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Appendix:
Garlic systems
1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (during growth season, 4.58E+09 J m-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 3.66E+13 J ha-1
2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (wind velocity, 11.22 m s-1)3 × (growth season, 2.91E+7 s) = 1.07E+12 J ha-1
3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.910 m yr-1) (density, 1,000 kg m-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 4.31E+10 J ha-1
4- Rain, geopotential energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (rainfall, 0.032 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) ×(average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm3) × (gravity, 9.8 m s-2) = 4.21E+07 Jha-1
7- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (average quantity, 0.580 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg-1) = 2.84E+10 J ha-1
6- River water evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (transpiration, 0.397 m yr-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 1.88E+10 J ha-1
7- Groundwater energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (average quantity, 0.085 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg-1) = 4.17E+09 J ha-1
8- Groundwater evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (transpiration, 0.062 m yr-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 2.94E+09 J ha-1
9- SOM change: -0.11%
SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.11%) = 4620 kg
SOM reduction energy: (4620 kg ha-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg-1) × (4186 J kcal-1) = 1.04E+11 J ha-1
10- Soil erosion (gr ha-1):
Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha-1
11- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) = 5.53E+06 gr ha-1
Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha-1 of 5 h.
Agricultural Machinery (g) = Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha-1 = 2.43E+05 gr ha-1
12- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 44.4 kg ha-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg-1) = 2.07E+09 J
13- Garlic cloves (IR Rials ha-1): (garlic cloves quantity: 500 kg ha-1) × (garlic cloves price, 1.10E+05) = 5.50E+07 IR Rials ha-1
14- Human labor (J ha-1): (human labour working hour, 1160 h ha-1) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h-1) = 2.27E+09 sej ha-1
15- Electricity (J ha-1): (average quantity, 75 kWh ha-1) × (conversion, 3.6E+06 J kWh-1) = 2.70E+08 Jha-1
Onion systems
1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (during growth season, 4.52E+09 J m-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 3.62E+13 J ha-1
2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (wind velocity, 11.21 m s-1)3 × (growth season, 2.89E+7 s) = 1.06E+12 J ha-1
3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.910 m yr-1) (density, 1,000 kg m-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 4.31E+10 J ha-1
4- Rain, geopotential energy (J)= (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (rainfall, 0.032 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) ×(average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm3) × (gravity, 9.8 m s-2) = 4.21E+07 J ha-1
5- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (average quantity, 0.460 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg-1) = 2.25E+10 J ha-1
6- River evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (transpiration, 0.317 m yr-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 1.50E+10 J ha-1
7- Groundwater energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (average quantity, 0.080 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg-1) = 3.92E+09 J ha-1
8- Groundwater evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (transpiration, 0.064 m yr-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 3.03E+09 J ha-1
8- SOM change: -0.09%
SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.09%) = 3,780 kg
SOM reduction energy: (3780 kg ha-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg-1) × (4186 J kcal-1) = 8.54E+10 J ha-1
9- Soil erosion (J):
Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha-1
10- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) + 1.1E+06 (drill planter) = 6.63E+06 gr ha-1
Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha-1 of 5 h.
Agricultural Machinery (gr) = Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha-1 = 2.92E+05 gr ha-1
11- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 62.6 kg ha-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg-1) = 2.92E+09 J ha-1
12- Onion seeds (gr ha-1): (Seed quantity: 2.0 kg ha-1) × (seed price, 1.20E+06) = 2.40E+06 IR Rials ha-1
13- Human labor (J ha-1): (human labour working hour, 650 h 1000 m-2) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h-1) = 1.27E+09 J ha-1
14- Electricity (J ha-1): (area, 13.5 ha) × (average quantity, 70 kWh ha-1) × (conversion, 3.6E+06 J kWh-1) = 2.52E+08 J ha-1
Wheat system
1- Solar energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (during growth season, 3.46E+09 J m-2) × (1-albedo, 0.8) = 2.77E+13 J ha-1
2- Wind, kinetic energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (air density, 1.3 kg m-3) × (drag coefficient, 0.002) × (12.83 m s-1)3 × (growth season, 1.55E+7s) = 8.51E+11 J ha-1
3- Rain, chemical potential energy (J ha-1): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (evapotranspiration, 0.882 m yr-1) (density, 1,000 kg m-3) (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 4.18E+10 J ha-1
4- Rain, geopotential energy (J)= (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (rainfall, 0.03 m) × (runoff rate, 0.028) × (average elevation, 480 m) × (density, 1000 kgm3) × (gravity, 9.8 m s-2) = 3.95E+07 J ha-1
6- River water energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (average quantity, 0.51 m) × (conversion, 1000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4900 J kg-1) = 2.50E+10 J ha-1
5- River water evapotranspiration energy (J): (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (transpiration, 0.349 m yr-1) × (density, 1,000 kg m-3) × (Gibbs free energy, 4,740 J kg-1) = 1.65E+10 J ha-1
7- SOM change: -0.06%
SOM reduction weight = (area, 1 ha) × (10,000 m2 ha-1) × (0.3 m, soil layer) × (1400 kg.m-3, Soil bulk density) × (0.06%) = 2,520 kg ha-1
SOM reduction energy: (2520 kg ha-1, SOM reduction weight) × (5400 kcal kg-1) × (4186 J kcal-1) = 5.70E+10 J ha-1
8- Soil erosion (J):
Average soil loss from water erosion calculated by USLE model (Vaezi et al., 2008; Ostovari et al., 2016) to be 3.42 E+06 gr ha-1
9- Agricultural Machinery steel (gr ha-1): 3.42E+06 gr (tractor) + 7.0E+05 gr (mouldboard plow) + 6.0E+05 gr (disc plow) + 8.0E+05 gr (leveler) + 1.1E+06 (drill planter) + 5.0E+05 gr (harrow) + 4.2E+06 gr (combine harvester) = 1.13E+07 gr ha-1
Assume an economic life of 25 years, yearly work hours 540 h and hours ha-1 of 5 h.
Agricultural Machinery (g) = (area, 1 ha) × Σ (steel/economic life/yearly work hours) × hours ha-1 = 2.98E+05 gr ha-1
10- Human labor (J ha-1): (human labour working hour, 120 h 1000 m-2) × (energy equivalent, 1.96E+06 J h-1) = 2.35E+08 J ha-1
11- Fuel for machinery (J): (area, 1 ha) × (average quantity, 82.0 kg ha-1) × (conversion, 4.67E+07 J kg-1) = 3.83E+09 J ha-1
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