus, nitroxin, biophosphore, nitroxin+biophosphore, biosulfure and control). Results showed that for all fertilizer and biofertilizer treatments reduction in irrigation levels was the major factor in reduction of yield and yield components. Under stress free conditions (100 percent of sesame irrigation requirement), chemical fertilizer exhibited more yield and yield components than biofertilizers. According to the results in 100% irrigation treatments, the highest plant height, number of seed in capsule, 1000 seed weight and capsule in plant resulted from nitrogen+phosphoruse and nitrogen.  In general, biofertilizers particularly nitroxin and nitroxin+biophosphre inoculation, improved  plant height, seed yield, yield components of sesame, under 50% water requirement supply, the same as or better than chemical fertilizers.Recent study showed significant correlation of yield components (seed number in capsule, 1000 seed weight and capsule in plant) with yield. In stress free conditions (100% irrigation) highest grain yield resulted from nitrogen+phosphoruse (3.14 ton.ha-1) and nitrogen (2.99 ton.ha-1) in 2013 and 2014 respectively. In stressful conditions (50% irrigation) highest grain yield (2.42 and 2.31 ton.ha-1) were obtained from nitroxin and biosulfure in 2013 and 2014 respectively.It can be concluded that application of biofertilizers provide a most desirable solution to drought stress conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biosulfure
  • Biophosphore
  • Drought Stress
  • Dry Matter
  • Nitroxin
Adesemoye AO, Torbert HA and Kloepper JW, 2010.  Increased plant uptake of nitrogen from 15N-          depleted fertilizer using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Applied Soil Ecology, 46: 54-58.
Akçura M, Partigoç F and Kaya Y, 2011. Evaluating of drought stress tolerance based on selection indices in Turkish bread wheat landraces. The Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 21: 700-709.
Aniol A, 2002.  Environmental stress in cereals.  An overview.  Proceeding of   the 5th International          Triticale Symposium. Poland. Pp. 112-121.
Babajide PA and  Fagbola O, 2014. Growth, yield and nutrient uptakes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as influenced by biofertilizer inoculants. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3: 859–879.
Basu M and Bhadoria PBS, 2008.  Performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) under nitrogen fixing and phosphorus solubilizing microbial inoculants with different levels of cobalt in alluvial soils of eastern. India Agronomy Research, 6 (1): 15-25.
Belimov AA and Wenzel WW, 2009. The role of rhizosphere microorganisms in heavy metal tolerance of higher plants. Aspects Applied Biology, 98:81–90.
Boureima S, 2011. Sensitivity of seed germination and seedling radicle growth to drought stress in sesame  (Seasamum Indicum L.). Research Journal of Environmental Science, 5 (6): 556-564.
El-Habbasha SF,  Abd El  Salam  MS  and   Kabesh MO, 2007. Response of two sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum L.) to partial replacement of chemical fertilizers by bio-organic fertilizers. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 567- 571.
El Naim AM and   Ahmed MF, 2010.  Effect of irrigation intervals and inter- row spacing on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(9): 1446-1451.
Glendining MJ, Dailey AG, Williams AG, Van Evert FK, Goulding KWT and Whitmore AP, 2009. Is itpossible to increase the sustainability of arable and ruminant agriculture by reducing inputs? Agricultural Systems, 99: 117-125.
Grover M, Ali S Z,  Sandhya V,  Rasul A  and  Venkatesvarlu  B,  2011.  Role of microorganisms in adaptation of agriculture crops to abiotic stress. World Journal Microbial Biotechnology, 27:1231–1240.
Haruna IM, Aliyu L, Olufajo OO and Odion O, 2011. Growth of sesame (Sesamum  indicum L.) as Influenced by poultry manure, nitrogen and phosphorus in Samaru, Nigeria. American-Eurasia Journal Agriculture and Environment Science, 10(4): 561-568.
Hassanzadeh M and Ebadi A, 2009. Investigation of water stress on yield and   yield components of Sesame (Sesame Indicum L.) in Moghan region. Research Journal of Environmental Science, 3 (2):239-244.
Heidari M, Galavi M and Hassani  M, 2011.  Effect of sulfur and iron fertilizers   on yield, yield components and nutrient uptake in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under water stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(44): 8816-8822.
Heidaripor Kashkoli R, 2011. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on water use efficiency of corn, sesame and ugar beet. MSc dissertation in Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
Herman MAB,  Nault BA and  Smart CD, 2008.  Effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on bell pepper production and green peach aphid infestation in New York. Crop Protection, 27:996-1002.
JianM, 2010.  Effect of drought stress on sesame growth and yield characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 32(4):525-533. 
Jouyban Z, Mosavi S, Seghatoleslami M and Ramezani S, 2010. National conference on water scarcityand drought management in agriculture. Islamic Azad University Arsanja, Arsanjan, Iran. (In Persian).
Kamravaie A and  Shokohfar  AR, 2015.  The Effect of Different Levels and split application of nitrogen on yield and yield components of sesame plant in Hamidiyeh weather conditions. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 5(2): 33-40.(In Persian).
Kassab OM, Mehanna HM and  Aboelill A, 2012.  Drought impact on   growth and yield of some sesame varieties. Applied Sciences Research. 8(8): 4544-4551.
Khoramdel S, Rezvani Moghadam P, Amin Ghafori A and Daneshian G, 2013. Effects of biofertilizers and different water volume per irrigation on vegetative characteristics and seed yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Agroecology. 5(2): 93-104. (In Persian).
