Abdel-Razek ED, Treutter MMS, Saleh M, El-Shammaa A.A and Abdel- Hamid N. 2011. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on productivity and fruit quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2: 330-340.
Aitbarka E and Audran JC.1997. Response of champenoise grapevine to low temperatures: Changes of shoot and bud proline concentrations in response to low temperatures and correlations with freezing tolerance.
Journal of Horticultural Science, 72 (4):577-582.
Alloway BJ. 2008. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition (2d Ed.). International Zinc Association (IZA). Brussels.136 p.
Andre J and Hajdu E. 1990. The effect of fertilizers on different wine grape varieties in model container trial. Vitis (Spesial Issue), 352-357.
Bigras FJ, Gonzales A, Daoust AL and Hebert C. 1996. Frost hardiness, bud phenology and growth of containerized Picea mariana seedlings grown at three nitrogen levels and three temperature regimes. New Forest, International Journal on the Biology, Biotechnology, and Management of Afforestation and Reforestation, 12 (3): 243-259.
Beck EH, Fettcg S, Knake C, Hartig K and Bhattarai T. 2007. Specific and unspecific responses of plants to cold and drought stress.
Journal of Biosciences, 32: 501-510.
Cakmak I. 2000. Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen. New Phytologist, 146 (2): 185-205.
Cheng L, Ma F and Ranwala D. 2004. Nitrogen storage and its interaction with carbohydrates of young apple trees in response to nitrogen supply.
Tree Physiology, 24 (1): 91-98.
Chen PW and Li PH. 2002. Membrane stabilization by abscisic acid under cold aids proline in alleviating chilling injury in maize. Plant, Cell and Environment, 25: 955-962.
Daten LS and Johnsen Q.2004. CO2 enrichment, nitrogen fertilization and development of freezing tolerance in norway spruce. Trees, 18: 10-18.
Faost. 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO). (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en).
Fry JD, Langa NS, Clifton RGP and Maler FP. 1993. Freezing tolerance and carbohydrate content of low temperature acclimated and nonacclimated centipedegrass.
Crop Science, 33:1051-1055.
Fowler DB, Gusta LV and Tyler NJ. 1981. Selection for winter hardiness in wheat. Screening methods. Crop Science, 21:896-901.
Gusta LV, Wilen RW and Fu P.1996. Low-temperature stress tolerance: The role of abscisic acid, sugars, and heat-stable proteins. Hortscience, 31 (1): 39-46.
Haghi H, Sarikhani H and Ershadi A, 2011. Effect of foliar application of zinc sulfate and potassium sulfate on winter hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Bidaneh Sefid’). MSc thesis, Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. (In Persian).
Hare P and Cress W. 1997. Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 21 (2):79-102.
Hemati A and Amini Z. 2013. Effect of zinc and potassium on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of yield and cold resistances in wheat, Iranian Journal of soil research (soil and water sciences), 27 (2): 131-139. (In Persian).
Hoseinabadi, H, Rasouli,M, Ebadi, A, Ershadi A, and Nejatian M.A.2018. Effect of potassium sulfate soil drench and foliar application of magnesium sulfate on grapevine tolerance to artificial and spring frostbite. Iranian Journal of Horticultural science and technology, 19 (2): 185-200 (In Persian).
Irigoyen JJ, Emerich DW and Sanchez-dias M. 1992. Water stress Induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (
Medicago Sativa) plants
. Physiologia Plantarum, 84 (1): 55-60.
Karimi R, Ershadi A and Esnaashri M. 2014. Effects of late- season nitrogen and potassium spray on dormant buds cold tolerance of ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ Grapevine.). Journal of Horticultural Science and biotechnology,15 (3): 419-434. (In Persian).
Khanizadeh S, Buaard D and Zarakadas CG. 1992. Effect of crop load on hardiness, protein and amino acids content of apple flower buds at the wintering stage and the beginning of the growth, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15 (11):2441-2455.
Khaldabrin B and Islamzadeh, T. 2001. Mineral nutrition of excellent plants. Translation. first volume. Shiraz University Press. Shiraz. Iran, 386p. (In Persian).
Lyons JM and Haig SM. 1995. Estimation of lean and lipid mass in shorebirds using total-body electrical conductivity. The Auk, 112 (3): 590–602.
Marshner H. 2002. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, Second Edition. Academic Press, Great Britain, 906 pp.
