اثر تاریخ کاشت و تراکم های مختلف گیاهان پوششی بر کنترل علف های هرز و عملکرد سویا (Glycine max L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

2 دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، ایران

3 عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف: پژوهش حاضر به­منظور بررسی تأثیر تاریخ­ کاشت گیاهان پوششی و تراکم­های مختلف بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سویا در رقابت با علف­های هرز و همچنین معرفی بهترین تیمار در طی دو سال زراعی انجام گردید.
 
مواد و روش­ها: آزمایش به­صورت طرح فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال­های زراعی 1400-1399 و 1401-1400 در مزرعه پژوهشی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان) اجرا شد. فاکتورهای مورد مطالعه شامل تاریخ کاشت گیاهان پوششی در دو سطح (هم­زمان و سه هفته بعد از کاشت سویا)، تراکم کاشت آن­ها در دو سطح (توصیه شده و سه برابر توصیه شده) و نوع گیاه پوششی در 12 سطح (شامل جو پاییزه، یولاف زراعی، چاودار پاییزه، گندم پاییزه، شبدر برسیم، شبدر ایرانی، شبدر لاکی، شبدر شیرین زرد، شبدر قرمز، یونجه یکساله، خلر و ماشک گل­خوشه­ای) بود. همچنین، دو تیمار شاهد نیز، به­صورت کشت خالص سویا (بدون کشت گیاه پوششی) همراه با سم­پاشی و بدون سم­پاشی علیه علف­های هرز در کنار هر تکرار در نظر گرفته شد.
 
یافته­ها: تجزیه واریانس داده­ها نشان داد که اثر ساده و متقابل تیمارهای آزمایش در اکثر صفات معنی­دار بود. کمترین تراکم علف­های هرز در مراحل اول و سوم نمونه­برداری در تیمار کشت شبدر برسیم در بین ردیف­های سویا در تاریخ دوم و تراکم دوم (به­ترتیب50/10 و 50/5 بوته در متر مربع) به­دست آمد. در مرحله دوم نمونه­برداری تیمار کشت خلر در بین ردیف­های سویا در تاریخ دوم و تراکم دوم کمترین تراکم علف­های هرز (17/11 بوته در متر مربع) را داشت. همچنین، کمترین میزان زیست توده علف­های هرز در هر سه مرحله نمونه­برداری مربوط به تیمار کشت شبدر برسیم در بین ردیف­های سویا در تاریخ دوم و تراکم دوم (به­ترتیب 40/1، 47/3 و 14/4 گرم در متر مربع) بود. کلیه گیاهان پوششی مورد مطالعه در تاریخ کاشت اول و تراکم دوم بیشترین زیست توده را دارا بودند. شبدر برسیم با تولید بالاترین زیست توده (02/137 گرم در متر مربع) در رتبه اول قرار داشت. حداکثر مقدار صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، تعداد دانه در هر غلاف، وزن صد دانه و عملکرد دانه در تیمار کشت ماشک گل­خوشه­ای در بین ردیف­های سویا در تاریخ کاشت با تأخیر و تراکم سه­برابر توصیه شده به­دست آمد. این صفات نسبت به حداقل مقدار خود در تیمار شاهد اول به­ترتیب 72/51، 31/70، 93/28، 17/36 و 45/79 درصد افزایش نشان دادند. 
 
نتیجه­گیری:  کاربرد گیاهان پوششی سبب کنترل علف­های هرز و افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سویا نسبت به تیمار شاهد (بدون گیاه پوششی و بدون سم­پاشی علیه علف­های هرز) شدند. در بین گیاهان پوششی، کشت ماشک گل­خوشه­ای در بین ردیف­های سویا، به­دلیل رشد سریع و سازگاری بیشتر با منطقه، حداقل رقابت با گیاه اصلی و همچنین کنترل بهتر علف­های هرز موجب افزایش عملکرد دانه در سویا شد. لذا، توصیه می­شود در جهت رسیدن به اهداف کشاورزی پایدار در این مناطق از این گیاه پوششی استفاده گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Sowing Dates and Different Densities of Cover Crops on Weed Control and Soybean (Glycine max L.) Yield

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khadijeh Aghaeifard 1
  • Ahmad Tobeh 1
  • Salim Farzaneh 1
  • Hossein Karbalaei Khiavi 2
  • parviz sharifiziveh 3
1 Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran.
2 Associate Professor at the Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources in Ardabil Province (Moghan), Iran
3 Research Associate Professor Plant Protection (Ecology-Weed) Protection Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre, AREEO, Ardabil (Moghan), Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: The present research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of planting cover crops at different dates and densities on soybean yield and yield components in competition with weeds and also to introduce the best treatment during two growing seasons.
 
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during growth seasons of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center of Ardabil Province (Moghan). The studied factors include the date of planting cover crops in two levels (at the same time and three weeks after soybean planting), their planting density in two levels (recommended and triple recommended) and the type of cover crop in 12 levels (including autumn barley, oats, autumn rye, autumn wheat, berseem clover, Persian clover, crismon clover, yellow sweet clover, red clover, annual alfalfa, bitter vetch and hairy vetch). Also, two control treatments were considered in the form of pure soybean cultivation (without cover crop cultivation) along with spraying and without spraying against weeds next to each replication.
 
Results: The variance analysis of the data showed that the simple and intraction effect of the study treatments was significant in most of the traits. The lowest density of weeds in the first and third stages of sampling was obtained in the treatment of Berseem clover among the soybean rows on the second date and the second density (10.50 and 5.50 plants per square meter, respectively). In the second stage, the sampling of bitter vetch cultivation treatment among soybean rows on the second date and the second density had the lowest weed density (11.17 plants per square meter). Also, the lowest amount of weed biomass in all three stages of sampling related to the cultivation treatment of Berseem clover among soybean rows on the second date and second density (1.40, 3.47 and 4.14 grams per square meter, respectively). All the cover crops studied had the highest biomass on the first sowing date and the second density. Berseem clover with the highest biomass production (137.02 grams per square meter) was ranked first. The maximum values ​​of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield traits were obtained in the treatment of hairy vetch among the rows of soybeans on the sowing date with a delay and triple recommended density. These traits was showed an increase of 51.72, 70.31, 28.93, 36.17 and 79.45 percent, respectively compared to the minimum value of these traits in the first control treatment.
 
Conclusion: The use of cover crops led to the control of weeds and increased soybean yield and yield components compared to the control treatment (no cover crop and no spraying against weeds). Among the cover crops, the cultivation of hairy vetch among the rows of soybeans, due to its fast growth and better adaptation to the region, minimal competition with the main plant and also better control of weeds, increased the seed yield in soybeans. Therefore, it is recommended to use this cover crop in order to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture in these areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Number of pods per plant
  • Number of seeds per pod
  • Oil seeds
  • Plant height
  • Soybean
  • Weed biomass
  • Yield

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دانش کشاورزی وتولید پایدار
دوره 35، شماره 2
تیر 1404
صفحه 63-84

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