Kumar B, Pandey P  and  Maheshwari DK,  2009.  Reduction in dose of chemical fertilizers and growth
Enhancement of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with application of rhizospheric competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES4. European Journal of Soil Biology, 45(4): 334–340.
Kundu DK and Ravender S, 2006. Effect of irrigation on yield and nutrient uptake of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in coastal Orissa. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 76 (9): 531-534.
Langham DR, 2007. Phenology of Sesame, Issues in New Crop and New Use. ASHS Press, Alexandria. VA. USA.
Malezieux E, Crozat Y,  Dupraz C,  Laurans M, Makowshi D, Ozier- Lafontaine H, Rapidel B,  Tourdonnet
S and Valantin-Morison M, 2009. Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29: 43-62.
Mensah J K  Obani B, Oeroutor P G  and Onome F, 2006.  Simulated   flooding and drought effets on germination, growth,and yield parameters of sesame. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (13): 1249-1253
Migahed HA, Ahmed AE and Abd El-Ghany BF, 2004. Effect of different bacterial strains as biofertilizer agents on growth, production and oil of Apium graveolens under calcareous soil. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 511-525.
Mohammadkhani N and Heidari R, 2007. Effects of water stress on respiration, photosynthetic pigments and water content in two maize cultivar. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 10(22): 4022-4028.
Mohseni Mohammadjanlooa A,  Gholipourib A,   Tobehb A and Mostafeaic M, 2009. Study of effects of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on yield and yield components of rain-fed lentil. Plant Ecophysiology, 2: 91-94.
Muhamman MA and  Gungula DT,  2008.  Growth  parameters  of  sesame  (Sesamum indicum L.) as affected by nitrogen and phosphorous levels in Mubi. Nigeria Journal of  Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Environment, 3(2): 80-86.
Nagananda GS, Das A, Bhattacharya S and Kalpana T, 2010. In vitro  studies  on  the effects of biofertilizers
(Azotobacter and Rhizobium) on seed germination and development of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. using a novel glass marble containing liquid medium. International Journal of Botany, 6: 394-403.
Ngugi K,  Collins JO and  Muchira S 2013.  Combining,  earliness,  short   anthesis to silking interval and yield
based selection indices under intermittent water stress to select for drought tolerant maize. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7: 2014–2020.
Pouresmaiel HA,  Saberi  MH  and  Fanaei HR, 2013. Evaluation of terminal drought stress tolerance of Sesamum indicum L. genotypes under the Sistan region conditions. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, 2: 58-61.
Rahman  A and  El Maki A,  2008.   Response  of  sesame  to   nitrogen and  phosphorus fertilization in Northern Sudan. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 8(2): 304-308.
Rokhzadi AA,  Asgharzadeh F,  Darvish G,  Nour-Mohammadi  and   Majidi E,  2008. Influence of plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria on dry matter accumulation and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under field conditions. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental sciences, 3: 253-257.
Rudresha  DL,  Shivaprakasha  MK  and Prasad RD, 2005. Effect  of  combined application of rhizobium, phosphate solubilizating bacterium and Terichoderma spp. on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea (Cicer artienium L.). Applied Soil Ecology, 28: 139-146.
Saeidi A,  Tohidi-Nezhad E,  Ebrahimi F,  Mohammadi-Nejad  G and Shirzadi  MH, 2012. Investigation of water stress on yield and some yield components of sesame genotypes in Jiroft region. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8 (1): 243-246.
Sajadi Nik R, Yadavi E and Balochi H. 2011. Effect of nitrogen, vermicompost and nitroxin biofertilizer on yield and yield components of sesame. Proceeding of 11th Congress of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shahid Beheshti University Tehran, Iran. Pp. 1366-1369. (In Persian)
Salimpour S, Khavazi K, Nadian H, Besharati H and Miransari M, 2010. Enhancing phosphorous availability to canola (Brassica napus L.) using P solubilizing and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Australian Journal of Crop Scince, 4: 330–334.
Sarhadi J and sharif M, 2014.  The effect of deficit irrigation on sesame growth, yield and yield components in drought conditions on base of sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Farm & Allied Science, 3 (10): 1061-1064.
Sharief AEM, El-Kalla SE, Salama AM and  Mustafa EI,  2010.  Influence of organic and inorganic fertilization on the productivity of some soybean cultivars. Crop and Environment, 1(1): 6-12.
Solinas V and Deiana S, 1996. Effect of water and nutritional conditions on The Rosmarinus officinalis L. phenolic fraction and essential oil yields. Italian European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, 19: 189-198.
Ucan K, Killi F, Gencoglan C and Merdun H, 2007. Effect of irrigation frequency and amount on water use efficiency and yield of sesame (Sesame indicum L.) under field conditions. Field Crops Research, 101: 249-258.
Yadegari M, Asadirahmani H,  Noormohammadi G  and  Ayneband A,  2010.  Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increase growth, yield and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33:1733-1743.
Yang JW,  Kloepper  JW and  Ryu CM, 2008. Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends in Plant Science, 14:1–4.
Yasari E and Patwardhan M, 2007. Effects of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculants and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola (Brassica napus L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(1): 77-82.
Zardenalos Z, Sohrabi Y and Heidari G, 2013. The effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on somephysiological characteristics of two varieties of chickpea under rainfed conditions in the Kurdistan region. 2nd National Proceeding on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture and Environment, Urmia, Iran. (In Persian).