Mengel K.2007. Potassium. pp: 91-120. In: Barker, A.V. and D.J. Pilbeam (Eds.). Handbook of Plant Nutrition. CRC Press, N.Y., USA, 632 p.
Mirbagheri S.M, Karimi R and Rasouli M. 2018. The combined effect of potassium and iron on fruit yield and quality raisin and cold tolerance of grape. Journal of Agricultural crops production, 20 (3): 737-754.
Mirmohamadi S.A and Torkash Esfahani S. 2000. Physiological and breeding aspects of cold and frost stresses of crops. First Edition, Golben publications. Esfahan, Iran, 222pp.
Paquin R and Lechasseur P.1979. Observations ssue une methode de dosage de la proline libre dans les extraits de plantes (in French, English abstract). Canadian Journal of Botany, 75:1851-1854.
Parker J. 1951. Moisture retention in leaves of conifers of the northern rocky mountains.
Botanical. Gazette, 113 (2): 210–216.
Poling EB. 2008. Spring cold injury to wine grapes and protection strategies and methods. Hortscience, 43 (6): 1652-1662.
Pool RM, Reisch BI and Welser MJ. 1990. Use of differential thermal analysis quantify bud cold hardiness of grape selections and clones. Journal of Grapevine Research, Vitis, 29: 318-329.
Ryyppo A, Repo T and Vapaayuori, E. 1998. Development of frost hardiness in roots and shoots of scots pine seedlings at non-freezing temperatures. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,28 (4): 557-565.
Saeidnejad AH and Kafi M. 2013. Alleviative effects of Zinc on physiological properties and antioxidants activity of maize plants under salinity stress. International journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(5):529-537.
Sarikhani H, Haghi H, Ershadi A, Esnaashari M and Mehrdad P. 2014. Foliar application of potassium sulphate enhances the cold- hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89(2): 141-146. (In Persian).
Sedri M.H and Malakouti M J. 1986. Determination the critical level of micronutritions in wheat field of kurdestan, Soil and water research institute, Iranian Journal of soil and water research, Tehran, Iran.
Shoor M, Tehranifar A, Nematy S.H, Salahvarzy Y, Mokhtarian A and Rahmaty M. 2009. Evalution and determination of chilling and frezzing resistance in three commercial grape cultivars (vitis vinifera L) in north of Khorasan, Environmental stress in Agricultural sciences, 2(2): 159-169.
Schupp JR, Cheng L, Stiles WC, Stover ED and Iungerman K. 2001. Mineral nutrition as a factor in cold tolerance of apple trees. New York Fruit Quarterly, 9: 9-11.
Steponkus PL and Lanphear FO. 1967. Refinement of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method of determining cold injury. Plant Physiology, 42: 1423-1426.
Sung DY, Kaplan F, Lee KJ and Guy CL. 2003. Acquired tolerance to temperature extremes. Trends in Plant Science, 8:179-189.
Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3th ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, M.A.
Tanurkov GR. 1981. Influence of the microelements zinc and manganese on frost resistance and productivity of vines. Sadovod. Vinogradar. Vinodel. Moldavii (in Russian with English Abstract), 36:39-41.
Thomashow MF. 1999. Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 50: 571-599.
Tisdale SL, Nelson WL, Beaton JD and Havlin JL. 2003. Soil fertility and fertilizers. 5th (eds.) Prentice-Eall of India Preiate Limited. New Delhi. India. 634 p.
Wong KYI. 2009. In vitro culture of dog ridge grapevine. Department of Horticultural Sciences, A&M University, Texas. Undergraduate research scholar (
http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86500).
Waraich EA, Ahmad R, Saifullah U, Ashraf M.Y and Ehsanullah A. 2011. Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants.
Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5 (6): 764-777.
Webster DE and Ebdon JS. 2005. Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on perennial ryegrass cold tolerance during deacclimation in late winter and early spring. Hortscience, 40 (3): 842-849.
Wisniewski M and Basett C. 2003. An overview of cold hardiness in woody plants. HortScience, 38: 953-959.
Wolf TK and Pool RM. 1988. Nitrogen fertilization and rootstock effects on wood maturation and dormant bud cold hardiness of cv. Chardonnay grapevines. American Journal Enology and Viticulture, 39: 308-312.
Zabadal TJ, Dami IE, Goffinet MC, Martinson TE and Cheen ML. 2007. Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection. Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing.
)