کاربرد خاک‌پوش زنده شنبلیله و رقم برای کنترل علف‌های هرز در آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

چکیده

         کاربرد خاک‌پوش‌های زنده به عنوان روشی غیرشیمیایی در کنترل علف‌های‌هرز به بهبود مدیریت سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار کمک می‌کند. در این راستا، در سال 1396 در دانشگاه رازی، اثر کاشت شنبلیله در تاریخ‌های مختلف بر کنترل علف‌های‌هرز و عملکرد آفتابگردان بررسی شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اول کاشت شنبلیله در چهار سطح عدم کشت خاک‌پوش، کاشت شنبلیله 15 روز قبل، همزمان و 15 روز بعد از آفتابگردان و فاکتور دوم سه رقم آفتابگردان (پروگرس، فرخ و لاکومکا) بود. نتایج نشان داد که کاشت خاک‌پوش بیوماس و تراکم علف‌های‌هرز را در ابتدا و پایان فصل رشد کاهش داد. رقم پروگروس در کنترل علف‌های‌هرز بر سایر ارقام برتری داشت. شاخص رقابت برای ارقام پروگرس، فرخ و لاکومکا به‌ترتیب 67/1، 5/0 و 89/0 بود. حضور علف‌های‌هرز در تیمار عدم کنترل (بدون وجین)، عملکرد آفتابگردان را 8/75 درصد کاهش داد. در شرایط عدم کنترل، وجود خاک‌پوش به بهبود عملکرد منجر نشد، اما با کنترل علف‌های‌هرز، کاشت شنبلیله همزمان و بعد از آفتابگردان عملکرد را به ترتیب 39 و 25 درصد بهبود داد. کاشت شنبلیله قبل از آفتابگردان در شرایط کنترل و عدم کنترل منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد شد. در شرایط کنترل، عملکرد رقم لاکومکا (3426 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بیشتر از پروگروس و فرخ بود. اما در شرایط عدم کنترل، اختلاف عملکرد ارقام معنی‌دار نبود. به نظر می‌رسد در شرایط عدم کنترل علف هرز، رقابت علف‌های‌هرز با آفتابگردان مانع بروز اثر مثبت خاک‌پوش بر عملکرد و برتری ارقام در تولید عملکرد شده است. با وجود این در صورت مبارزه با علف‌های هرز و کاشت خاک‌پوش همزمان با گیاه اصلی می‌توان بهبود عملکرد آفتابگردان و بروز پتانسیل عملکرد ارقام را انتظار داشت. از طرفی با توجه به تأثیر خاک‌پوش بر کاهش زیست توده و تراکم علف‌های هرز به نظر می‌رسد که تداوم کاشت خاک‌پوش در دراز مدت نقش مهمی در کنترل و کاهش جمعیت علف‌های هرز مزارع ارگانیک خواهد داشت. بنابراین در صورت ادامه کاشت خاک‌پوش، بهبود عملکرد نیز قابل انتظار خواهد بود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of Fenugreek Living Mulch and Cultivar for Weed Control in Sunflower

نویسندگان [English]

  • Bita Abbasi
  • Gholamreza Mohammadi
  • Alireza Bagheri
چکیده [English]

Application the living mulch as a non-chemical method to weeds control helps to improve sustainable agricultural systems management. Thus, the effect of sowing fenugreek as living mulch on different dates in weed control and sunflower yield was investigated at Razi University during the 2016-2017 growing season. Experiment was performed as factorial on randomized complete block design with three replications. First factor was the sowing fenugreek at four levels as control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing of sunflower, simultaneous sowing with sunflower, 15 days after sowing of sunflower and the second factor was three sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh, Lakomka). The results showed that mulch sowing reduced biomass and density of weeds at the beginning and end of the growing season. The Progress cultivar in weed control was superior to other cultivars. Competitive index for Progress, Farrokh and Lakomka cultivars was 1.67, 0.5 and 0.89, respectively. The weeds in non-control treatment (without weeding) reduced grain yield by 75.8%. In non-control condition, the presence of mulch could not improve yield. But in control condition, sowing of fenugreek simultaneous and after sunflower improved yields by 1083 and 703 kg.ha-1, respectively. In control and non-control conditions sowing of fenugreek before sunflower led to significant decrease of yield. In control condition, the Lakomka yield (3426 kg.ha-1) was higher than Progress and Farrokh yields. However, in non-control condition the difference of cultivars was not significant. It seems that in non-control condition, weeds competition with sunflower prevents from the positive effect of mulch and cultivars superiority in yield production.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Competitive Index
  • Fenugreek
  • Living Mulch
  • Percent Damage
  • Weed
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