اثر تنش خشکی و تلقیح قارچ‌های میکوریزا و باکتری سودوموناس بر برخی ویژگی‌های مورفو-فیزیولوژیک چای‌ترش Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

3 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
اهداف: ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ­ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ­ﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ رﺷـﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ را ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ­ﻫﺎی زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮزﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ­دﻫﺪ. بررسی نقش همزیستی میکوریزایی و باکتری محرک رشد سودوموناس در افزایش مقاومت به خشکی گیاه دارویی چای ترش از اهداف این پژوهش می­باشد.
 
مواد و روش­ها: آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل درﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ، با سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال 1395 به اجرا در­آمد. تیمارهای مورد آزمایش شامل سطوح خشکی در چهار سطح، اعمال تنش خشکی در شروع گلدهی،50 درصد گلدهی، 100درصد گلدهی و بدون اعمال تنش، دو گونه قارچ میکوریزا (Glomus mosseae وGlomus intraradices) به ­علاوه شاهد بدون تلقیح و باکتری ریزوسفری محرک رشد سودوموناس (Pseudomonas p-169) به­علاوه شاهد بدون تلقیح در نظر گرفته شدند.
 
یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد که با اعمال تنش رطوبتی خصوصیات رشدی گیاه دارویی چای ترش نظیر ارتفاع ، تعداد غوزه در بوته، هدایت روزنه­ای، وزن خشک کاسبرگ، وزن خشک بذر، وزن خشک و حجم ریشه، وزن هزاردانه و کلروفیل برگ به طور معنی­داری کاهش یافت. کاربرد قارچ­های میکوریزا و باکتری محرک رشد سودوموناس در شرایط تنش خشکی سبب افزایش محتوای نسبی آب گردید که بیشترین این مقدار (37/64 درصد) از تیمارتلقیح شده با قارچ حاصل شد که نسبت به شرایط عدم تلقیح حدود 32 درصد افزایش نشان داد. در پاسخ به تنش خشکی فرآیند­های تنظیم اسمزی در گیاه چای ترش فراهم شد و در شرایط تنش، میزان پرولین (84/7 میلی گرم بر گرم) وآنزیم آنتی­اکسیدانت پلی­فنل­اکسیداز (56/1 میکروگرم بر گرم) نسبت به شرایط آبیاری کامل به طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت.
 
نتیجه­گیری: کاربرد قارچ­های میکوریزا و باکتری محرک رشد سودوموناس سبب تعدیل اثرات منفی تنش خشکی گردید. کودهای زیستی از طریق افزایش رشد و افزایش معنی­دار فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی­اکسیدانت باعث افزایش مقاومت به تنش خشکی شدند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Drought Stress and Inoculation of Mycorrihizal Fungi and Pseudomonas Spp. On some Morpho-physiological Characteristics of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdaeiffa L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sara Sanayei 1
  • Morteza Barmaki 2
  • Ali Ebadi khazine Gadim 2
  • Mousa Torabi Giglou 3
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objective: Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stress and a limiting factor for plants production in most parts of the world. The aim of study was to investigate to the role of mycorrhiza and growth promoting bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. symbiosis in increasing drought tolerance of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdaeiffa L.).
 
Materials & Methods: The experiment was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2016. first factor included 4 drought stress levels (drought stress at flowering, 50% flowering, 100% flowering and no stress), the second factor included two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) plus control without inoculation and third factor included growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria (Pseudomonas p-169) plus control without inoculation.
 
Results: The results showed that by applying drought stress, the plant growth properties of Roselle such as height, number of bolls per plant, stomatal conductance, dry weight of sepals, dry weight of grain, root dry weight and root volume, 1000-grain weight, chlorophyll of leave were significantly reduced. Application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas spp < /em>. In drought stress increased relative water content, the highest amount of which (64.37%) was obtained by inoculation with fungi which showed a 32% increase compared to non-inoculated conditions. In response to drought stress, osmotic adjustment process in Roselle was provided and proline content (7.84 mg.g-1) and antioxidant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (1.56 μg.g-1) increased significantly under complete irrigation conditions.
