تاثیر کود نیتروژن بر همزیستی توام باکتری ریزوبیوم و قارچ رایزوفاگوس ایرگولاریس در گیاه شبدر (Trifolium repens L)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

3 گروه ایمونولوژی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز

4 مرکز تحقیقات ایمونولوژی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز

چکیده

گیاهان لگوم همزیستی دو جانبه با قارچ‌های میکوریز آربوسکولار و باکتری‌های ریزوبیوم دارند. قارچ‌های میکوریز همزیست اجباری ریشه هستند که نقش مهمی در واکنش‌های اکولوژیکی دارند و باکتری‌های ریزوبیوم در همزیستی با لگوم، گره تشکیل می‌دهند که محل تثبیت نیتروژن است. در این راستا آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط گلخانه‌ای طراحی شد. چهار سطح نیتروژن (0، 2, 6 و 10 میلی‌مولار به فرم نیترات) بوسیله محلول غذایی نیومن و رومهلد در گلدان‌های 5/1 کیلوگرمی اعمال شد و روزانه با این محلول غذایی آبیاری شدند. بذرهای شبدر استریل شده  در گلدان کاشته و با قارچ Rhizophagus irregularis و باکتری Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifoli تلقیح شدند. گیاهان شاهد بدون تلقیح با باکتری یا قارچ، کشت شدند. گیاهان شبدر پس از 12 هفته برداشت شده و وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه، درصد کلنیزاسیون ریشه، تعداد و وزن گره، مقدار عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در بخش هوایی و ریشه تعیین گردید. بیشترین مقدار P ریشه در تیمارهای میکوریزی و در سطح صفر و 2 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن مشاهده شد. در تمامی سطوح نیتروژن حضور قارچ سبب افزایش مقدار P ریشه شد. در تمامی سطوح نیتروژن، حضور باکتری باعث افزایش معنی‌داری در مقدار نیتروژن بخش هوایی شد. بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم بخش هوایی (4/64 میلی‌گرم به ازای گلدان) در سطح 2 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن و تیمار غیرمیکوریزی و بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم ریشه (02/19 میلی‌گرم به ازای گلدان) در سطح 2 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن و در حضور قارچ میکوریز مشاهده شد. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی (46/4 گرم به ازای گلدان) در تیمار میکوریزی و در سطح 2 میلی‌مولار نیتروژن مشاهده شد. بیشترین درصد کلنیزاسیون ریشه در حضور باکتری و قارچ (50/65 درصد) بود. با افزایش سطوح نیتروژن به 6 میلی‌مولار، درصد کلنیزاسیون ریشه افزایش یافت، به طوری که بیشترین درصد کلنیزاسیون (01/34 ٪) در این تیمار مشاهده شد. بیشترین افزایش در تعداد و وزن تر گره زمانی‌ بود که باکتری و قارچ به طور همزمان در گیاه حضور داشتند و در حضور قارچ میکوریز تعداد و وزن تر گره به ترتیب44/26 و 98/20 درصد افزایش یافت.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Co-Symbiosis of Rhizobium and Rhizophagus Irregularis in Clover (Trifolium repens L)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahideh Shaabani Zenoozagh 1
  • Nasser Aliasgharzad 2
  • Jaffar Majidi 3
  • Behzad Baradaran 4
  • Leili Aghebati-Maleki 4
چکیده [English]

Legumes have dual symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia. AMF are obligate biotrophs, known to play an important role in ecological processes. Legumes root forms nodules in symbiosis with rhizobia, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. A factorial complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 2, 6 and 10 mM as nitrate), in Newman and Romheld nutrient solution were applied to the pots containing 1.5 kg sterile sand. Surface sterilized seeds of clover plants (Trifolium repens L.) were sown in pots and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and/or Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifoli. The control plants were left un-inoculated. The pots were daily irrigated with nutrient solution possessing the nitrogen levels. Clover plants were harvested after 12 weeks of growth and Shoot and root dry weights, root mycorrhizal colonization, nodule weights and numbers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in shoot and root were determined. The highest amount of phosphorus was observed in mycorrhizal treatment at 0 and 2 mM nitrogen levels. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of fungi increased the amount of root phosphorus. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of bacterium significantly increased the amount of shoot nitrogen. The highest amount of shoot potassium (64.4 mg.pot-1) was recorded at 2 mM nitrogen and non-mycorrhizal root and the highest amount of root K (19.02 mg.pot-1) was seen at 2 mM nitrogen and in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus. The highest amount of shoot dry weight (4.46 g.pot-1) was recorded in the mycorrhizal plants treated with 2mM nitrogen. The rhizobial inoculation had pronounced effects on root mycorrhizal colonization. By increasing nitrogen level up to 6 mM, the root colonization increased and the highest root colonization (34.1%) was achieved in this treatment. The highest increase in number and fresh weight of nodules were obtained in co-inoculated plants. In the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, the number and fresh weight of nodules increased by 26.44 and 20.98%, respectively.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
  • Nitrogen
  • Rhizobium
  • Root Nodule
  • White Clover
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