اثر همزیستی با قارچ میکوریزا (Funneliformis mosseae) بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) و نخود (Cicer arietnium L.) در کشت مخلوط

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه

2 گروه آگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه

3 اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه

4 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه مراغه

چکیده

اهداف: سیستم‌های کشت مخلوط و کاربرد کودهای زیستی در افزایش کمیت و کیفیت محصولات نقش مهمی را ایفاء می‌کنند. اهداف این مطالعه، ارزیابی اثرات کاربرد قارچFunneliformis mosseae و الگوهای مختلف کشت بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سیاهدانه در کشت مخلوط با نخود بود.
 
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه در سال زراعی 1397 اجرا شد. فاکتور اول الگوهای مختلف کشت شامل کشت خالص نخود، کشت خالص سیاهدانه، کشت مخلوط یک ردیف نخود+ یک ردیف سیاهدانه (1:1)، یک ردیف نخود+ دو ردیف سیاهدانه (1:2) و دو ردیف نخود+ یک ردیف سیاهدانه (2:1) و فاکتور دوم شامل تلقیح و عدم تلقیح با قارچ Funneliformismosseaeدر نظر گرفته شده بودند.
 
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه نخود و سیاهدانه تحت تأثیر معنی­دار الگوهای مختلف کشت و قارچ میکوریزا قرار گرفتند. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه نخود (5/1203 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در کشت خالص بدست آمد که تفاوت معنی­داری با الگوی کشت 2:1 نداشت. همچنین بیشترین عملکرد دانه سیاهدانه (3/823 کیلوگرم در هکتار) نیز در کشت خالص آن حاصل شد. کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا عملکرد دانه نخود و سیاهدانه را بهترتیب 62/24 و 59/18 درصد نسبت به عدم کاربرد قارچ افزایش داد. علاوه بر این، بیشترین میزان درصد اسانس (06/1) و عملکرد اسانس سیاهدانه (326/7 گرم در متر مربع) در الگوی کشت مخلوط یک ردیف نخود+ دو ردیف سیاهدانه حاصل شد. در همه الگوهای کشت مخلوط نسبت برابری زمین بیشتر از یک بدست آمد که بیانگر سودمندی الگوهای مختلف کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص می‌باشد. بیشترین مقدار نسبت برابری زمین (56/1) در الگوی کشت 1:2 با کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا بدست آمد. همچنین در همه الگوهای کشت مخلوط میزان غالبیت در نخود بیشتر از سیاهدانه بود که بیانگر توانایی رقابتی بیشتر نخود نسبت به سیاهدانه است. علاوه بر این، بیشترین مقادیر شاخص­های اکولوژیکی (نسبت معادل سطح زیر کشت و زمان، نسبت معادل سطح برداشت و کارایی استفاده از زمین) و شاخص‌های اقتصادی (مجموع ارزش نسبی، سودمندی کشت، سودمندی اقتصادی کشت مخلوط و شاخص بهره‌وری سیستم) در الگوهای کشت 1:2 و 2:1 با کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا حاصل شد.
 
نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی، الگوی کشت یک ردیف نخود+ دو ردیف سیاهدانه با کاربرد قارچ میکوریزا نه تنها منجربه ایجاد تنوع در اکوسیستم‌های کشاورزی و پایداری تولید می­شود، بلکه در افزایش درآمد اقتصادی و بهره‌وری استفاده از زمین‌های کشاورزی  نیز موثر است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Symbiosis with Mychorrizal Fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on Yield and Yield Component of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietnium L.) in Intercropping

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdollah Javanmard 1
  • Elham Sadre Karimi 2
  • Mostafa Amani Machiani 3
  • Mohammad Reza Morshedloo 4
  • Ali Ostadi 3
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Intercropping systems and the application of biofertilizers play an important role in increasing of quantity and quality of plant products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae application and different planting patterns on the yield and yield component of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in intercropping with chick pea (Cicer arietnium L.).
 
Materials and Methods: A field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2018 growing season. The first factor was consisted of different planting patterns including monoculture of chickpea, monoculture of black cumin, 1 row intercropping of chickpea + 1 black cumin (1:1), 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin (1:2) and 2 row chickpea+ 1 row black cumin (2:1) and the second factor was inoculation and non-inoculation with mychorrizal fungus.
 
Results: The results demonstrated that the seed yield of chickpea and black cumin was significantly affected by different planting patterns and mychorrizal fungus. The highest seed yield of chickpea (1203.5 kg.ha-1) was observed in the chickpea monoculture that was no significantly different with planting pattern of 2:1. Also, the highest seed yield of black cumin (823.3 kg.ha-1) was achieved in its monoculture. Application of mychorrizal fungus increased the seed yield of chickpea and black cumin by 24.62 and 18.59% in compared with non-application. In addition, the highest essential oil percentage (1.06) and essential oil yield (7.326 g.m-2) were achieved in the 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin intercropping pattern. In all intercropping patterns, the LER was higher than one, indicating the advantages of these patterns compared with monocultures. The highest LER (1.56) was obtained in the planting pattern of 1:2 with application of mychorrizal fungus. Also, in all intercropping patterns, the aggressivity values of chickpea was higher than black cumin, representing that the chickpea was the dominant in these intercropping patterns. Moreover, the highest ecological indices (AHER, ATER and LUE) and monetary indices (IA, MAI, RVT and SPI) were achieved in the ratios of 1:2 and 2:1 with application of mychorrizal fungus.
 
Conclusion: Generally, the planting pattern of 1 row chickpea+ 2 row black cumin (1:2) with application of mychorrizal fungus not only leading to agricultural ecosystems diversity and sustainable productivity, but also effective in enhancing economic income and land use efficiency.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus
  • Black Cumin
  • Land Equivalent Ratio
  • Seed Yield
  • Sustainable Agriculture
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