 
Conclusion: Bacteria improved the effects of drought stress.The biological fertilizers increased drought stress tolerance by increasing growth parameters and moderate in the physiological traits such as antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments.

 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought
  • Growth Promoting Bacteria
  • Hibiscus sabdaeiffa L
  • Mychorrhizal Fungis
  • Proline
Abbaspour H, Saeidi-Sar S, Afshari H and Abdel-Wahhab MA. 2012. Tolerance of Mycorrhiza infected Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedling to drought stress under glasshouse conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(7): 704-709.
Abraham CP, Viswagith V, Prabha S, Sundhar K and Malliga P. 2007. Effect of coir pith based cyanobacterial basal and foliar biofertilizer on Baseella rubra L. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 89(1):59-63.
Adesemoye A, Torbert H and Kloepper J. 2009. Plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria allow reduced application rates of chemical fertilizers. Microbial Ecology, 58: 921-929.  
Ahmad Y‌M, Shahlaby E‌A and Shnan N‌T. 2011. The use of organic and inorganic cultures in improving vegetative growth, yield characters and antioxidant activity of Roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdarifa). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 1988-1996.
Alikhani S and Mahmoudi Zarandi M. 2019. Effect of coinoculation with endomycorrhiza, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Rhizobium meliloti on Medicago sativa L. under water stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 32(1): 75-85.
Al-Karaki GN and Clark RB. 1999. Mycorrhizal influence on proteinand lipid of durum wheat grown at different soil phosphorous level. Mycorrhiza, 9: 97-101.
Anjum ShA, Xie XY, Wang ChL, Saleem MF, Man Ch and Lei W. 2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 2026-2032.
Aroca R. 2012. Plant responses to drought stress from morphological to molecular features, Springer Heidelberg, New York Dordrecht, London.
Auge RM, Stodola AJW, Tims JE and Saxton AM. 2001. Moisture retention properties of amycorrhizal soil. Plant and Soil, 230: 87-97.
Auge RM, Toler HD and Saxton AM. 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza, 25(1): 13-24.
Babaee K, Amini Dehaghi M, Modares Sanavi SAM and Jabbari R, 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 26(2): 239-251. (In Persian).
Banerjee M, Yesmin RL and Vessey JL, 2006. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers and biopesticides. In: Handbook of microbial biofertilizers. Eds., Rai, M., K., Food Production Press, U.S.A, Pp: 137-181.
Bearden BN. 2001. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and soil water characteristics of vertisols. Plant and Soil, 229: 245-258.
Benabdellah K, Abbas Y, Abourouh M, Aroca R and Azcon R. 2011. Influence of two bacterial isolates from degraded and non-degraded soils and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi isolated from semi-arid zone on the growth of Trifolium repens under drought conditions: Mechanisms related to bacterial effectiveness. European Journal of Soil Biology, 47: 303-309.
Berta G, Fusconi A and Hooker J. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal modifications to plant root systems: scale, mechanisms and consequences. In Gianinazzi, S., H. Schüepp, J. M. Barea and K. Haselwandter (Eds.). Mycorrhiza Technology in Agriculture, from Genes to Bioproducts. Basel, Switzerland: Verlag, Pp. 71-85.
Birhane E, Sterck FJ, Fetene M, Bongers F and Kuyper TW. 2012. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and growth of frankincense seedlings under pulsed water availability conditions. Oecologia, 169: 895- 904.
Bisht R, Chaturvedi S, Srivastava R, Sharma AK and Johri BN. 2009. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium leguminosarum on the growth and nutrient status of Dalbergia sissoo Rox. Tropical Ecology, 50: 231-242.
Deepika S, and Kothamasi D. 2015. Soil moisture-a regulator of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly and symbiotic phosphorus uptake. Mycorrhiza, 25(1):67-75.
Efeoglu B, Ekmekci Y and Cicek, N. 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African Journal of Botany, 75: 34-42.
Elwan LM. 2001. Effect of soil water regimes and inoculation with mycorrhizae on growth and nutrients content of maize plants. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 28:163-172.
Esitken A, Yildiz HE, Ercisli S, Figen Donmez M, Turan M and Gunes A, 2010. Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield, growth and nutrient content contents of organically grown strawberry. Sciential Horticultural, 124:62-66.
Esmaeilpour B, Jalilvand P and Hadian J. 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Agroecology Journal, (5)2: 169-177. (In Persian).
Farooq M, Basra SMA, Wahid A, Ahmad N, Saleem BA. 2009. Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195:237–246.
Gupta ML, Prasad A, Ram M and Kumar S. 2002. Effect of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology, 81(1): 77-79.
Hagbahari M, Seyed Sharifi R. 2013. Influence of seed bacterial inoculation (PGPR) growth on yield, rate and grain filling of wheat under different soil salinity condition. Journal of Environmental Stress in crop Sciences, 6 (1): 65-75. (In Persian).
Hamzei J and Salimi F. 2014. Root colonization, yield and yield components of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) affected by mycorhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Acricultural Science and Sustainable Prosution. 24(4):85-96. (In Persian).
Heidari M and Golpayegani A. 2011. Effects of water stress and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on antioxidant status and photosynthetic pigments in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23: 1-5.
Heidari M, Bakhshandeh AM, Nadeyan H, Fathi G and Alami S. 2006. The effect of different levels salinity and nitrogen on seed yield, uptake and osmotic regulation of Na and K wheat (Triticum aestivum) c.v Chamran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 37(3): 501-510. (In Persian).
Heidari Sharifabad H. 2000. Plants, aridity and drought research. Institute of forest and rangeland press, 200 pp. (In Persian).
Hirayama M, Wada Y and Nemoto H. 2006. Estimation of drough tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breed Science, 56: 47-54.
Hu Y and Schmidhalter U. 2005. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Plant Nutrition, 168: 541-549.
Irigoyen JJ, Emerich DW, Sanchez-diaz M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentration of prolin and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84: 55-60.
Jastrow JD, Miller RM and Lussenhop J. 1998. Contributions of interacting biological mechanisms to soil aggregate stabilization in restored prairie. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30:905- 916.
Jeffries P, Gianinazi S, Perotto S, Turnau K and Barea JM. 2003. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37: 1-16.
Joshee N, Mentreddy SR and Yadav K. 2007. Mycorrhizal fungi and growth and development of micropropagated Scutellaria integrifolia plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 25: 169-177.
Karo M and Mishra D.1976. Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 57: 315-319.
Karthikeyan B, Jaleel CA, Gopi R and Delveekasundarm M. 2007. Alterations in seedling vigour and antioxidant enzyme activitvities in Catharanthus roseus under seed priming with native diazotrophs. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 8(7): 453-457.
Karthikeyan B, Joe MM and Jaleel CA. 2009. Response of some medicinal plants to vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculations. Journal of Science Research, 1(2): 381-386.
Khalil SE and Abdel-Kader AAS. 2011. The influence of soil moisture stress on growth, water relation and fruit quality of Hibisicus sabdariffa L. grown within different soil types. Nature and Science, 9(4):62-74.
Kherizadeh Arough Y and Seyed Shahrifi R. 2019. Effects of endo-mycorrhiza, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and foliar applicationwith nano zinc oxide on effective traits at grain filling of Triticale under soilsalinitycondition. Journal of Palnt Process and Function, 23(7): 69-84. (In Persian).
Khalvati MA, Mzafar A and Schmidhalter U. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscularmycorrhizal hypha and its signification for leaf growth, water relations and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biology Stuttgart, 7(6): 706-712.
Khorramdel S, Koocheki AR, Nasiri Mahallati M and Ghorbani R. 2010. Effects of biofertilizers on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(5): 768-776. (In Persian).
Kohler J, Caravaca F, Carrasco L and Roldan A. 2006. Contribution of Pseudomonas mendocina and Glomus intraradices to aggregate stabilization and promotion of biological fertility in rhizosphere soil of lettuce plants under field conditions. Soil Use and Management, 22: 298-300.
Kusaka M, Lalusin AG and Fujimura T, 2005. The maintenance of growth and turgor in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. Leeke) cultivars with different root structures and osmo-regulation under drought stress. Plant Science, 168: 1-14.
Lawlor DW. 1995. The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. pp. 129-160. In: in: N. Smirnoff, N. (ed.), Environment and Plant Metabolism. Bios Scientific Publishers. Oxford, UK.
Li D, Li C, Sun H, Wang W, Liu L and Zhang Y. 2010. Effect of drought on soluble protein content and projective enzyme system in cotton leaves. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 4: 56-62.
Marasco R, Rolli E, Ettoumi B, Vigani G, Mapelli F, Borin S and Zocchi G, 2012. A drought resistancepromoting microbiome is selected by root system under desert farming. Public library of Science, 7(10): e 48479.
Miransari M. 2010. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under different types of soil stress. Plant Biology (Stuttg), 12: 563-569.
Misra A and Srivastava NK. 2000. Influence of water stress on Japanese mint. Journal of Herbs, Spices Medicinal Plants, 7: 51-58.
Müller I and Höfner W. 1991. Influence of the VA-mycorrhiza on p uptake and recovery potential of corn (Zea mays L.) under water stress conditions. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd, 154:321–323.
Nabizadeh M, Kafi M and Rashed M. 2003. Effects of salinity on growth, yield, elemental concentration and essential oil percent of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research, 1(1): 53-60. (In Persian).
Pan J, Wang Q and Snell WJ. 2005. Ciliumgenerated signaling and ciliarelated disorders. Laboratory Investigation, 85:452–463.
Peymaneh Z and Zarei M. 2013. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nutrient uptake of basic nutrients of Citrus aurantium under drought stress conditions. Journal of Soil Biology, 1(1):13-23. (In Persian).
Phillips JM and Hayman DS. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular- mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55(1): 157-160.
Pirzad A, Shakiba, MR and ZehtabSalmasi S. 2011. Effect of water stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Matricaria chamomilla. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 51: 2483-2488.
Porcel R and Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55:1743–1750.
Requena N, Jimenez I, Toro M and Barea JM. 1997. Interactions between plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium spp. in the rhizosphere of Anthyllis cytisoides, a model legume for revegetation in Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystems. New Phytologist, 136: 667-677.
Rezaei- Chiyaneh I, Tajbakhsh M and Fotohi Chiyaneh S. 2014. Yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in strip intercropping with ajowan (Carum copticum L.) influenced by bio and chemical fertilizer. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 24(4): 1-15.
Rodriguez P, Torrecillas A, Morales MA, Ortuno MF and Blanco MJ. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53: 113-123.
Ruiz-Sanchez M, Armada E, Munoz Y, Garcia de Salamone IE Aroca R, Ruiz-Lozano JM and Azcon R. 2011. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under wellwatered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 1031–1037.
Sabannavar SJ and Lakshman HC. 2008. Interactions between azotobacter, pseudomonas and arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi on two varieties of Sesamum indicum L. Journal Agronomy and Crop Science, 194:470-478.
Safapour M, Ardakani MR, Khaghani S, Teymoori M, Hezaveh H. and Mafakheri S. 2012. Phytohormonal and polyamines changes of three red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes as affected by Tri partite symbiosis with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium. Archives Des Sciences, 65(4): 235-240.
Sailo GL and Bagyaraj DJ. 2005. Influence of different AM-fungi on the growth, nutrition and forskolin content of Coleus forskohlii. Mycological Research, 109: 795-798.
Sajedi N and Rejali F, 2011. Effect of drought stress, Zinc application and Mycorrhiza inoculation on uptake micro nutrients in maize. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 25 (2): 83-92. (In Persian).
Sanches Govin E, Rodrigues Gonzales H and Carballo Guerra C. 2005. Influencia de los abonos organicosy biofertilizantes enlacalidad delasespecies medicinales Calendula officinalis L. Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 10 (1): 1-10.
Selvaraj T and Chellappan P. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizae: Adiverse personality. Review Paper. Cent. Europ. Agriculture Journal, 7: 349-358
Seyedmohammadi N, Barmaki M and Davari M. 2019. Effect of Mycorrhizal fungi on leaf yield, root colonization percentage and some features of Stevia rebaudiana root in a soilless culture system. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 29(2): 189-204 (In Persian).
Shaalan MN. 2005. Influence of biofertilizers and chicken manure on growth, yield and seeds quality of (Nigella sativa L.) plants. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 83:811-828.
Shaharoona B, Arshad M, Zahir ZA and Khalid A. 2006. Performance of Pseudomonas spp. containing ACC deaminase for improving growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: (9): 2971-2975.
Shaharoona B, Naveed M, Arshad M and Zahir ZA. 2008. Ferttilizer-dependent efficiency of Pseudomonas for improving growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microbial Biotechnology, 79: 147155.
Shahhosseini Z, Gholami A and Asghari M. 2012. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and humic acid on water use efficiency and physiological growth indices of maize under water deficit condition. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal, 2 (1): 39-57. (In Persian).
Silva EM, Maia LC, Menezes KMS, Braga MB, Melo NF de and Melo AMY. 2015. Water availability and formation of propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with sorghum. Applied Soil Ecology, 94: 15-20.
Singh S and Kapoor KK. 1999. Inocultaion with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 28: 139-14.
Smith SE and Read DJ. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Song H. 2005. Effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on host plant in condition of drought stress       and its mechanisms. Electronic Journal of Biology, 1: 44-48. 
Sorial ME. 2001. Growth, phosphorus uptake and water relations of wheat infected with an arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus under water stress. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 39: 909-931.
Sreevalli Y, Baskaran K, Chandrashekara R, Kuikkarni R and et al, 2001. Preliminary observations on the effect of irrigation frequency and genotypes on yield and alkaloid concentration in petriwinkle. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science, 22: 356-358.
Syros T. 2004. Photosynthetic response and peroxides in relation to water and nutrient deficiency in gerbera. Environment Experiment Botany, 52: 23-31.
Tian M, Chen YL, Li M and Liu RJ. 2013. Structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a review. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 24(8): 2369-2376.
Verma P, Saxena R and Tomar RS. 2016. Rhizobacteria: A promising tool for drought tolerance in crop plants. Proceeding of International Conference on Recent Advances in Biotechnology (Int- BIONANO-2016).
Vessey JK and Buss TJ. 2002. Bacillus cereus UW85 inoculation effects on growth, nodulation and Naccumulation in grain Iegumes: Controlled-environment studies. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 82: 282-290.
Vosatka M and Gryndler M. 2000. Response of micropropagated potatoes transplanted to peat media to post-vitro inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria. Applied Soil Ecology, 15: 145-152.
Wheutherley PE. 1950. Studies in water relations of cotton plants. The field measurement of water deficit in leaves. New Phytologist, 49(1): 81-87.
Wu QS, Xia RX, Zou YN and Wang GY. 2007. Osmotic solute responses of mycorrhizal citrus (Poncitrus trifoliate) seedlings to drought stress. Acta Physiologica Plantarum, 29: 543-549.
Wu QSh and Xia RX. 2006. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions. Front. Forest. China, 3: 312−317.
Wu SC, Cao ZH, Li ZG, Cheung KC and Wong MH. 2005. Effects of biofertilizers containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizer and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trail. Geoderma, 125: 155-66.
Yadav A, Suri VK, Kumar A, Choudhary AK and Meena AL. 2015. Enhancing plant water relations, quality, and productivity of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, inorganic phosphorus, and irrigation regimes in a Himalayan acid alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 46(1): 80-93.
Young LS, Hameed A, Peng SY, Shan YH and Wu SP. 2013. Endophytic establishment of the soil isolate Burkholderia sp. CC-Al74 enhances growth and P-utilization rate in maize (Zea mays L.). Applied Soil Ecology, 66: 40-47.
Zafari M, Ebadi A. and Jahanbakhsh gode kahriz S. 2018. Combined effect on fungi and bacteria metabolites on increased osmolytes of compatibility of alfalfa in the water deficit stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 31(1): 194-205.
Zaharieva M, Gaulin E, Havaux M, Acevedo E and Monneveux P. 2001. Drought and heat responses in the wild wheat relative Aegilops geninculateroth. Crop Science, 41: 1321- 1329.